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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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San Andreas Fault (1)
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Slick Hills (1)
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United States
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Arizona
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Yavapai County Arizona (1)
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California
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San Bernardino County California (1)
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San Luis Obispo County California
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Carrizo Plain (1)
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Oklahoma (1)
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Wyoming
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Johnson County Wyoming (1)
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Primary terms
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data processing (1)
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earthquakes (1)
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faults (1)
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remote sensing (3)
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sedimentary rocks
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clastic rocks
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bentonite (1)
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United States
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Arizona
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Yavapai County Arizona (1)
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California
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San Bernardino County California (1)
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San Luis Obispo County California
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Carrizo Plain (1)
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Oklahoma (1)
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Wyoming
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Johnson County Wyoming (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rocks
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clastic rocks
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bentonite (1)
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cybermapping
Laser rangefinders and ArcGIS combined with three-dimensional photorealistic modeling for mapping outcrops in the Slick Hills, Oklahoma
Creating virtual 3-D outcrop
Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology
Using Outcrop Data in the 21st Century
Abstract In this study, our aim is to show that new measuring and visualization techniques can have large implications for the future application of outcrop data. First, we review different techniques that can be used to collect digital outcrop data. We especially focus on outcrop capture methods such as photorealistic, 3-D digital outcrop models. These models can be rendered with stunning verisimilitude even on laptop computers. We show some of the applications of photorealistic outcrop models, focusing on how the models can be used directly in a virtual reality (VR) environment to produce sophisticated reservoir models with high accuracy. Finally, we show how the captured digital rocks can be visualized synchronously with the modeled ones. The benefits of visualizing the real world and the model at the same time and in an immersive visualization environment are significant, particularly as a platform for multidisciplinary discussions. A part of this study is based on the Eocene Ainsa Turbidite System in the Spanish Pyrenees. More details of this turbidite system are provided in this Atlas in other papers. The outcrops are located along two flanks of a syncline (the Buil Syncline), and are basically two-dimensional. Therefore, one is forced to make a number of conceptual interpretations on the location and nature of the turbidite system in the subcrop between these two flanks. Other workers have contrasting views on this turbidite system. The aim here is not to claim a perfect model of the studied outcrops (which is impossible due to their nature), but to
Abstract The detailed 3-D facies architecture of “terminal” distributary channels in proximal delta-front deposits of the Cretaceous Panther Tongue delta in central Utah is imaged using digital mapping techniques and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Four lithofacies were identified: massive sandstone, parallel-laminated sandstone, rippled heterolithics, and bioturbated heterolithics. Lithofacies interpretations suggest shallow water in a delta-front environment where river processes dominate deposition, but with seasonal wave and storm influence. “Terminal” distributary channels and upstream-accreting bars were observed on cliffs oriented both perpendicular and parallel to the paleoflow direction. The terminal distributary-channel facies die out over less than 100 m distally into heterolithic deposits representing distal mouth bars of the delta front. GPR and 3-D photorealistic techniques, together with sedimentary section measurements document the 3-D facies architecture. The 3D photorealistic technique consists of draping oblique, close-range photographic images on 3-D terrain models of outcrops to generate a digital three-dimensional model of the outcrop. 2-D GPR profiles, collected parallel to cliff faces, are tied to the 3-D outcrop model using Global Positioning System (GPS). GPR lines are correlated with bedding diagrams of cliff-face exposures to extend mapping of sedimentary features behind the outcrop into three dimensions. Scours elongate downcurrent represent the bases of “terminal” distributary channels and show maximum relief of 5 m.