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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Gabon (1)
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Limpopo Belt (1)
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North Africa
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South Africa
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Invertebrata
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Mesozoic
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Paleozoic
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Phosphoria Formation (2)
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sulfides
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Primary terms
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absolute age (4)
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Africa
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Gabon (1)
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Limpopo Belt (1)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (1)
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-
-
Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (1)
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-
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (3)
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Karoo Basin (1)
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Namibia (1)
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South Africa
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Cape fold belt (1)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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Zimbabwe Craton (2)
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Oman
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Oman Mountains (1)
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Saudi Arabia (1)
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United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (1)
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Far East
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China
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Shaanxi China (1)
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-
-
Himalayas
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Andhra Pradesh India
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Cuddapah Basin (1)
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Chhattisgarh India (1)
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Spiti (1)
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Punjab India (1)
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Son Valley (1)
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-
-
Middle East
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Iran
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Syria
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Palmyrides (1)
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Zagros (2)
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Siberia (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Sea (2)
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Australasia
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Australia
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New South Wales Australia (1)
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Western Australia
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North Pole Deposit (1)
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New Zealand
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Taupo volcanic zone (1)
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barite deposits (1)
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brines (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Ontario
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Flack Lake (1)
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-
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Western Canada
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Alberta (4)
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British Columbia (2)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
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Northwest Territories
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Great Slave Lake (1)
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Mackenzie Delta (1)
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Red Deer River (1)
-
-
-
carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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C-14 (1)
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organic carbon (1)
-
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (2)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
upper Miocene
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Messinian (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
upper Eocene
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Priabonian (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene (1)
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (1)
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Lissamphibia
-
Anura (1)
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-
-
Reptilia
-
Diapsida
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Archosauria
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clay mineralogy (2)
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continental shelf (1)
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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Leg 13 (1)
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Leg 42A (1)
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deformation (1)
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earthquakes (2)
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Europe
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Central Europe
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Saar-Nahe Basin (1)
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Poland (1)
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Southern Europe
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Croatia (1)
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faults (4)
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geochemistry (2)
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geomorphology (2)
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geophysical methods (3)
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Cruziana (1)
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Skolithos (1)
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igneous rocks
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granophyre (1)
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plutonic rocks
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granites
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I-type granites (1)
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S-type granites (1)
-
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crinkle cracks
Crinkle cracks are sand-filled cracks up to 5 mm wide in plan view that pinch at their ends. In cross section, they are canted and crinkled. They cut mudstone beds that underlie hummocky cross-laminated sandstone lenses. They are here described from the Piegan Group, Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, but they are widespread in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic marine and lacustrine rocks. However, they represent a distinctive, descriptive style of mudcracks, not attributed to inferred syneresis processes, although they have been commonly attributed to syneresis. In plan view, crinkle cracks closely resemble cracks formed where oscillatory waves striking viscous mud banks are transformed into fluid solitary-like waves that open surface cracks on their trailing limbs and close the cracks on their leading limbs as they pass through the viscous mud. Crinkle cracks preserved in rocks are hypothetically attributed to oscillatory waves moving sand over viscous mud. The oscillatory waves are transformed into solitary-like waves as they pass down into the mud, forming the cracks. The surface sand falls down into the cracks, preserving them. With burial, the water escapes, and the viscous mud compacts, crinkling the sand-filled cracks.
Introduction: The Importance of Sedimentary Structures and Early Diagenetic Features in Carbonate Sedimentology
Abstract The intensive studies in the 1960's and 1970's of modern shallow marine carbonate environments in the Persian Gulf (e.g., Shearman, 1963, 1966; Kinsman, 1966; Butler, 1970; Kendall and Skipwith, 1969; Purser, 1973), Florida and the Bahamas (e.g., Shinn and others, 1969; Hardie, 1977a; Enos and Perkins, 1979), and Western Australia (e.g., Logan and others, 1970, 1974b), led to spectacular advances in our understanding of the deposition and early diagenesis of carbonate rocks. These studies were part of a major revolution in sedimentology that saw a radical change from an approach based heavily on grain textures to one based on sedimentary structures and early diagenetic features. In this new approach, paleo-environments of sedimentary deposits are diagnosed from the vertical and lateral distribution of elemental rock units (subfacies and facies), characterized principally by their assemblages of sedimentary structures and early diagenetic features in combination with other properties such as sedimentary textures and biota, using analogs established from observations of processes and their sedimentary records in modern depositional environments (the "comparative sedimentology" method of Ginsburg, 1974). Modern shallow marine carbonate environments carry a particularly rich inventory of primary sedimentary structures and early diagenetic features, such as current and wave bedforms, trough and tabular cross-stratification, "herringbone" cross-stratification, flat lamination, wavy and crinkled lamination, thin bedding, stromatolites, thrombolites, mudcracks, sheet cracks, prism cracks, flat pebble gravels, fenestrae, burrows and roots (and their casts and molds), evaporite minerals (and their casts and molds), early cements, hardgrounds, caliche crusts, tepee structures, dissolution cavities, and so on. And most significantly, the stratigraphic record back at least into the Proterozoic is replete with carbonate deposits that delicately preserve these primary and early diagenetic sedimentary features (see, for example, Ginsburg, 1975; Wilson, 1975; Hardie and Shinn, 1986; Grotzinger, 1989), demonstrating the existence through much of geologic time of environments and environmental processes analogous to those of modern shallow marine carbonate platforms and shelves.