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Format
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Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Admiralty Bay (1)
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Africa
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Afar (3)
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Cape Verde Islands (2)
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Catanda Angola (1)
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Burundi (1)
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Congo (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Kundelungu Plateau (1)
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Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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Congo Craton (1)
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East Africa
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Afar Depression (3)
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Eritrea (2)
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Ethiopia
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Awash Valley (1)
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Tigray Ethiopia (1)
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Ethiopian Rift (4)
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (4)
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Mount Kenya (1)
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Nakuru Basin (1)
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Turkana District (1)
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Lake Natron (1)
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Somali Republic (1)
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Sudan (3)
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Tanzania
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Oldoinyo Lengai (5)
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Turkana Basin (1)
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Uganda (2)
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Zambia (2)
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East African Lakes
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East African Rift (15)
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Kalahari Desert (1)
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Madagascar
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Nile Valley (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Ahnet (2)
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Mouydir (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Egypt
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Eastern Desert (1)
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Nile Delta (14)
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Ghadames Basin (2)
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Illizi Basin (2)
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Libya
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Maghreb (1)
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Rif (2)
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Nubian Shield (3)
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Red Sea Hills (1)
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Sahara (4)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (4)
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Botswana
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Okavango Delta (1)
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Kalahari Craton (3)
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Karoo Basin (13)
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Namaqualand (2)
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Namibia
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Orange River (2)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (11)
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Cape fold belt (1)
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Cape Province region (1)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa
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Cape Town South Africa (1)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (12)
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Gauteng South Africa
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Johannesburg South Africa (2)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (5)
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Limpopo South Africa (2)
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Merensky Reef (2)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Barberton South Africa (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa
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Kimberley South Africa (1)
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North-West Province South Africa
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Ventersdorp South Africa (1)
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Transvaal region (3)
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West Africa
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Ross Ice Shelf
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Victoria Land
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Buryat Russian Federation (1)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Aktyubinsk Kazakhstan
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Zhamanshin Crater (1)
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Pamirs (1)
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Far East
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Borneo
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East Malaysia
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Kalimantan Indonesia (4)
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Burma (5)
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Korea
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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large-ion lithophile elements (2)
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alkali metals
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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radium
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (58)
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-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (2)
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indium (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (21)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (35)
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samarium
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ytterbium (3)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (3)
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noble gases
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helium
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Rn-220 (1)
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nonmetals (1)
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O-18/O-16 (65)
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Osteichthyes
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Sarcopterygii
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Carnivora
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Edentata
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Insectivora
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Perissodactyla
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Ceratomorpha
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Rhinocerotidae (2)
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae
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Hipparion (1)
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Primates
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Hominidae
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Australopithecinae
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Australopithecus
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Australopithecus afarensis (1)
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Homo (1)
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simians
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Pongidae
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Proconsul (1)
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Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Elephas (1)
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Mammuthus (2)
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Mastodontoidea
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Mammutidae
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Mammut (1)
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Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Arvicolidae (1)
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Cricetidae (3)
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-
-
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Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines (2)
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (1)
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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Ankylosauria (1)
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Ceratopsia
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Ceratopsidae (1)
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Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (1)
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-
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda (1)
-
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Theropoda
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Coelurosauria
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Dromaeosauridae (1)
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Tyrannosauridae (1)
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-
-
-
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Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (1)
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Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria (1)
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-
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Synapsida
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Pelycosauria (1)
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Therapsida
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Dicynodontia
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Lystrosaurus (2)
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-
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Cloudina (4)
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coprolites (5)
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cyanobacteria (5)
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Cyclostomata (2)
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eukaryotes (3)
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fungi (2)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea
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Monograptina
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Monograptus (1)
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Hemichordata (6)
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ichnofossils
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Ophiomorpha (2)
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Skolithos (1)
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Trypanites (1)
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Zoophycos (1)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (3)
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
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Malacostraca (4)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Bairdiomorpha
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Bairdiacea
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Bairdiidae
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Bairdia (2)
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-
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (5)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
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Trichoptera (1)
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Exopterygota
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Isoptera (1)
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Myriapoda (3)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Corynexochida (1)
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Odontopleurida (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Productida (1)
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Strophomenida (1)
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Inarticulata (1)
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Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (1)
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Cystoporata (1)
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Trepostomata (3)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (3)
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Tabulata (2)
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Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
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Stelleroidea
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Ophiuroidea (1)
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Crinozoa
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Blastoidea (1)
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Crinoidea (18)
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Homalozoa
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Homoiostelea (1)
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Homostelea (1)
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Machaeridia (1)
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Stylophora (2)
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Rudistae (1)
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Veneroida (1)
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Ostreoidea
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Ostreidae (1)
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Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Inocerami
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Inoceramidae
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Inoceramus (1)
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-
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Pectinacea
-
Pectinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (4)
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Coleoidea (1)
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Nautiloidea (2)
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Dacryoconarida (1)
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Gastropoda (7)
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Rostroconchia (1)
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Tentaculitida (3)
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Porifera
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Demospongea
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Chaetetida
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Chaetetidae (1)
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-
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Stromatoporoidea (2)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (2)
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Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea
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Globigerinidae
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Globigerina
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Globigerina bulloides (2)
-
-
Globigerinoides
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Globigerinoides ruber (1)
-
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (1)
-
-
-
Orbitoidacea
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Amphistegina (1)
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Cibicides (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Elphidium (1)
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Nummulitidae
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Nummulites (1)
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-
-
-
-
Radiolaria
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Osculosida
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Nassellina (1)
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-
-
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Vermes
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Annelida (4)
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Nematoida (1)
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Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (1)
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Priapulida (2)
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-
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lichens (1)
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Metazoa (6)
-
microfossils
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Chitinozoa (3)
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Conodonta
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Hindeodus (1)
-
-
Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (2)
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problematic microfossils (4)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (12)
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Chitinozoa (3)
-
Dinoflagellata (9)
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megaspores (3)
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miospores
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pollen (28)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Dasycladaceae (1)
-
-
-
diatoms (13)
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nannofossils (4)
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Rhodophyta
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Gymnocodiaceae (1)
-
-
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Archaeopteris (1)
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Sphenopteris (1)
-
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Lycopsida
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Sigillaria (1)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (2)
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Sphenopteris (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Alnus (1)
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Betula (2)
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Ericaceae (1)
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Quercus (1)
-
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Monocotyledoneae
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Cyperaceae (1)
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Gramineae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (1)
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Coniferales
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Cupressaceae (1)
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Picea (1)
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Pinaceae
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Pinus (3)
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Taxodiaceae (1)
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Cordaitales
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Cordaites (1)
-
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Cycadales (2)
-
Ginkgoales (3)
-
Glossopteridales (2)
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Pteridospermae
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Neuropteris (1)
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-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (4)
-
-
Pterobranchia (5)
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thallophytes (2)
-
tracks (6)
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trails (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (12)
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Ar/Ar (127)
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exposure age (16)
-
fission-track dating (15)
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He/He (4)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (2)
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K/Ar (47)
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lichenometry (1)
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Lu/Hf (7)
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optically stimulated luminescence (10)
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paleomagnetism (147)
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Pb/Pb (7)
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racemization (1)
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Rb/Sr (11)
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Re/Os (5)
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Sm/Nd (7)
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Sr/Sr (2)
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tephrochronology (13)
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Th/U (11)
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thermochronology (15)
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thermoluminescence (4)
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tree rings (8)
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U/Pb (105)
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U/Th/Pb (4)
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uranium disequilibrium (4)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Bakhtiari Formation (2)
-
Blancan (1)
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Bronze Age (3)
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (1)
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lower Cenozoic (2)
-
middle Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (6)
-
Holocene
-
Atlantic (1)
-
lower Holocene (7)
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Medieval Warm Period (2)
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
Neoglacial (5)
-
Subboreal (1)
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upper Holocene
-
Roman period (5)
-
-
-
Mazama Ash (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (3)
-
Bishop Tuff (2)
-
Lake Agassiz (2)
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Lake Lahontan (1)
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Lake Missoula (2)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Calabrian (1)
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Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
-
middle Pleistocene
-
Elsterian (1)
-
-
Peoria Loess (1)
-
Riss (1)
-
Saalian (1)
-
Sicilian (1)
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upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian (2)
-
Eemian (2)
-
Lake Lisan (1)
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Malan Loess (1)
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Weichselian
-
Loch Lomond Stade (2)
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upper Weichselian
-
Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (3)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (2)
-
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Stone Age (2)
-
Tertiary
-
Arikareean (1)
-
Asmari Formation (1)
-
Challis Volcanics (1)
-
Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
John Day Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (3)
-
middle Tertiary (2)
-
Muddy Creek Formation (1)
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (2)
-
Capistrano Formation (1)
-
Deschutes Formation (1)
-
Hazeva Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Ash Hollow Formation (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (15)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (2)
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
Hemingfordian (1)
-
Kasauli Series (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (1)
-
Luisian (1)
-
Serravallian (2)
-
-
Paintbrush Tuff (1)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (2)
-
Tiva Canyon Member (1)
-
Topopah Spring Member (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
-
-
Modelo Formation (1)
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
Tortonian (6)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (2)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (2)
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (1)
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
Laetolil Beds (1)
-
lower Pliocene (2)
-
upper Pliocene (8)
-
-
Tesuque Formation (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (2)
-
Dongying Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Annot Sandstone (1)
-
Chumstick Formation (1)
-
Clarno Formation (2)
-
Colton Formation (1)
-
Cozy Dell Formation (1)
-
Dammam Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Wasatchian (1)
-
Willwood Formation (2)
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (2)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (2)
-
Carrizo Sand (2)
-
Claiborne Group (1)
-
Lutetian (2)
-
Queen City Formation (1)
-
Santee Limestone (1)
-
Sparta Sand (1)
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
-
Ootsa Lake Group (2)
-
Subathu Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (3)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (4)
-
Kenai Group (1)
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Bembridge Marls (1)
-
Boom Clay (1)
-
Frio Formation (2)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (3)
-
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (2)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
Puercan (2)
-
Torrejonian (1)
-
-
middle Paleocene
-
Selandian (1)
-
-
Nacimiento Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (4)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Wilcox Group (2)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (2)
-
upper Tertiary (3)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Pico Formation (1)
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (3)
-
Dalradian (4)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (6)
-
Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Colorado Group (2)
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Judea Group (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (3)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Barremian (1)
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Blackleaf Formation (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (2)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Christopher Formation (2)
-
Cloverly Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gault Clay (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Isachsen Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
Wealden (3)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
-
Middle Cretaceous
-
Winton Formation (1)
-
-
Nanushuk Group (1)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Black Creek Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Cenomanian (4)
-
Cody Shale (1)
-
Colville Group (1)
-
Coniacian (2)
-
Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics (1)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (3)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (1)
-
-
Harebell Formation (1)
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
Lameta Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (2)
-
Ojo Alamo Sandstone (1)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Santonian (4)
-
Senonian (15)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (1)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (3)
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (3)
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Ferrar Group (2)
-
Heather Formation (2)
-
Kirkpatrick Basalt (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
Laberge Group (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
Portland Formation (1)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (1)
-
Etive Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (1)
-
-
Bathonian
-
Great Oolite Group (1)
-
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Opalinus Clay (1)
-
Oxford Clay (1)
-
Twin Creek Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Galice Formation (1)
-
Hanifa Formation (2)
-
Josephine Ophiolite (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (2)
-
Morrison Formation (4)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (4)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Serra Geral Formation (1)
-
Statfjord Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (2)
-
Narrabeen Group (1)
-
Nicola Group (1)
-
Red Peak Formation (2)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (3)
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Mercia Mudstone (4)
-
Molteno Formation (1)
-
Norian (4)
-
Rhaetian (4)
-
Stormberg Series (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (3)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (2)
-
Yanshanian (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (1)
-
MIS 6 (2)
-
MIS 7 (1)
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Berea Sandstone (2)
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
-
Terreneuvian (1)
-
Tommotian (1)
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (2)
-
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Semri Series (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Culm (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (2)
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Boone Formation (2)
-
Borden Group (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (2)
-
Fort Payne Formation (2)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (2)
-
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (4)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Meramecian (1)
-
Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (4)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Cumberland Group (3)
-
Joggins Formation (3)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (2)
-
Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Wewoka Formation (1)
-
-
Moscovian (1)
-
Paradox Formation (1)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Strawn Series (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Canyon Group (1)
-
Kasimovian (3)
-
Missourian
-
Lansing Group (1)
-
Stanton Formation (1)
-
-
Virgilian
-
Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
Stephanian (2)
-
Westphalian (5)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
-
Gile Mountain Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Ramparts Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Duperow Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
Palliser Formation (2)
-
-
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (2)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian
-
Ballantrae Complex (1)
-
-
Beekmantown Group (2)
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (3)
-
Floian (2)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Manx Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (3)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Table Head Group (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Katian (8)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (2)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
Yeoman Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Blaine Formation (1)
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Capitan Formation (2)
-
Capitanian (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Queen Formation (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (4)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian (1)
-
Leonardian
-
Clear Fork Group (1)
-
-
Wichita Group (1)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (4)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (2)
-
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (2)
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
Telychian (2)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (2)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (3)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
McKenzie Formation (1)
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
Ludlow (2)
-
Pridoli (2)
-
-
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Copacabana Group (1)
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
Pictou Group (2)
-
-
Waits River Formation (1)
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (12)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Bulawayan Group (1)
-
Mesoarchean (5)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
Peninsular Gneiss (1)
-
Rice Lake Group (1)
-
-
Bijawar System (2)
-
Brockman Iron Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
Delhi Supergroup (2)
-
Hadean (4)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (4)
-
middle Precambrian (1)
-
Nipissing Diabase (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (1)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
-
Stirling Quartzite (3)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (2)
-
Unkar Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Baraga Group (1)
-
Damara System (1)
-
Huronian
-
Gowganda Formation (1)
-
Onaping Formation (1)
-
-
Isan Orogeny (1)
-
Keweenawan
-
Copper Harbor Conglomerate (1)
-
-
Lewisian (3)
-
Malmani Subgroup (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
-
Laxfordian (3)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
-
Miette Group (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Blaini Formation (1)
-
Cryogenian (4)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran (23)
-
Hadrynian (1)
-
Marinoan (2)
-
Moine Supergroup (1)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Torridonian (7)
-
Vendian (9)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian (1)
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (2)
-
Whitewater Group (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (2)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (3)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (6)
-
-
Vindhyan (3)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (7)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (28)
-
feldspathoid rocks (4)
-
granophyre (4)
-
hypabyssal rocks (3)
-
kamafugite (1)
-
kimberlite (16)
-
peperite (3)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
alnoite (1)
-
anorthosite (3)
-
diabase
-
quartz diabase (1)
-
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (1)
-
quartz diorites (4)
-
tonalite (4)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (6)
-
troctolite (3)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (3)
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (1)
-
biotite granite (2)
-
charnockite (4)
-
felsite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (3)
-
monzogranite (4)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
S-type granites (2)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (13)
-
ijolite (3)
-
lamproite (3)
-
lamprophyres
-
kersantite (1)
-
minette (3)
-
-
monzodiorite (4)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (8)
-
quartz monzonite (2)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (3)
-
nepheline syenite
-
foyaite (2)
-
lujavrite (1)
-
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
shonkinite (2)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (4)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (2)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (3)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (2)
-
hawaiite (3)
-
mugearite (2)
-
trachybasalts (4)
-
-
columnar basalt (2)
-
flood basalts (28)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (4)
-
ocean-island basalts (3)
-
oceanite (1)
-
olivine tholeiite (1)
-
shoshonite (4)
-
tholeiite (9)
-
tholeiitic basalt (4)
-
trap rocks (1)
-
-
basanite (8)
-
dacites (16)
-
glasses
-
obsidian (3)
-
perlite (1)
-
pitchstone (1)
-
volcanic glass (7)
-
-
komatiite (3)
-
latite (4)
-
melilitite (3)
-
nephelinite (9)
-
phonolites (15)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (5)
-
green tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (9)
-
ignimbrite (43)
-
pumice (18)
-
rhyolite tuff (3)
-
scoria (16)
-
tuff (48)
-
welded tuff (4)
-
-
rhyodacites (8)
-
rhyolites
-
comendite (1)
-
pantellerite (2)
-
-
tephrite (1)
-
trachyandesites (8)
-
trachytes (15)
-
vitrophyre (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (18)
-
volcanic ash (9)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (7)
-
cataclasites (4)
-
eclogite (3)
-
gneisses
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (5)
-
paragneiss (3)
-
-
granulites
-
leptite (1)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
suevite (1)
-
-
-
marbles (6)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
serpentinite (5)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
khondalite (1)
-
metaconglomerate (3)
-
metalimestone (2)
-
metapelite (1)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
metasiltstone (1)
-
paragneiss (3)
-
shungite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (3)
-
greisen (1)
-
serpentinite (5)
-
skarn (6)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (9)
-
migmatites (6)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (7)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (7)
-
schists (4)
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (18)
-
turbidite (57)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites
-
octahedrite
-
Henbury Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
angrite (1)
-
lunar meteorites (2)
-
Martian meteorites (1)
-
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
-
L chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
carbides
-
moissanite (1)
-
-
phosphides (1)
-
silicides (4)
-
-
antimonates (1)
-
arsenates (19)
-
bismuthides
-
michenerite (1)
-
-
borates (2)
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (1)
-
aragonite (2)
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (26)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (7)
-
magnesite (1)
-
malachite (1)
-
meionite (1)
-
spurrite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (5)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
eudialyte (2)
-
halite (3)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
fluorite (2)
-
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
manganese minerals (1)
-
minerals (12)
-
molybdates (3)
-
native elements
-
diamond (8)
-
fullerene (1)
-
graphite (6)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxides
-
akaganeite (1)
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
brannerite (1)
-
brucite (3)
-
cassiterite (1)
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
chromite (2)
-
corundum (3)
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
gahnite (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
goethite (8)
-
hematite (14)
-
hibonite (1)
-
hollandite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (2)
-
oxyhydroxides (2)
-
-
ilmenite (7)
-
iron oxides (8)
-
limonite (1)
-
magnesioferrite (1)
-
magnetite (16)
-
manganese oxides (3)
-
martite (1)
-
niobates
-
columbite (1)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
pyrochlore (2)
-
samarskite (1)
-
-
periclase (1)
-
perovskite (1)
-
portlandite (1)
-
pseudobrookite (1)
-
pyrophanite (1)
-
rutile (1)
-
sapphire (2)
-
spinel (5)
-
spinel group (2)
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
titanomagnetite (4)
-
uraninite (3)
-
wustite (1)
-
zincite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (24)
-
britholite (1)
-
chlorapatite (1)
-
fluorapatite (2)
-
francolite (1)
-
monazite (6)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
platinum minerals (1)
-
selenates (2)
-
selenides (5)
-
selenites (1)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (1)
-
borosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (1)
-
cummingtonite (1)
-
hastingsite (2)
-
hornblende (9)
-
kaersutite (1)
-
pargasite (1)
-
tschermakite (1)
-
-
-
jade (1)
-
prehnite (3)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (2)
-
augite (2)
-
hedenbergite (2)
-
pigeonite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (1)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
K-feldspar (8)
-
microcline (1)
-
orthoclase (2)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (11)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (6)
-
-
scapolite group
-
meionite (1)
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
amethyst (1)
-
coesite (1)
-
cristobalite (1)
-
moganite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (5)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz (20)
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
clinoptilolite (2)
-
phillipsite (1)
-
-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (1)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (1)
-
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group
-
andradite (1)
-
-
merwinite (1)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (2)
-
forsterite (2)
-
monticellite (1)
-
olivine (19)
-
-
phenakite group
-
willemite (1)
-
-
spurrite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
thorite (2)
-
zircon (94)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
perrierite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (1)
-
melilite (1)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
beryl (1)
-
cordierite (1)
-
eudialyte (2)
-
tourmaline group (3)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
apophyllite (1)
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (5)
-
clinochlore (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
dickite (1)
-
halloysite (2)
-
hectorite (1)
-
kaolinite (13)
-
metahalloysite (1)
-
montmorillonite (12)
-
nacrite (1)
-
nontronite (4)
-
smectite (22)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
illite (13)
-
mica group
-
annite (2)
-
biotite (17)
-
celadonite (1)
-
glauconite (8)
-
muscovite (6)
-
phengite (3)
-
phlogopite (8)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
-
rectorite (1)
-
sepiolite (3)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (2)
-
chrysotile (1)
-
cronstedtite (4)
-
lizardite (2)
-
serpentine (7)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (3)
-
anglesite (1)
-
anhydrite (4)
-
barite (5)
-
celestine (3)
-
epsomite (1)
-
gypsum (5)
-
hexahydrite (1)
-
iron sulfates (1)
-
jarosite (1)
-
kieserite (1)
-
langbeinite (4)
-
schwertmannite (1)
-
selenite (1)
-
thenardite (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (1)
-
bismuthinite (1)
-
carrollite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (2)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
greigite (1)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
molybdenite (4)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (9)
-
pyrrhotite (4)
-
sphalerite (2)
-
tetradymite (2)
-
-
sulfosalts (8)
-
tellurates (2)
-
tellurides
-
hessite (1)
-
tetradymite (2)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
uranium minerals (4)
-
vanadates (7)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (351)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
Afar (3)
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Cape Verde Islands (2)
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Catanda Angola (1)
-
-
Burundi (1)
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Congo (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Kundelungu Plateau (1)
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Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (3)
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Eritrea (2)
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Ethiopia
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Awash Valley (1)
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Tigray Ethiopia (1)
-
-
Ethiopian Rift (4)
-
Kenya
-
Kenya Rift valley (4)
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Mount Kenya (1)
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Nakuru Basin (1)
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Lake Natron (1)
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Somali Republic (1)
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Sudan (3)
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Tanzania
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Turkana Basin (1)
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Uganda (2)
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Zambia (2)
-
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East African Lakes
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-
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East African Rift (15)
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Gregory Rift (5)
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Kalahari Desert (1)
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Limpopo Basin (1)
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Madagascar
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Mahajanga Basin (1)
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-
North Africa
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Algeria
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Ahnet (2)
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Berkine Basin (1)
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Mouydir (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (14)
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Ghadames Basin (2)
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Libya
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-
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Maghreb (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Rif (2)
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Tafilalt (1)
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Tunisia (3)
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-
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Nubian Shield (3)
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Red Sea Hills (1)
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Sahara (4)
-
Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (4)
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Botswana
-
Okavango Delta (1)
-
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene
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Wurm (1)
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upper Quaternary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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upper Miocene
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene
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middle Eocene
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
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Leg 50
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Upper Carboniferous
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lower Paleozoic
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Permian
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Lower Permian
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Tensleep Sandstone (1)
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plate tectonics (224)
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Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic
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Neoproterozoic
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
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Ediacaran (23)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
cone sheets
Cone-sheets as a mechanism of uplift Free
Model of sequential emplacement of cone sheets as proposed by Lurie (unpub.... Available to Purchase
( a ) Photograph looking along the strike of two cone sheets that are cut b... Available to Purchase
Magma fingers (in cross-section) within dolerite cone sheets of Ardnamurcha... Available to Purchase
Stereograms of measurement sites around Loch Coruisk, for cone sheets not p... Available to Purchase
Cone sheets, dykes and related stereograms around the Elgol peninsula not p... Available to Purchase
( a ) Number of cone sheets (frequency) plotted against dip angles, showing... Available to Purchase
New insights into the cone sheet structure of the Cuillin Complex, Isle of Skye, Scotland Available to Purchase
Cone sheet formation and intrusive growth of an oceanic island—The Miocene Tejeda complex on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) Available to Purchase
Diversification inside a lamprophyric dyke and cone sheet complex converging onto a hidden carbonatite centre (Frederikshåbs Isblink, SW Greenland) Open Access
Structure and emplacement history of a multiple-center, cone-sheet–bearing ring complex: The Zarza Intrusive Complex, Baja California, Mexico Available to Purchase
Dip angles of each cone sheet plotted against distance from the focus zone ... Available to Purchase
The clinopyroxene-hornblende equilibrium in thermal metamorphism; some data from Carlingford, Eire Free
The Neogene to Recent Rallier-du-Baty nested ring complex, Kerguelen Archipelago (TAAF, Indian Ocean): stratigraphy revisited, implications for cauldron subsidence mechanisms Available to Purchase
Abstract The Kerguelen Archipelago is made up of a stack of thick piles of Tertiary flood basalts intruded by transitional to alkaline igneous centres at various times since 30 Ma ago. In the SW, the Rallier-du-Baty Peninsula is mostly occupied by two silicic ring complexes, each with an average diameter of 15 km, comprising dissected calderas cross-cut by subvolcanic cupolas. Previous radiometric determinations yield ages ranging from 15.4 to 7.4 Ma in the southern centre, and 6.2 to 4.9 Ma in the northern one. The felsic ring dykes were injected by coeval mafic magmas, forming, successively, swarms of early mafic enclaves, disrupted synplutonic cone sheets, and late cone-sheets. After the emplacement and subsequent unroofing of the plutonic ring complexes, abundant and thick trachytic pyroclastic flows and falls were emitted from the younger caldera volcanoes, while hawaiite and mugearite lava flows were erupted from marginal maars and cones. Huge trachyte ignimbritic flows filled the glacial valleys in the central Peninsula, and capped lacustrine deposits and older lava flows, while related pumice falls are widespread throughout the archipelago. This powerful plinian eruption took place after the network of glacial valleys was established, but before the Little Ice Age that occurred during the last centuries. In the south of the peninsula, even younger trachytic formations are exposed, and fumarolic vents are still active. The growth mechanisms of a caldera-related ring complex can be explained as a repetitive sequence of two eruptive episodes. The first episode of hydrofracturing, induced by volatile exsolution within the evolving magma chamber, creates a vertical circular fracture zone, along which highly vesiculated magmas are emitted during explosive eruptive events occurring at the surface in a caldera volcano. It is followed by a second episode of cauldron-subsidence of a crustal block down to the degassed magma chamber, induced by pressure release. Downward movement of the crustal block favours the emplacement at shallow depths within the older caldera-filling formations, of discrete magmatic sheets characterized by a 16-km mean diameter and a 1-km mean thickness, corresponding to an average unit volume of 200 km 3 . Actually, the estimated volumes of the different igneous episodes within the Rallier-du-Baty nested ring complex vary from 60 to 900 km 3 , and correspond to the production during 15 Ma of about 2800 ± 850 km 3 of new materials and a net crustal growth of about 100 ± 30 × 10 3 m 3 per year.