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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Cuanza Basin (1)
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-
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East Africa
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Lake Malawi (1)
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Mozambique (2)
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Sudan (1)
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Tanzania (3)
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Zambia (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Malawi (1)
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East African Rift (6)
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Madagascar
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Mahajanga Basin (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (4)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (2)
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High Atlas (2)
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Egypt
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Aswan Egypt
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Kom Ombo Egypt (1)
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Eastern Desert (2)
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Nile Delta (2)
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Sinai Egypt (4)
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Ghadames Basin (1)
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Illizi Basin (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (2)
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High Atlas (2)
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Rif
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Beni Bouchera (1)
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Tunisia (2)
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Sahara (2)
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Southern Africa
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Botswana
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Okavango Delta (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (4)
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Kalahari Craton (3)
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Karoo Basin (14)
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Lesotho (1)
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Namibia (4)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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Cape fold belt (3)
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Cape Province region (1)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (4)
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Free State South Africa (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (2)
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Merensky Reef (1)
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Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa
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Transvaal region (1)
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Witwatersrand (3)
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West Africa
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South Shetland Islands
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Victoria Land
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Allan Hills (3)
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Arctic Ocean
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Norwegian Sea
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Arctic region
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Arran (4)
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Asia
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Altai Russian Federation
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Arabian Peninsula
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Saudi Arabia (13)
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United Arab Emirates
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Baikal Mountains (2)
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Buryat Russian Federation
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Karaganda Kazakhstan
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Shengli Field (1)
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Shanxi China
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Taiyuan China (3)
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Sichuan Basin (19)
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Sichuan China
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Songliao Basin (9)
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Japan
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Korea
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Lesser Sunda Islands
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Timor
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Malaysia
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Himalayas
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Chhattisgarh India
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Damodar Valley (2)
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Ghats
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Eastern Ghats (2)
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Western Ghats (4)
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Godavari Valley (2)
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Gujarat India
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Saurashtra (3)
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Haryana India (1)
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Himachal Pradesh India
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Jharkhand India
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Hazaribagh India
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Rajmahal India (1)
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Kerala India (1)
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Madhya Pradesh India
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Maharashtra India
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Koyna Dam (1)
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Narmada-Son Lineament (1)
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Northeastern India
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Arunachal Pradesh India (2)
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Assam India (9)
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Meghalaya India (4)
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Orissa India
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Talchir (1)
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Talchir coal field (1)
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Pranhita-Godavari Valley (2)
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Aravalli Range (1)
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Tomsk Russian Federation (7)
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Tyumen Russian Federation
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Uzbekistan (1)
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magnesium
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (22)
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aluminum
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (17)
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nitrogen
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Synapsida
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coprolites (5)
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eukaryotes (1)
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fungi (2)
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Graptolithina (7)
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ichnofossils
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Planolites (2)
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Zoophycos (2)
-
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Arachnida (4)
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (1)
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Xiphosura (2)
-
-
-
Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (4)
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Malacostraca (2)
-
Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Platycopida
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Cytherellidae (1)
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-
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (3)
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Diptera (1)
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Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
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Hemiptera (1)
-
-
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Palaeoptera
-
Ephemeroptera (1)
-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (5)
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (6)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (1)
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Spiriferida (2)
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Terebratulida (1)
-
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Inarticulata
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Lingula (1)
-
-
-
Bryozoa (4)
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (1)
-
Scleractinia
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Acropora
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Acropora cervicornis (1)
-
-
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Tabulata (2)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
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Stelleroidea
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Asteroidea (1)
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Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (11)
-
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Echinozoa
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Cyclocystoidea (1)
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Echinoidea (2)
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Holothuroidea (1)
-
-
Homalozoa
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Homoiostelea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Carbonicola (1)
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Heterodonta
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Veneroida (1)
-
-
Ostreoidea
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Ostreidae (1)
-
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Pholadomyoida (1)
-
Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Anthraconauta (1)
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Inocerami
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Inoceramidae (3)
-
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Pectinacea (1)
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (8)
-
-
Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Belemnitidae (3)
-
-
-
Nautiloidea (2)
-
-
Gastropoda
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Neogastropoda (1)
-
Pulmonata
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Basommatophora
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Planorbis (1)
-
-
-
-
Polyplacophora (1)
-
-
Porifera
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Demospongea
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Chaetetida
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Chaetetidae (1)
-
-
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Hexactinellida (1)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (12)
-
-
Miliolina
-
Miliolacea
-
Miliolidae (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia (1)
-
-
-
Lagenidae (2)
-
Rotaliacea
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Miogypsinidae (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea (1)
-
-
-
Radiolaria (5)
-
Thecamoeba (2)
-
-
Vermes
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Annelida (2)
-
Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (2)
-
-
-
Metazoa (4)
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (2)
-
Chitinozoa (2)
-
Conodonta
-
Idiognathodus (3)
-
Neognathodus (2)
-
Streptognathodus (1)
-
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (12)
-
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
scolecodonts (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (8)
-
Chitinozoa (2)
-
Dinoflagellata (21)
-
megaspores (9)
-
miospores
-
pollen (56)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
-
Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (2)
-
Tasmanites (1)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (4)
-
nannofossils
-
Sphenolithus (1)
-
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
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Sphagnum (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
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Archaeopteris (1)
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Dicroidium (2)
-
Taeniopteris (1)
-
-
Lycopsida
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Lepidodendron (1)
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Stigmaria (1)
-
-
Psilopsida (1)
-
Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
-
-
Sphenophyllum (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Alnus (1)
-
Betula (1)
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Corylus (1)
-
Fagus (2)
-
Juglans (1)
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Nothofagus (1)
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Quercus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (2)
-
Caytoniales (1)
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Coniferae (1)
-
Coniferales
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Cupressaceae (2)
-
Pinaceae
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Pinus (1)
-
-
Taxodiaceae
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Metasequoia (1)
-
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Taxodium (1)
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Tsuga (1)
-
-
Cordaitales
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Cordaites (5)
-
-
Cycadales (3)
-
Dadoxylon (2)
-
Ginkgoales
-
Ginkgo (3)
-
-
Glossopteridales
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (3)
-
-
-
Pteridospermae
-
Neuropteris (1)
-
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
Pterobranchia (5)
-
thallophytes (2)
-
tracks (13)
-
trails (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (12)
-
Ar/Ar (50)
-
fission-track dating (22)
-
K/Ar (13)
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (9)
-
paleomagnetism (62)
-
Pb/Pb (1)
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Pb/Th (1)
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radiation damage (1)
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Rb/Sr (3)
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Re/Os (6)
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Sm/Nd (5)
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Sr/Sr (2)
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tephrochronology (2)
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Th/U (3)
-
thermochronology (21)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
tree rings (4)
-
U/Pb (123)
-
U/Th/Pb (5)
-
-
geologic age
-
Anthropocene (3)
-
Cenozoic
-
Agbada Formation (1)
-
Bronze Age (5)
-
Iron Age (2)
-
lower Cenozoic (7)
-
middle Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (3)
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Middle Ages (2)
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (2)
-
-
-
middle Quaternary (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Illinoian (1)
-
Kansan (1)
-
Lake Missoula (3)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (1)
-
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Weichselian
-
Loch Lomond Stade (1)
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (1)
-
Younger Dryas (3)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (3)
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
-
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
Paleolithic
-
Acheulian (1)
-
middle Paleolithic (1)
-
upper Paleolithic (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Asmari Formation (1)
-
Esna Shale (1)
-
lower Tertiary (5)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (4)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
-
Guantao Formation (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (2)
-
Burdigalian (2)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (2)
-
Serravallian (3)
-
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian (4)
-
Modelo Formation (1)
-
Pannonian (2)
-
Pontian (2)
-
Santa Cruz Mudstone (1)
-
Tortonian (2)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (1)
-
-
upper Pliocene (5)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Dongying Formation (1)
-
Duchesne River Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Annot Sandstone (1)
-
Bracklesham Group (1)
-
Bridger Formation (1)
-
Bridgerian (2)
-
Chuckanut Formation (4)
-
Chumstick Formation (3)
-
Golden Valley Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (8)
-
lower Eocene
-
Wasatchian (4)
-
Willwood Formation (4)
-
Wind River Formation (1)
-
Ypresian (4)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Aycross Formation (1)
-
Bartonian (2)
-
Claiborne Group (2)
-
Lutetian (4)
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
Subathu Formation (2)
-
Swauk Formation (3)
-
upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (1)
-
Uinta Formation (2)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (4)
-
Kenai Group (2)
-
lower Paleogene (3)
-
Oligocene
-
Boom Clay (1)
-
Brule Formation (1)
-
Frio Formation (2)
-
Hemlock Conglomerate (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (2)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (12)
-
Puercan (4)
-
Torrejonian (2)
-
-
middle Paleocene
-
Selandian (3)
-
-
Nacimiento Formation (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (2)
-
Tongue River Member (1)
-
Tullock Member (4)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Clarkforkian (1)
-
Thanetian (3)
-
Tiffanian (5)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (11)
-
Renova Formation (1)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Tyonek Formation (3)
-
upper Paleogene (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (4)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (2)
-
upper Tertiary (3)
-
-
upper Cenozoic (5)
-
Yakataga Formation (2)
-
-
Coal Measures (6)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Antalya Complex (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Blairmore Group (5)
-
Colorado Group (3)
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (2)
-
Graneros Shale (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (1)
-
Albian
-
lower Albian (2)
-
upper Albian (4)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (2)
-
Shuaiba Formation (2)
-
-
Barremian (8)
-
Bear River Formation (1)
-
Berriasian (11)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (6)
-
Christopher Formation (2)
-
Clearwater Formation (2)
-
Cloverly Formation (2)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gault Clay (1)
-
Gething Formation (2)
-
Hauterivian (3)
-
Isachsen Formation (1)
-
Kootenay Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (8)
-
McMurray Formation (8)
-
Mowry Shale (3)
-
Neocomian (4)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (1)
-
Valanginian (4)
-
Wealden (3)
-
Zubair Formation (2)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
-
Mancos Shale (10)
-
Middle Cretaceous (6)
-
Nanushuk Group (2)
-
Natih Formation (2)
-
Nenjiang Formation (2)
-
Potomac Group (3)
-
Qingshankou Formation (4)
-
Quantou Formation (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
-
Bearpaw Formation (6)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (1)
-
Belly River Formation (5)
-
Blackhawk Formation (13)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (2)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (9)
-
lower Campanian (4)
-
upper Campanian (5)
-
-
Cardium Formation (2)
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (9)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Codell Sandstone Member (1)
-
Cody Shale (2)
-
Colville Group (1)
-
Coniacian (10)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Edmonton Group (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (23)
-
Fort Hays Limestone Member (1)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (15)
-
Fruitland Formation (3)
-
Gallup Sandstone (3)
-
Ghareb Formation (1)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (4)
-
-
Harebell Formation (1)
-
Hell Creek Formation (8)
-
Hornbrook Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (19)
-
Izumi Group (1)
-
Judith River Formation (4)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (3)
-
Kanguk Formation (5)
-
Kirtland Shale (1)
-
K-T boundary (12)
-
La Luna Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (3)
-
Lewis Shale (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
upper Maestrichtian (4)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (15)
-
Milk River Formation (2)
-
Montana Group (1)
-
Moreno Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (3)
-
Ojo Alamo Sandstone (1)
-
Oldman Formation (4)
-
Pierre Shale (4)
-
Prince Creek Formation (1)
-
Raritan Formation (1)
-
Rock Springs Formation (1)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (2)
-
Santonian (7)
-
Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
-
Senonian (34)
-
Shannon Sandstone Member (1)
-
Star Point Sandstone (6)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (5)
-
Tropic Shale (1)
-
Tununk Member (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (3)
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (2)
-
Wahweap Formation (2)
-
Wall Creek Member (2)
-
Williams Fork Formation (4)
-
-
Whitemud Formation (4)
-
Yezo Group (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (2)
-
Jurassic
-
Bazhenov Formation (5)
-
Clarens Formation (1)
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (1)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Dunlin Group (1)
-
Hettangian (4)
-
Laberge Group (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (11)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (4)
-
-
upper Liassic (4)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (7)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (10)
-
Broom Formation (1)
-
Etive Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (4)
-
Rannoch Formation (3)
-
Tarbert Formation (3)
-
-
Bathonian
-
Great Oolite Group (2)
-
-
Callovian (12)
-
Dogger (1)
-
Walloon Coal Measures (1)
-
Xishanyao Formation (2)
-
-
Oxford Clay (2)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (1)
-
Fulmar Formation (2)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (4)
-
Kimmeridgian (6)
-
Morrison Formation (5)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Stump Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (4)
-
-
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (6)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Mist Mountain Formation (2)
-
Moenave Formation (2)
-
Murihiku Supergroup (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Statfjord Formation (2)
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (2)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter
-
Voltzia Sandstone (1)
-
-
Griesbachian (1)
-
Induan (1)
-
Olenekian (2)
-
Panchet Series (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (39)
-
Scythian (1)
-
Smithian (2)
-
Spathian (2)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (5)
-
Ladinian (3)
-
Muschelkalk (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (2)
-
Narrabeen Group (1)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (6)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (9)
-
Chinle Formation (4)
-
Mercia Mudstone (3)
-
Norian (2)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (2)
-
-
Sag River Sandstone (2)
-
Stormberg Series (2)
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (5)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (6)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (1)
-
Yanshanian (3)
-
-
MIS 5 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Berea Sandstone (2)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (1)
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
Lamotte Sandstone (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (2)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (3)
-
Amsden Formation (1)
-
Bartlesville Sand (2)
-
Benxi Formation (2)
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
-
Burbank Sand (1)
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Jackfork Group (1)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (5)
-
Dinantian (21)
-
-
Mabou Group (7)
-
Middle Carboniferous (2)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Big Injun Sandstone (1)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Chainman Shale (1)
-
Leadville Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (2)
-
Fort Payne Formation (1)
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
-
Kinderhookian (2)
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Lodgepole Formation (2)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (2)
-
Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (3)
-
Tournaisian (17)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
-
Madison Group (2)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
Great Scar Limestone (2)
-
upper Visean (3)
-
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Newman Limestone (1)
-
Price Formation (1)
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Bangor Limestone (1)
-
Chesterian (5)
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
Greenbrier Limestone (1)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (3)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Hinton Formation (2)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (4)
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (1)
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
-
Monteagle Limestone (2)
-
Pennington Formation (4)
-
Serpukhovian (8)
-
-
Windsor Group (5)
-
-
Namurian (12)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Cumberland Group (4)
-
Francis Creek Shale (3)
-
Hermosa Group (1)
-
Joggins Formation (5)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (3)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (5)
-
-
Carbondale Formation (4)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Cherokee Group (2)
-
Marmaton Group (2)
-
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (14)
-
Paradox Formation (2)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Monongahela Group (1)
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Pittsburgh Coal (1)
-
Pottsville Group (5)
-
Springfield Coal Member (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Ames Limestone (1)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (3)
-
Kasimovian (10)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
Lansing Group (2)
-
Stanton Formation (1)
-
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (1)
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Silesian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (3)
-
Stephanian (11)
-
Uralian (1)
-
Westphalian (23)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (4)
-
Chattanooga Shale (4)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (4)
-
Lochkovian (5)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (5)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (6)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Givetian (3)
-
Hamilton Group (3)
-
Mahantango Formation (2)
-
Marcellus Shale (11)
-
Nahanni Formation (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (2)
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Muth Quartzite (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (7)
-
Ponta Grossa Formation (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Thirtyone Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (2)
-
Chemung Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (3)
-
-
Frasnian (5)
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Hampshire Formation (2)
-
Huron Member (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Endicott Group (1)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (6)
-
Hunton Group (2)
-
Itarare Subgroup (2)
-
Knox Group (3)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
New Albany Shale (4)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
Ellenburger Group (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Winnipeg Formation (1)
-
-
Montoya Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (2)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Hirnantian (4)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (3)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Reedsville Formation (1)
-
Trentonian (3)
-
Wufeng Formation (4)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Akiyoshi Limestone (1)
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Cutler Formation (2)
-
Ecca Group (4)
-
Echooka Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (3)
-
Roadian (3)
-
Wordian (2)
-
-
Irati Formation (2)
-
Khuff Formation (4)
-
Longtan Formation (5)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (1)
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (5)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
Sakmarian (6)
-
-
Leonardian
-
Clear Fork Group (2)
-
-
Qixia Formation (2)
-
Wolfcampian (2)
-
-
Maokou Formation (3)
-
Middle Permian (4)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rio Bonito Formation (2)
-
Rotliegendes (10)
-
Unayzah Formation (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Cadeby Formation (1)
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Kazanian (2)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
Wuchiapingian (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (39)
-
Rangal Coal Measures (1)
-
Raniganj Formation (2)
-
Rio do Rasto Formation (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (11)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
Whitehill Formation (2)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Henryhouse Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (2)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (4)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Dwyka Formation (3)
-
Kiaman Superchron (2)
-
Pictou Group (2)
-
Shanxi Formation (3)
-
Tubarao Group (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (5)
-
-
Phanerozoic (20)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Neoarchean (3)
-
-
Bijawar System (1)
-
Brockman Iron Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
-
Pongola Supergroup (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (3)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Kombolgie Formation (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (16)
-
Miette Group (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (4)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Riphean (6)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Torridonian (2)
-
Vendian (10)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Hemlock Formation (2)
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Qinling Group (1)
-
-
Roan Supergroup (1)
-
Sinian
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (2)
-
-
Saxothuringian (1)
-
Vindhyan (3)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (2)
-
hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (5)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase (8)
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (2)
-
tonalite (1)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (6)
-
granites
-
aplite (1)
-
charnockite (1)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
granodiorites (7)
-
jotunite (1)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
monzodiorite (2)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (4)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
nepheline syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (1)
-
-
columnar basalt (1)
-
flood basalts (17)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
-
ocean-island basalts (2)
-
tholeiite (6)
-
tholeiitic basalt (3)
-
trap rocks (4)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (2)
-
-
komatiite (1)
-
picrite porphyry (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
pumice (1)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (18)
-
-
rhyolites (5)
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (14)
-
volcanic ash (9)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (2)
-
fulgurite (1)
-
gneisses
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (2)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites
-
kinzigite (1)
-
-
hornfels (2)
-
impactites (2)
-
lapis lazuli (1)
-
marbles (6)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
khondalite (1)
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metapelite (5)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (2)
-
skarn (4)
-
steatite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (1)
-
migmatites (3)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (3)
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (2)
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists
-
biotite schist (1)
-
blueschist (1)
-
greenschist (3)
-
muscovite schist (1)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
ophiolite (14)
-
turbidite (15)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
angrite (1)
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CM chondrites (1)
-
-
enstatite chondrites (1)
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites
-
Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
carbides (2)
-
niggliite (1)
-
nitrides (1)
-
phosphides
-
schreibersite (1)
-
-
silicides (1)
-
taenite (1)
-
-
amosite (1)
-
antimonides (1)
-
arsenates
-
austinite (1)
-
beudantite (1)
-
scorodite (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (4)
-
cobaltite (2)
-
lollingite (1)
-
maucherite (1)
-
skutterudite (1)
-
sperrylite (2)
-
-
arsenites (2)
-
borates
-
boracite (1)
-
-
carbonates
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alumohydrocalcite (1)
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ankerite (2)
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aragonite (3)
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azurite (1)
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calcite (22)
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dawsonite (1)
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dolomite (11)
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magnesian calcite (1)
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magnesite (1)
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malachite (1)
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pyroaurite (1)
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siderite (7)
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sphaerosiderite (1)
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spurrite (2)
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witherite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (3)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
boracite (1)
-
halite (4)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (1)
-
topaz (2)
-
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
minerals (17)
-
native elements
-
diamond (4)
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fullerene (1)
-
graphite (5)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (5)
-
-
oxalates (3)
-
oxides
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aluminum oxides (1)
-
baddeleyite (2)
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cassiterite (2)
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chrome spinel (2)
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chromite (3)
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ferrihydrite (2)
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franklinite (1)
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gahnite (2)
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goethite (4)
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hematite (8)
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hercynite (2)
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hibonite (1)
-
hydroxides
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iron hydroxides (3)
-
-
ilmenite (3)
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iron oxides (6)
-
jacobsite (1)
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lepidocrocite (1)
-
maghemite (1)
-
magnetite (11)
-
niobates
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columbite (2)
-
pyrochlore (1)
-
-
periclase (1)
-
perovskite (1)
-
pseudobrookite (1)
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rutile (4)
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spinel (8)
-
spinel group (4)
-
tantalates
-
tantalite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
titanomagnetite (1)
-
uraninite (1)
-
wustite (1)
-
zincite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (26)
-
florencite (1)
-
fluorapatite (3)
-
monazite (9)
-
rhabdophane (1)
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xenotime (5)
-
-
platinum minerals (3)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (1)
-
asbestos (2)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
rhonite (2)
-
sapphirine (1)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
crocidolite (1)
-
glaucophane (1)
-
hastingsite (1)
-
hornblende (4)
-
tremolite (1)
-
tschermakite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (3)
-
jadeite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
hypersthene (1)
-
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
celsian (2)
-
hyalophane (2)
-
K-feldspar (4)
-
sanidine (5)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (2)
-
hyalophane (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (2)
-
bytownite (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
kalsilite (2)
-
nepheline (2)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
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cristobalite (1)
-
jasper (1)
-
opal
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (1)
-
-
-
sodalite group
-
hauyne (2)
-
lazurite (2)
-
-
zeolite group
-
clinoptilolite (1)
-
garronite (1)
-
natrolite (1)
-
-
-
garnierite (1)
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group
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almandine (1)
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grossular (1)
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pyrope (1)
-
-
larnite (1)
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mullite (3)
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olivine group
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fayalite (2)
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forsterite (1)
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kirschsteinite (2)
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olivine (3)
-
-
phenakite group
-
willemite (2)
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spurrite (2)
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staurolite (1)
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titanite group
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titanite (2)
-
-
topaz (2)
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zircon group
-
coffinite (1)
-
zircon (109)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
axinite group (1)
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epidote group
-
allanite (1)
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epidote (1)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
melilite group
-
gehlenite (2)
-
melilite (2)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
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labuntsovite (1)
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tourmaline group (1)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (10)
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sudoite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (2)
-
kaolinite (29)
-
montmorillonite (4)
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nontronite (1)
-
saponite (1)
-
smectite (21)
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vermiculite (3)
-
-
illite (35)
-
mica group
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annite (1)
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biotite (6)
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glauconite (1)
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muscovite (13)
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phengite (2)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
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pyrophyllite (2)
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sericite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (5)
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chrysotile (2)
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cronstedtite (1)
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serpentine (1)
-
-
stilpnomelane (1)
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talc (1)
-
tosudite (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
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alunite (1)
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anhydrite (2)
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barite (3)
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beudantite (1)
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celestine (1)
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copiapite (2)
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epsomite (1)
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ettringite (1)
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glauberite (1)
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gypsum (7)
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iron sulfates (1)
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langbeinite (1)
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lazurite (2)
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pickeringite (2)
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sulfides
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alabandite (2)
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alloclasite (1)
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arsenopyrite (4)
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bismuthinite (1)
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bornite (1)
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cattierite (1)
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chalcopyrite (7)
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cinnabar (3)
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cobaltite (2)
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copper sulfides (3)
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covellite (1)
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cubanite (1)
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galena (5)
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greenockite (2)
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greigite (1)
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heazlewoodite (2)
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iron sulfides (1)
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kesterite (2)
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lazurite (2)
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mackinawite (3)
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marcasite (3)
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metacinnabar (1)
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nickel sulfides (2)
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oldhamite (1)
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orpiment (1)
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pentlandite (4)
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pyrite (21)
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pyrrhotite (7)
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realgar (1)
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smythite (1)
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talnakhite (1)
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tochilinite (1)
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troilite (4)
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vaesite (1)
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valleriite (1)
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wurtzite (4)
-
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sulfosalts
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sulfantimonites
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tetrahedrite (1)
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sulfarsenites
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tennantite (1)
-
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (2)
-
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uranium minerals (2)
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vanadates
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carnotite (1)
-
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wehrlite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (194)
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academic institutions (3)
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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Central Africa
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Angola
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East Africa
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North Africa
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Southern Africa
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Botswana
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Triassic
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Upper Triassic
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (11)
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indium (1)
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iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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ferrous iron (5)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (7)
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osmium
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precious metals (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (17)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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yttrium (1)
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rhenium
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Mexico
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North America
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Rocky Mountains foreland (6)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 104 (1)
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Leg 149
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ODP Site 897 (1)
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Leg 159
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ODP Site 959 (1)
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Leg 169 (1)
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Leg 171B
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ODP Site 1051 (1)
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Leg 174AX (1)
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Leg 189
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ODP Site 1172 (1)
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Leg 199
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ODP Site 1218 (1)
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Leg 207
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ODP Site 1259 (1)
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Leg 208
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ODP Site 1262 (1)
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ODP Site 801 (1)
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ocean floors (12)
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Oceania
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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paleobotany (11)
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paleoclimatology (149)
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paleomagnetism (62)
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paleontology (30)
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Paleozoic
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Arbuckle Group (1)
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Rome Formation (1)
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Middle Cambrian
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Wheeler Formation (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (1)
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Lamotte Sandstone (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (2)
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Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (3)
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Amsden Formation (1)
-
Bartlesville Sand (2)
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Benxi Formation (2)
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Big Snowy Group (1)
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Burbank Sand (1)
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Huanglong Formation (1)
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Johns Valley Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (5)
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Mabou Group (7)
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Middle Carboniferous (2)
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Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
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Big Injun Sandstone (1)
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Boone Formation (1)
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Chainman Shale (1)
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Leadville Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (2)
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Kayak Shale (1)
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Kekiktuk Conglomerate (1)
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Kinderhookian (2)
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Lake Valley Formation (1)
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Lodgepole Formation (2)
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Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (2)
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Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (3)
-
Tournaisian (17)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
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Madison Group (2)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
Great Scar Limestone (2)
-
upper Visean (3)
-
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Newman Limestone (1)
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Price Formation (1)
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Stanley Group (1)
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Upper Mississippian
-
Bangor Limestone (1)
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Chesterian (5)
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Fayetteville Formation (1)
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Greenbrier Limestone (1)
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Hartselle Sandstone (3)
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Heath Formation (1)
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Hinton Formation (2)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (4)
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (1)
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
-
Monteagle Limestone (2)
-
Pennington Formation (4)
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Serpukhovian (8)
-
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Windsor Group (5)
-
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Namurian (12)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
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Conemaugh Group (1)
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Cumberland Group (4)
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Francis Creek Shale (3)
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Hermosa Group (1)
-
Joggins Formation (5)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (3)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (5)
-
-
Carbondale Formation (4)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Cherokee Group (2)
-
Marmaton Group (2)
-
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (14)
-
Paradox Formation (2)
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Staunton Formation (1)
-
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Monongahela Group (1)
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-
Pittsburgh Coal (1)
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Pottsville Group (5)
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Springfield Coal Member (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Ames Limestone (1)
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Glenshaw Formation (1)
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Gzhelian (3)
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Kasimovian (10)
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Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
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-
Stanton Formation (1)
-
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Virgilian
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Douglas Group (1)
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Lawrence Formation (1)
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Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
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Silesian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (3)
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Stephanian (11)
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-
-
-
Catskill Formation (4)
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Chattanooga Shale (4)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (4)
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Oriskany Sandstone (5)
-
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Middle Devonian
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Eifelian (6)
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Mahantango Formation (2)
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Marcellus Shale (11)
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Nahanni Formation (1)
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Onondaga Limestone (2)
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Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Muth Quartzite (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (7)
-
Ponta Grossa Formation (1)
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Slave Point Formation (1)
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Thirtyone Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (2)
-
Chemung Formation (1)
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (3)
-
-
Frasnian (5)
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
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Hampshire Formation (2)
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Huron Member (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Ohio Shale (1)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
-
Earn Group (1)
-
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Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (6)
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Hunton Group (2)
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Itarare Subgroup (2)
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Knox Group (3)
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Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
New Albany Shale (4)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
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Ellenburger Group (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
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Chazyan (1)
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Darriwilian (1)
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Llanvirnian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Winnipeg Formation (1)
-
-
Montoya Group (1)
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-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian (1)
-
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-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (3)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Reedsville Formation (1)
-
Trentonian (3)
-
Wufeng Formation (4)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Akiyoshi Limestone (1)
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Cutler Formation (2)
-
Ecca Group (4)
-
Echooka Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (3)
-
Roadian (3)
-
Wordian (2)
-
-
Irati Formation (2)
-
Khuff Formation (4)
-
Longtan Formation (5)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (1)
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (5)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
Sakmarian (6)
-
-
Leonardian
-
Clear Fork Group (2)
-
-
Qixia Formation (2)
-
Wolfcampian (2)
-
-
Maokou Formation (3)
-
Middle Permian (4)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rio Bonito Formation (2)
-
Rotliegendes (10)
-
Unayzah Formation (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Cadeby Formation (1)
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Kazanian (2)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
Wuchiapingian (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (39)
-
Rangal Coal Measures (1)
-
Raniganj Formation (2)
-
Rio do Rasto Formation (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (11)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
Whitehill Formation (2)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Henryhouse Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (2)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (4)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Dwyka Formation (3)
-
Kiaman Superchron (2)
-
Pictou Group (2)
-
Shanxi Formation (3)
-
Tubarao Group (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (5)
-
-
palynology (8)
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (8)
-
Chitinozoa (2)
-
Dinoflagellata (21)
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megaspores (9)
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miospores
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pollen (56)
-
-
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paragenesis (18)
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permafrost (5)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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coalbed methane (17)
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shale gas (29)
-
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shale oil (11)
-
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petrology (31)
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Phanerozoic (20)
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phase equilibria (11)
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phosphate deposits (2)
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phosphorus (7)
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placers
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beach placers (1)
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planetology (2)
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (2)
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Tasmanites (1)
-
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (4)
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nannofossils
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Sphenolithus (1)
-
-
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Bryophyta
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Musci
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Sphagnum (1)
-
-
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Dicroidium (2)
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Lycopsida
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Equisetales
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-
-
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Fagus (2)
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Juglans (1)
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Nothofagus (1)
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Quercus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
coal gaps
Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants Available to Purchase
END-PERMIAN BURNOUT: THE ROLE OF PERMIAN–TRIASSIC WILDFIRES IN EXTINCTION, CARBON CYCLING, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN EASTERN GONDWANA Available to Purchase
Recovery of lacustrine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction Available to Purchase
FIGURE 3. Temporal and geographic distribution of stratigraphic gaps in the... Available to Purchase
Rare Earth Elements Occurrences in Coal Fly Ash and Methods of their Extraction: A Review Available to Purchase
Carbon isotopic evidence for terminal-Permian methane outbursts and their role in extinctions of animals, plants, coral reefs, and peat swamps Available to Purchase
Dedicated to the memory of William T. Holser, colleague and friend. A gap in the fossil record of coals and coral reefs during the Early Triassic follows the greatest of mass extinctions at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Catastrophic methane outbursts during terminal Permian global mass extinction are indicated by organic carbon isotopic (δ 13 C org) values of less than –37‰, and preferential sequestration of 13 C-depleted carbon at high latitudes and on land, relative to low latitudes and deep ocean. Methane outbursts massive enough to account for observed carbon isotopic anomalies require unusually efficient release from thermal alteration of coal measures or from methane-bearing permafrost or marine methane-hydrate reservoirs due to bolide impact, volcanic eruption, submarine landslides, or global warming. The terminal Permian carbon isotopic anomaly has been regarded as a consequence of mass extinction, but atmospheric injections of methane and its oxidation to carbon dioxide could have been a cause of extinction for animals, plants, coral reefs and peat swamps, killing by hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, and pulmonary edema. Extinction by hydrocarbon pollution of the atmosphere is compatible with many details of the marine and terrestrial fossil records, and with observed marine and nonmarine facies changes. Multiple methane releases explain not only erratic early Triassic carbon isotopic values, but also protracted (∼6 m.y.) global suppression of coral reefs and peat swamps.
Application of Optical-electron Correlative Microscopy for Characterization of Organic Matter Available to Purchase
Origin and Characteristics of the Crude Oils and Condensates in the Callovian-Oxfordian Carbonate Reservoirs of the Amu Darya Right Bank Block, Turkmenistan Open Access
Frontier Formation, Wyoming and Adjacent Areas Available to Purchase
Quantifying inaccuracies in vertical stress determination methods in sedimentary basins; a case study of deep coal-bearing strata in the Cooper Basin, Australia Available to Purchase
Abstract Knowledge of subsurface stresses is critical to management and prediction of fluid behaviour in the Earth's crust. However, uncertainties associated with the estimation of vertical stress magnitudes are rarely explored. In settings where the principal stresses are close, small changes of only a few MPa can have drastic effects on, stress regime prediction, fault reactivation and expected fracture behaviour. Using petroleum datasets from the Moomba Gas Field in the Cooper Basin, Australia, we assess the effects of interpolation between gaps in density wireline logs that have been filtered to remove sections of poor density tool contact in coal-bearing sequences. In addition, we compare the sonic velocity–density Nafe–Drake and Gardner transforms by comparing estimates of density from sonic velocity against density from wireline logs. The results indicate that vertical stress could be underestimated by c. 3 MPa at c. 3 km in well Moomba 61, using traditional methods. The Gardner transform shows a stronger correlation between sonic and density values for rocks in the Cooper Basin. However, once calibrated to the regional sonic velocity–density trend, the Nafe–Drake transform better matches the density logging tool in Moomba 61. This study delivers a more robust workflow for estimating the vertical stress in basins with deep coal-bearing strata.
Coal mine: comparison of time migration images (a) without and (b) with int... Available to Purchase
NO MAJOR STRATIGRAPHIC GAP EXISTS NEAR THE MIDDLE–UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN (DESMOINESIAN–MISSOURIAN) BOUNDARY IN NORTH AMERICA Available to Purchase
Lithostratigraphy and tectonic events on the northeastern Laptev Sea shelf,... Available to Purchase
British Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) coal-bearing sequences: where is the time? Available to Purchase
Abstract The Lower and Middle Coal Measures of Langsettian (Westphalian A) and Duckmantian (Westphalian B) age (together equals Bashkirian in part) in Britain comprise an alternation of clastic sediments and coal deposited on coastal and alluvial plains over a period of 2–3.5 million years, depending on which time scale is accepted. In both the Pennine and South Wales Basins there are no obvious unconformities. Many of the clastic sequences show evidence of rapid sedimentation (burial of trees, bivalve escape burrows) that may suggest that a significant amount of time is taken up during the peat-forming intervals. Thickness data from a range of boreholes that record continuous sections through this time period were collated. Coal and sediment thicknesses, as well as coal to sediment ratios, are compared both within and across the basins. Data on the coals has allowed consideration of the time taken to deposit the peats. This work considers the compaction of the peat to coal, as well as a range of peat accumulation rates. Assuming the largest de-compaction rates and slowest accumulation rates of the coal formation, less than 50% of the allocated time can be accounted for. In addition however, calculations suggest that peat formation accounts for less than 25% of the total time taken for sediment accumulation. It is suspected that there are major time gaps in the sequences, most probably occurring between seat-earths and coal and within the coals, and it is believed that this finding has significance for the debate over short-term climate changes in the Carboniferous and the causes of peat and sediment alternations. Supplementary material: Borehole thickness data and references are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18788
Coal-Bed and Related Depositional Environments in Methane Gas-Producing Sequences Available to Purchase
Abstract Depositional environments of coal beds, despite the voluminous works on this topic, remain elusive and difficult to prove (Dapples and Hopkins, 1969; Ferm et al., 1979; Rahmani and Flores, 1984; Lyons and Alpern, 1989; McCabe and Parrish, 1992). Factors that control coal accumulation are as varied as the many disciplines (sedimentol- ogy, coal petrology, geochemistry, paleobotany, etc.) studying the origin of coal beds. For decades, approaches to coal-bed depositional environments have been dichoto- mous; that is, separate and independent analyses of the organic deposits and “accompanying” sediments. This uni- discipline-research approach has fragmented and confused efforts to understand this century-old problem (Schaler, 1885; Stevenson, 1910). However, attempts to bridge the interdisciplinary gap during the past few decades have produced new insights on the nature and origin of coals and associated sedimentary rocks (Raistrick and Marshall, 1939; Styan and Bustin, 1983; Pocknall and Flores, 1987; Stanton et al., 1989; McCabe, 1991; Diessel, 1992). The economic potential of coal-bed methane gas resource has renewed study of coal resources, coal rank, coal geochemistry, and physical properties of coals (Rightmire et al., 1984; Fassett, 1988; Coalbed Methane Symposium, 1989). Although coal beds often serve as source and reservoir rocks of methane gas, it has been found that adjoining sandstones can also serve as reservoir rocks (Rice and Flores, 1990; Flores et al., 1991; Law et al., 1991; Pashin et al., 1991). Thus, knowledge of the origin and properties of the sedimentary rocks lateral to, above, and below coal beds is vital to a successful
Coal in Long-Range Energy Pattern of United States: ABSTRACT Free
Wave Field Characteristics of Small Faults around the Loose Circle of Rock Surrounding a Coal Roadway Available to Purchase
The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage Open Access
Abstract For the west European regional chronostratigraphic framework, the Cantabrian substage was conceived as covering a widely apparent stratigraphic gap between the top of the Westphalian and the base of Stephanian A, the lowest unit of the Stephanian. A continuous depositional history covers this time gap in the Cantabrian region of Spain; the upper limit of this interval was defined by the succeeding Barruelian substage, equivalent to Stephanian A. Intense tectonic and magmatic activity characterizes this period; the Iberian orogenic belt was an essentially linear feature buckled through the Late Pennsylvanian into the tightly folded Cantabrian Orocline. This evidences an extensive southern foreland to the Variscides, in which the coal-swamp biome persisted through the Late Pennsylvanian, supporting biostratigraphical correlation with the Donbass. New high precision U–Pb CA-ID-TIMS radiometric dating of tonstein horizons supports a preliminary time-framework of regional substages: base of the Asturian (proposed, ex-Westphalian D) c. 310.7 Ma; base of the Cantabrian c. 307.5 Ma; base of the Barruelian (ex-Stephanian A) c. 304.9 Ma; base of the Saberian (proposed) c. 303.5 Ma. The Cantabrian and Barruelian embrace the entire Kasimovian of the global time-scale, and the top of the Barruelian is essentially coincident with the base of the Gzhelian.
Fingerprinting mine water in the eastern sector of the South Wales Coalfield Available to Purchase
Abstract Coal has been mined in the South Wales Coalfield for centuries. Substantial dewatering operations have attended these activities, particularly with the advent of steam and electric pumps that facilitated deeper mining operations. However, underground coal mining in South Wales has been in decline since 1913. The closure of the last deep mine in the eastern part of the coalfield in 1992 entailed a cessation of pumping over a large geographical area, with a resultant recovery of the groundwater. A consequence of this recovery is that emissions of mine water are occurring at the surface. Surface water emissions of known provenance from the Upper Coal Measures were sampled in 2000 and characterized in terms of their major ion composition. Also, known emissions of mine water within the catchments of the Rivers Ebbw, Ebbw Fach, Rhymney and Taff Bargoed were sampled, and the major ion data plotted on trilinear Piper diagrams. The results indicate that two distinctive hydrochemical facies could be identified from these plots. By combining knowledge of the underground mine workings and lithology, and by comparison with the Upper Coal Measures ‘fingerprint’, it is possible to divide the mine water emissions into those sourced from the Upper and Middle and Lower Coal Measures, and at times to infer a degree of mixing between the two. The conclusion is that in the eastern valleys of the South Wales Coalfield, the Upper Coal Measures water has a calcium-sulphate facies and the Middle and Lower Coal Measures water has a sodium-sulphate to sodium-bicarbonate facies. This information can be added to the available knowledge to aid in assessing the nature and the progress of groundwater recovery within the coalfield. This paper refers to preliminary work that has been carried out in the South Wales Coalfield to attempt to ‘fingerprint’ mine water emissions to identify their underground source. This, in turn, provides valuable information on the hydrogeological regime and, coupled with the geological and mining setting, may further assist in identifying underground flow paths. This information helps to fill in some of the ‘knowledge gaps’ and provide a tool for use in the prediction of future surface mine water emissions and in the formulation of treatment-mitigation strategies. The current work uses observations and interpretations of the hydrochemistry of the coal Measures to develop a robust and simple to use method of characterizing and classifying mine water emissions within the South Wales Coalfield. It is anticipated that a similar interpretive process could be applied to mine water emissions in other coalfields, although it should be stressed that this cannot be considered as a ‘stand alone’ process and that the initial characterization of the mine water needs to be carried out with reference to the geological and mining setting for any particular area under consideration.