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Nd-144/Nd-143 (10)
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samarium
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nitrogen
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organic nitrogen (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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helium
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He-3 (3)
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Rn-220 (1)
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nonmetals (2)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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phosphorus (2)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (9)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Pisces
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Osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii (1)
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Labyrinthodontia
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Temnospondyli (1)
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Lissamphibia
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Anura (1)
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Caudata
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-
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Aves (3)
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Mammalia
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Multituberculata (4)
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Theria
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Amblypoda
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Artiodactyla
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Suiformes
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Carnivora
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Cetacea
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Condylarthra (1)
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Perissodactyla
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Ceratomorpha
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Rhinocerotidae (1)
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-
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Primates
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Hominidae
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Homo
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Homo erectus (1)
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Homo sapiens (1)
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-
-
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Proboscidea
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Mastodontoidea (2)
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Rodentia
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Castoridae (1)
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Hystricomorpha (1)
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Myomorpha
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Cricetidae
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Muridae (1)
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Taeniodonta (1)
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Metatheria
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Macropodidae (1)
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-
-
-
-
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Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines (1)
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia (1)
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda (2)
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Theropoda
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Carnosauria
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Allosaurus (1)
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-
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-
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Pterosauria (2)
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Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (1)
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-
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Ichthyosauria
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Ichthyosaurus (1)
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Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia
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Mosasauridae (1)
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-
-
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Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria (4)
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Synapsida
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Pelycosauria (1)
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Therapsida (1)
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Testudinata (1)
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Cloudina (1)
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coprolites (5)
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eukaryotes (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea
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Monograptina
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Monograptus (1)
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Hemichordata (6)
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ichnofossils
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Skolithos (2)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (1)
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Bairdiidae
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Bairdia (1)
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Cytherocopina
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Cytheracea
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Cyprideis (2)
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-
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-
-
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Exopterygota
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Blattaria (1)
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Myriapoda (2)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Odontopleurida (1)
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Ptychopariida
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Trilobitoidea (1)
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-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Spiriferida
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Spiriferidina
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Spiriferidae (1)
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-
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Inarticulata
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Lingula (1)
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-
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Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (4)
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Cryptostomata (2)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Octocorallia (1)
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (1)
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Tabulata
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Heliolitida
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Heliolitidae
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Heliolites (1)
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-
-
-
-
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Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
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Stelleroidea
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Asteroidea (2)
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (7)
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Echinozoa
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Homalozoa
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Rudistae (1)
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Cardiidae (1)
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-
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Ostreoidea
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Ostreidae
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Ostrea (1)
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-
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Palaeoheterodonta
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Unionidae (1)
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Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Inocerami
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Inoceramidae (1)
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-
-
-
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (9)
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea (1)
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Nautiloidea (1)
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Gastropoda
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Pulmonata
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Basommatophora
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Planorbis (1)
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Hyolithes (1)
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Porifera (3)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
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Miliolina
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Miliolacea
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Miliolidae (1)
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-
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Rotaliina
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Rotaliacea
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Nummulitidae (1)
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Radiolaria (5)
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Thecamoeba (1)
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Vermes
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Annelida (2)
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lichens (1)
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Metazoa (3)
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microfossils
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Chitinozoa (8)
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Conodonta (15)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
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problematic microfossils (1)
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palynomorphs
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miospores
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pollen (17)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Codiaceae (1)
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (3)
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida
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Sphenopsida (2)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (2)
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Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (1)
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Coniferales
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Buriadia (1)
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Cupressaceae (1)
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Cordaitales (2)
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Ginkgoales (2)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris (1)
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Pteridospermae (3)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (1)
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Pterobranchia (4)
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tracks (8)
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trails (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (4)
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Ar/Ar (26)
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exposure age (3)
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fission-track dating (5)
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K/Ar (4)
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Lu/Hf (2)
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optical dating (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (8)
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paleomagnetism (42)
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thermochronology (5)
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tree rings (2)
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U/Pb (59)
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uranium disequilibrium (1)
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geologic age
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Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Bakhtiari Formation (1)
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Bronze Age (7)
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Chalcolithic (1)
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Iron Age (5)
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middle Cenozoic (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Mesolithic (1)
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Middle Ages (12)
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial
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Neolithic (6)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Roman period (17)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
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Champlain Sea (1)
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Illinoian (1)
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Kansan (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
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Jaramillo Subchron (1)
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Peoria Loess (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Devensian (1)
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Hoxnian (1)
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Vistulian (1)
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Weichselian
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Loch Lomond Stade (1)
-
-
Wisconsinan
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upper Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (6)
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
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Stone Age
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Mesolithic (1)
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Neolithic (6)
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Paleolithic
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Acheulian (1)
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lower Paleolithic (1)
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middle Paleolithic (2)
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upper Paleolithic (3)
-
-
-
Tertiary
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Arikaree Group (1)
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Esna Shale (1)
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Florissant Lake Beds (1)
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lower Tertiary (2)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
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Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
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Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
-
lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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Burdigalian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (1)
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
Sarmatian (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Chinji Formation (1)
-
Messinian (4)
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
Pontian (1)
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Tortonian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Bowden Formation (1)
-
Dacian (1)
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (1)
-
-
upper Pliocene (2)
-
-
Sisquoc Formation (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (2)
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Duchesne River Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
Bridger Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (3)
-
lower Eocene
-
Thebes Formation (1)
-
Wind River Formation (1)
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (4)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Barton Clay (1)
-
Bartonian (1)
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Lutetian (2)
-
-
upper Eocene
-
Uinta Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ghost Rocks Formation (1)
-
Kapuni Group (1)
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Oligocene
-
Boom Clay (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene (3)
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Puercan (5)
-
Torrejonian (1)
-
-
middle Paleocene (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (4)
-
Tullock Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
-
upper Paleogene (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (4)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Newer Volcanics (1)
-
Romanian (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (4)
-
Dalradian (2)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (3)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (2)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Georgetown Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
Washita Group (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (3)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
lower Albian (1)
-
upper Albian (2)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
-
Barremian (4)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Christopher Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Georgetown Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Isachsen Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
McMurray Formation (1)
-
Neocomian (2)
-
Thamama Group (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
Urgonian (1)
-
Valanginian (2)
-
Wealden (2)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (3)
-
Nenjiang Formation (1)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bagh Beds (1)
-
Buda Limestone (2)
-
Campanian (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (3)
-
Taylor Marl (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (1)
-
Kanguk Formation (1)
-
Kodiak Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Laramie Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Pakawau Group (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (6)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
-
Tropic Shale (1)
-
Turonian
-
upper Turonian (2)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
-
Whitemud Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Clarens Formation (2)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (4)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Sinemurian (2)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (2)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bathonian (4)
-
Callovian (12)
-
Dogger (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Oxford Clay (17)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (2)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Hanifa Formation (2)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (4)
-
Kimmeridgian
-
lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Malm (1)
-
Morrison Formation (3)
-
Oxfordian
-
lower Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Schuler Formation (1)
-
Smackover Formation (3)
-
Sundance Formation (3)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Maiolica Limestone (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Moenave Formation (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (4)
-
Newark Supergroup (3)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (2)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (3)
-
Induan (1)
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Olenekian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
Smithian (1)
-
Thaynes Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Ladinian (2)
-
Muschelkalk (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (5)
-
Chinle Formation (3)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Mercia Mudstone (4)
-
Norian (5)
-
Petrified Forest Member (2)
-
Redonda Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (2)
-
-
Shinarump Member (2)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
MIS 11 (1)
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Berea Sandstone (4)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (1)
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Lower Cambrian
-
Atdabanian (1)
-
Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (1)
-
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
-
Ely Limestone (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (2)
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (1)
-
Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (1)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (1)
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Middle Mississippian (1)
-
Redwall Limestone (1)
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Upper Mississippian
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (2)
-
-
-
Valmeyeran (1)
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (3)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian (2)
-
Mansfield Formation (1)
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
-
Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Cherokee Group (1)
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Marmaton Group (1)
-
-
Moscovian (4)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Monongahela Group (4)
-
Morrow Formation (1)
-
Pittsburgh Coal (2)
-
Pottsville Group (2)
-
Sharon Conglomerate (1)
-
Strawn Series (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Ames Limestone (1)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Kasimovian (2)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (2)
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Westphalian (4)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Deadwood Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (5)
-
Givetian (2)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Moscow Formation (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (2)
-
-
Muth Quartzite (1)
-
Ponta Grossa Formation (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (2)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (3)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Nisku Formation (2)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (3)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
-
Madera Formation (1)
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Floian (2)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazy Group (1)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (3)
-
Katian (3)
-
Queenston Shale (2)
-
Trentonian (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Viola Limestone (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Coconino Sandstone (1)
-
Council Grove Group (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Seven Rivers Formation (1)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
-
Kamthi Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (7)
-
Lower Permian
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Asselian (1)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Rotliegendes (3)
-
Shihezi Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Cadeby Formation (1)
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
Raniganj Formation (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (4)
-
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Bainbridge Formation (1)
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (2)
-
Rhuddanian (2)
-
Telychian (8)
-
-
Tuscarora Formation (1)
-
Wenlock
-
Much Wenlock Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (2)
-
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (2)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (2)
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (6)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
Sargur Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
-
Delhi Supergroup (2)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
middle Precambrian (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Bitter Springs Formation (1)
-
Huronian
-
Gowganda Formation (1)
-
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Laxfordian (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (7)
-
Moine Supergroup (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
Vendian (5)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Rooiberg Group (1)
-
Siderian (1)
-
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Waterberg System (2)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (1)
-
Vindhyan (4)
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (7)
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kamafugite (1)
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kimberlite (1)
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peperite (1)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (2)
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-
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diorites
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gabbros
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troctolite (1)
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granites
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alkali granites (1)
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A-type granites (3)
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charnockite (3)
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granite porphyry (2)
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leucogranite (3)
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monzogranite (3)
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rapakivi (1)
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S-type granites (1)
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two-mica granite (1)
-
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granodiorites (2)
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lamprophyres
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vogesite (1)
-
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monzonites (3)
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pegmatite (10)
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quartz monzonite (3)
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syenites
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nepheline syenite
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miaskite (1)
-
-
-
ultramafics
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dunite (1)
-
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pyroxenite (1)
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-
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porphyry (3)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (8)
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basalts
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alkali basalts
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trachybasalts (1)
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flood basalts (4)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
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olivine basalt (1)
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shoshonite (1)
-
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basanite (1)
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dacites (3)
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glasses
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obsidian (1)
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perlite (1)
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volcanic glass (3)
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latite (1)
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pyroclastics
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ignimbrite (10)
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pumice (2)
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scoria (2)
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tuff (17)
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rhyolites
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quartz porphyry (1)
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tephrite (1)
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trachytes (5)
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-
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ophiolite (4)
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volcanic ash (7)
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metamorphic rocks
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metabentonite (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (6)
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eclogite (2)
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gneisses
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granulites (7)
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impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (1)
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marbles (15)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (2)
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metagabbro (1)
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serpentinite (4)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metasandstone (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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fenite (1)
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greisen (1)
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skarn (4)
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steatite (1)
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metavolcanic rocks (1)
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pseudotachylite (5)
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phyllites (3)
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schists
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biotite schist (1)
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chlorite schist (1)
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greenstone (2)
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muscovite schist (1)
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slates (1)
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ophiolite (4)
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meteorites
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meteorites
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stony irons
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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angrite (1)
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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H chondrites
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Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
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carbides (1)
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arsenates
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haidingerite (1)
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pharmacolite (1)
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scorodite (1)
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arsenides
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lollingite (1)
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arsenites (1)
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carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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aragonite (11)
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calcite (24)
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cerussite (1)
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dolomite (17)
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hydrotalcite (2)
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magnesian calcite (1)
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monohydrocalcite (1)
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nahcolite (1)
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rhodochrosite (1)
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siderite (3)
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sphaerosiderite (1)
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spurrite (1)
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trona (1)
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vaterite (4)
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witherite (1)
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halides
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chlorides
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eudialyte (2)
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halite (3)
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fluorides
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cryolite (1)
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fluorite (1)
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hydrates (2)
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iron minerals (2)
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metabentonite (1)
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minerals (16)
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native elements
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graphite (6)
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nitrates (1)
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organic minerals
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oxalates
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weddellite (3)
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whewellite (2)
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oxides
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akaganeite (2)
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aluminum oxides (7)
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anatase (1)
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baddeleyite (1)
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brannerite (2)
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cassiterite (1)
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chromite (3)
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corundum (3)
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ferrihydrite (1)
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franklinite (1)
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gahnite (1)
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gibbsite (2)
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goethite (12)
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hematite (19)
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hydroxides
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iron hydroxides (3)
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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ilmenite (5)
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iron oxides (12)
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lepidocrocite (1)
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maghemite (3)
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magnesioferrite (1)
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manganese oxides (1)
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niobates
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columbite (2)
-
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periclase (2)
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portlandite (1)
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rutile (4)
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spinel (3)
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spinel group (3)
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tantalates
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tantalite (3)
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titanium oxides (1)
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todorokite (1)
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uraninite (3)
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phosphates
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apatite (13)
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silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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cummingtonite (5)
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hornblende (2)
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tremolite (1)
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orthoamphibole
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anthophyllite (4)
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gedrite (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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diopside (2)
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fassaite (1)
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hedenbergite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (2)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (8)
-
-
-
framework silicates
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feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (7)
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sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase
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albite (4)
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andesine (1)
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anorthite (2)
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-
-
silica minerals
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chalcedony (1)
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cristobalite (4)
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moganite (1)
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opal (2)
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quartz
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alpha quartz (1)
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tridymite (5)
-
-
zeolite group
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thomsonite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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andalusite (2)
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dumortierite (1)
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garnet group (4)
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grandidierite (1)
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kyanite (2)
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larnite (4)
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mullite (8)
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olivine group
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fayalite (2)
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forsterite (1)
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monticellite (1)
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olivine (3)
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peridot (1)
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-
phenakite group
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willemite (4)
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sillimanite (3)
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spurrite (1)
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staurolite (1)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (2)
-
zircon (49)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
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epidote group
-
allanite (2)
-
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (2)
-
gehlenite (4)
-
melilite (3)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
cordierite (6)
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eudialyte (2)
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tourmaline group (1)
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-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
-
chlorite (12)
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clay minerals
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allophane (2)
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dickite (3)
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halloysite (8)
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hectorite (1)
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kaolinite (67)
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corrensite (1)
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illite (42)
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mica group
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biotite (4)
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lepidolite (1)
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paragonite (2)
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phengite (1)
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phlogopite (1)
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palygorskite (11)
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pyrophyllite (2)
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serpentine group
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berthierine (2)
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serpentine (2)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
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alunite (2)
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anglesite (1)
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anhydrite (4)
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barite (1)
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celestine (1)
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jarosite (1)
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mirabilite (1)
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sulfides
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copper sulfides (3)
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sulfosalts
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sulfarsenites
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tennantite (1)
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tellurides
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altaite (1)
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calaverite (2)
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tellurobismuthite (1)
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uranium minerals (1)
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vanadates (1)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (105)
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academic institutions (5)
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Africa
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East Africa
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South Africa
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Middle Cretaceous (3)
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Nenjiang Formation (1)
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Potomac Group (1)
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Qingshankou Formation (1)
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Queen Charlotte Group (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Bagh Beds (1)
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Buda Limestone (2)
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Campanian (2)
-
Cenomanian
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lower Cenomanian (1)
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (3)
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Taylor Marl (1)
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Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (1)
-
Kanguk Formation (1)
-
Kodiak Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Laramie Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Pakawau Group (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (6)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (2)
-
Tropic Shale (1)
-
Turonian
-
upper Turonian (2)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
-
Whitemud Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Jurassic
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Carmel Formation (1)
-
Clarens Formation (2)
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Heather Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (2)
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lower Liassic (4)
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Pliensbachian (2)
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Sinemurian (2)
-
Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
-
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (2)
-
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Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
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Bathonian (4)
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Callovian (12)
-
Dogger (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Oxford Clay (17)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (2)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Hanifa Formation (2)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (4)
-
Kimmeridgian
-
lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Malm (1)
-
Morrison Formation (3)
-
Oxfordian
-
lower Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Schuler Formation (1)
-
Smackover Formation (3)
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Sundance Formation (3)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Maiolica Limestone (1)
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McHugh Complex (1)
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Moenave Formation (1)
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Navajo Sandstone (4)
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Newark Supergroup (3)
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Triassic
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Charlie Lake Formation (2)
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Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter (3)
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Induan (1)
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Olenekian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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Smithian (1)
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Thaynes Formation (1)
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-
Middle Triassic
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Anisian (4)
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Doig Formation (1)
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Ladinian (2)
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Muschelkalk (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Montney Formation (2)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (5)
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Chinle Formation (3)
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Keuper (1)
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Mercia Mudstone (4)
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Norian (5)
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Petrified Forest Member (2)
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Redonda Formation (1)
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Rhaetian
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Penarth Group (2)
-
-
Shinarump Member (2)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
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Xujiahe Formation (1)
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Yanchang Formation (1)
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-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
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-
metal ores
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aluminum ores (3)
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arsenic ores (3)
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base metals (5)
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beryllium ores (2)
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chromite ores (2)
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gold ores (37)
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IOCG deposits (4)
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iron ores (14)
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lead-zinc deposits (6)
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lithium ores (3)
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niobium ores (3)
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rare earth deposits
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cerium ores (1)
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silver ores (2)
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zinc ores (12)
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zirconium ores (1)
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metals
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actinides
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actinium (1)
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plutonium (1)
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thorium
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Th-232 (4)
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uranium
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U-235 (1)
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U-238 (2)
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U-238/Th-232 (1)
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-
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (2)
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lithium (1)
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potassium
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K-40 (4)
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sodium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (3)
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (3)
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Sr/Ca (2)
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magnesium
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Mg/Ca (3)
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-
radium
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Ra-224 (1)
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Ra-226 (5)
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-
strontium
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Sr/Ca (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (18)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (1)
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antimony (2)
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arsenic (10)
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bismuth (1)
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cadmium (5)
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chromium (1)
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copper (3)
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gallium (1)
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gold (5)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
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indium (1)
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iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
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Fe-57 (1)
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ferric iron (4)
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ferrous iron (4)
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-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (3)
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manganese (3)
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mercury (7)
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molybdenum (2)
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nickel (4)
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niobium (3)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
polonium
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Po-210 (1)
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-
precious metals (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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erbium (1)
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europium (1)
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lutetium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (10)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
ytterbium (1)
-
-
silver (4)
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tantalum (1)
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thallium (1)
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tin (1)
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vanadium (4)
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zinc (9)
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zirconium (1)
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-
metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (6)
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cataclasites (3)
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eclogite (2)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (1)
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granite gneiss (4)
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orthogneiss (3)
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granulites (7)
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hornfels (3)
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impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (1)
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-
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marbles (15)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (2)
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serpentinite (4)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metapelite (1)
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metasandstone (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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fenite (1)
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greisen (1)
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serpentinite (4)
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skarn (4)
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steatite (1)
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metavolcanic rocks (1)
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migmatites (3)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (5)
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-
phyllites (3)
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quartzites (6)
-
schists
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biotite schist (1)
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chlorite schist (1)
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greenstone (2)
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muscovite schist (1)
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-
slates (1)
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-
metamorphism (47)
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metasomatism (43)
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meteorites
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iron meteorites
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stony irons
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pallasite (1)
-
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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angrite (1)
-
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chondrites
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ordinary chondrites
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H chondrites
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Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
meteorology (2)
-
Mexico
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Baja California (1)
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Colima (1)
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Mexico state
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Federal District Mexico
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Mexico City Mexico (11)
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Michoacan Mexico (2)
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San Luis Potosi Mexico (1)
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Sonora Mexico (4)
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Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (4)
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micropaleontology (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (61)
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mineral exploration (34)
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mineral resources (14)
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mineralogy (14)
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minerals (16)
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mining geology (7)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (3)
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Moon (5)
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museums (13)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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organic nitrogen (1)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-3 (3)
-
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radon
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Rn-220 (1)
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Rn-222 (3)
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-
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nonmetal deposits (3)
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nonmetals (2)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (5)
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Appalachians
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Appalachian Plateau (3)
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Blue Ridge Province (1)
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Great Appalachian Valley (1)
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Northern Appalachians (2)
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Piedmont (4)
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Southern Appalachians (1)
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Valley and Ridge Province (2)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (10)
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Rae Province (1)
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Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Grenville Province (4)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (1)
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English River Belt (2)
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Wabigoon Belt (1)
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-
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Great Lakes
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Lake Ontario (2)
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Great Lakes region (2)
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Great Plains
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Northern Great Plains (1)
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Grenville Front (1)
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Michigan Basin (2)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (2)
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Okanagan Valley (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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Bridger Range (1)
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Laramie Mountains (1)
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Wet Mountains (1)
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-
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Saint Elias Mountains (1)
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Saint Lawrence River (1)
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Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (4)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (1)
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Williston Basin (4)
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Yukon-Tanana Terrane (1)
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-
nuclear facilities (2)
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ocean basins (1)
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ocean circulation (1)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 115
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ODP Site 711 (1)
-
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Leg 136 (1)
-
Leg 157 (1)
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Leg 171B
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ODP Site 1051 (1)
-
-
Leg 194 (2)
-
Leg 207
-
ODP Site 1259 (1)
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ODP Site 1260 (1)
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ODP Site 801 (1)
-
-
ocean floors (12)
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ocean waves (4)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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Fiji
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Viti Levu (1)
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New Caledonia (1)
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Tonga (1)
-
-
-
oceanography (2)
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oil and gas fields (41)
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orogeny (28)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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Pacific Coast (8)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Cocos Ridge (1)
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East Pacific Rise (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Middle America Trench (1)
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-
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (2)
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Pigafetta Basin (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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-
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South Pacific
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Southwest Pacific
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Coral Sea
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Great Barrier Reef (1)
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Marion Plateau (2)
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-
-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (2)
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Pigafetta Basin (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Coral Sea
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paleobotany (5)
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paleoclimatology (50)
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paleoecology (63)
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paleogeography (79)
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paleomagnetism (42)
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paleontology (22)
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Paleozoic
-
Berea Sandstone (4)
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Cambrian
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Acadian (1)
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Lower Cambrian
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Atdabanian (1)
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Terreneuvian
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Fortunian (1)
-
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Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
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Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
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Ely Limestone (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (2)
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (1)
-
Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (1)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
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Madison Group (1)
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Middle Mississippian (1)
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Redwall Limestone (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (2)
-
-
-
Valmeyeran (1)
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (3)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian (2)
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Mansfield Formation (1)
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Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
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Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Desmoinesian
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Cherokee Group (1)
-
Marmaton Group (1)
-
-
Moscovian (4)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Monongahela Group (4)
-
Morrow Formation (1)
-
Pittsburgh Coal (2)
-
Pottsville Group (2)
-
Sharon Conglomerate (1)
-
Strawn Series (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Ames Limestone (1)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Kasimovian (2)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (2)
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Westphalian (4)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Deadwood Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
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Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (5)
-
Givetian (2)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Moscow Formation (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (2)
-
-
Muth Quartzite (1)
-
Ponta Grossa Formation (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (2)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (3)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Nisku Formation (2)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (3)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
-
Madera Formation (1)
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Floian (2)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Chazy Group (1)
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Chazyan (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Caradocian (2)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (3)
-
Katian (3)
-
Queenston Shale (2)
-
Trentonian (2)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Viola Limestone (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Coconino Sandstone (1)
-
Council Grove Group (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Seven Rivers Formation (1)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
-
Kamthi Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (7)
-
Lower Permian
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Asselian (1)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Rotliegendes (3)
-
Shihezi Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Cadeby Formation (1)
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
Raniganj Formation (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (4)
-
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Bainbridge Formation (1)
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (2)
-
Rhuddanian (2)
-
Telychian (8)
-
-
Tuscarora Formation (1)
-
Wenlock
-
Much Wenlock Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (2)
-
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (2)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (2)
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
palynology (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (5)
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Chitinozoa (8)
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Dinoflagellata (3)
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miospores
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pollen (17)
-
-
-
paragenesis (19)
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permafrost (3)
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petroleum
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coalbed methane (3)
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shale gas (3)
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-
shale oil (1)
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petrology (40)
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Phanerozoic (6)
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phase equilibria (10)
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placers (3)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Codiaceae (1)
-
-
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (3)
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Epiphyton (1)
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nannofossils (5)
-
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida
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-
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Sphenopsida (2)
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (2)
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Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (1)
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Coniferales
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Buriadia (1)
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Cupressaceae (1)
-
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Cordaitales (2)
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Ginkgoales (2)
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Glossopteridales
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plate tectonics (74)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic
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Neoproterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic
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Rooiberg Group (1)
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Siderian (1)
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Windermere System (1)
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Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
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problematic fossils
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Pterobranchia (4)
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iron formations
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ironstone (2)
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clastic rocks
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coal
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sulfur
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
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bricks
Analysis of tempered bricks: from raw material and additives to fired bricks for use in construction and heritage conservation Available to Purchase
Characterization of refractory bricks from selected Cameroonian kaolins Open Access
Characteristics and Production Technologies of Byzantine Building Bricks from the Anaia Church in Western Anatolia Available to Purchase
Refining the high-fidelity archaeointensity curve for western Europe over the past millennium: analysis of Tuscan architectural bricks (Italy) Available to Purchase
Abstract New archaeointensity results were obtained from 14 groups of baked-brick fragments collected in and around Pisa (Tuscany, Italy). The fragments were assembled from civil and religious buildings whose dating of construction or renovation, over the past millennium, was constrained by documentary sources. This collection, analysed using the Triaxe protocol, was found particularly suitable for intensity experiments, with a success rate of c. 84% corresponding to 276 fruitful specimens associated with 125 independent brick fragments. The Tuscan data clearly show a peak in intensity at the transition between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They are also in very good agreement with, and complementary to, a dense dataset previously obtained in France. Considering the results available within a 700 km radius of Beaune (between Paris and Pisa), all satisfying a set of quality criteria, a mean geomagnetic field intensity variation curve was constructed for the past millennium using a newly developed transdimensional Bayesian technique. This curve, which thus incorporates the new Tuscan results, allows a better recognition of three intensity peaks (during the twelfth century, the fourteenth century and around AD 1600) in western Europe. The detail of this curve is a clear illustration of the centennial-scale resolution that can be achieved using accurate archaeointensity data.
Radon exhalation rate from soil, sand, bricks, and sedimentary samples collected from Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Available to Purchase
OPTIMIZING THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF ADOBE BRICKS Available to Purchase
Mixing and provenance of raw materials in the bricks from the Svevian castle of Rocca Imperiale (North Calabria, Italy) Available to Purchase
Chemical–mineralogical characterization of historical bricks from Ferrara: an integrated bulk and micro-analytical approach Available to Purchase
Abstract In this paper we present bulk X-ray fluorescence-X-ray diffraction (XRF/XRD) and microanalytical scanning electron microscope-electron microprobe analysis (SEM-EMPA) data on historical bricks from Medieval or Renaissance buildings of Ferrara (NE Italy) to provide insights into the nature and provenance of the raw material as well as clues on the sintering techniques. Chemical data indicate that the starting materials were obtained by mixing high Cr-Ni clay and subordinate sand (both quarried from the Po river alluvial deposits) with the possible introduction of a Na-rich flux component. Thin-section observation, XRD and micro-analytical data indicate the presence of key accessory phases such as pyroxene, amphibole, epidote and rare olivine in the pre-fired mineral assemblage, confirming the utilization of the Po river sediments. Recognition of neo-formation firing phases (e.g. melilite, wollastonite), together with composition of micas, amphiboles and interstitial glasses, indicate kiln temperatures between c . 800 and 1000 °C. This provides guidelines for making new compatible and durable bricks to be utilized for restoration, and contributes to the preservation of historical masonry.
Mineralogical study of historical bricks from the Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors in Istanbul based on powder X-ray diffraction data Available to Purchase
Advances in the study of ‘black shales’: source rocks for bricks and hydrocarbons Available to Purchase
Durability problems associated with clinker ash/cement bricks: Windhoek, Namibia Available to Purchase
Earthquake Predictability, Brick by Brick Available to Purchase
14. Brick and other ceramic products Available to Purchase
Abstract Clay has been used in a wide range of ceramic products for thousands of years and continues to be a major component in most ceramic bodies today. Fiebinger (1997) states that the annual worldwide production of clay is nearly 400 million tonnes. In the top 50 ranking of extracted minerals and materials, clay is placed 8th with respect to quantity, and 19th in terms of value. Over 90% of the annual tonnage is utilized in the heavy or structural clay sector, with the remainder (predominantly ball clays and plastic clays) being used for higher quality or fine ceramic products. The value of the worldwide ceramic production (of all varieties) was estimated at US$ 113 billion in 2000 ( Reh 2000 ). From 1991 to 1999, growth was significant in the advanced ceramics, tile and sanitaryware sectors, but less so in structural ceramics and refractory products, as detailed below: • wall and floor tiles ; 70% growth with US$ 14 billion turnover in 1999; • advanced ceramics (including the carbon and graphite sector); 63% growth with US$ 40 billion turnover in 1999; • sanitaryware ; 50% growth with US$ 12 billion turnover in 1999; • structural ceramic sector (bricks, roofing tiles, pipes); 17.5% growth with US$ 23 billion turnover in 1999; • refractory products ; <10% growth with US$ 12 billion turnover in 1999. The technical definition of a ceramic product is ‘a product that is composed of polycrystalline, inorganic and non-metallic materials that have been subjected to a temperature of 540°C or more during manufacture or use’ ( O’Bannon 1984 ). In spite of the availability of modern, alternative products manufactured from plastic, steel, paper, glass-fibre/resin composites, borosilicate glass etc., the demand for ceramic products in all sectors remains relatively strong. This chapter describes how the chemical, physical and ceramic properties of the clay components have a predominant influence on the characteristics of both the unfired and fired product, and also considers the role and importance of the other body materials.