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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Primary terms
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Africa
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base-metals lateral secretion to form ore deposits
Abstract Major oil companies have been utilizing techniques of quantitative basin analysis in exploration for a decade or more. Ore-forming processes in stratiform, sediment-hosted ore deposits commonly involve sedimentary processes, diagenesis, basinal brines, and paleohydrology. Like the maturation and migration of hydrocarbons, their formation is an integral part of basin history. Consequently, applying comprehensive basin analysis to mineral exploration is a logical and helpful approach to understanding sediment- hosted ore deposits and predicting their occurrence, location, and origin. When the Society of Economic Geologists' Short Course Committee contacted the writer in 1985 to develop a short course on sedimentary processes of ore formation, ft seemed to me that such a course would provide an excellent opportunity to introduce the concept of comprehensive basin analysis as an exploration tool for sediment-hosted mineral deposits. As Sawkins pointed out (1990, p. 333), “Meaningful exploration in extensional tectonic paleo-environments will increasingly require the integration of surface, subsurface, and geophysical data, and enlightened programs of basin analysis similar to those practiced by the petroleum industry will be increasingly needed.” Sediment-hosted ore deposits include sedimentary gold and other heavy mineral accumulations; evaporites; syngenetic to late diagenetic base metal and barite deposits in clastic and carbonate rocks, including epiclastic volcanic rocks; banded iron formations; Clinton-minette-type iron and manganese ores; unconformity-related and sandstonetype uranium deposits; and Mississippi Valley-type leadzinc deposits. Some sediment -hosted ore deposits were formed at various stages of basin history and are multistage. This short course focuses on (1) the types of basins in which major sediment - hosted ore deposits occur, and (2) the controls of basin types on ore-hosting sedimentary environments and ore-forming processes. The precise role of sedimentary processes in the formation of ore deposits has been debated by geologists around the world; this debate has affected the manner and success of exploration program s . Skinner (1979, 1987) traced the origins of the polarization of thought on the genesis of ore deposits to Agricola, who expounded on lateral secretion and precipitation of metals from circulating ground waters, and to Descartes, who perceived the earth as an outgassing star and believed that metals were not derived from host rocks. The neptunist theories of Werner (1750-1817) may have evolved from Agricola and the plutonist theories of Hutton (1726-1797) from Descartes. L. C. Graton, whom the Graton-Sales volume Ore Deposits in the United States 1933-1967
Carbonate-hosted base metal deposits; lead isotope data bearing on their genesis and exploration
Mississippi Valley-type Mineralization and Ore Deposits in the Cambrian–Ordovician Great American Carbonate Bank
Abstract The Middle Cambrian through Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks of North America host some of the largest economic Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) base-metal sulfide deposits in the world. These rocks also host numerous subeconomic MVT deposits, minor and trace occurrences of mineralization, and hydrocarbon fields. Mississippi Valley-type deposits commonly contain bitumen, pyrobitumen, and/or liquid petroleum, suggesting that MVT mineralization is associated with the generation and migration of hydrocarbons and thus is a normal part of basin evolution. In addition to sulfide and sulfate mineralization, common characteristics of MVT deposits are large-scale dissolution and brecciation of carbonate rocks, precipitation of large volumes of dolomite and calcite cements, epigenetic (hydrothermal) dolomitization, and recrys-tallization of preexisting dolomite. Mineralizing fluids have the effects both of increasing the original porosity by dissolution and brecciation and of occluding porosity because of precipitation of cements. Mississippi Valley-type fluids are not localized but affect sedimentary rocks across large regions. It is likely that most, if not all, Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate rocks in North America have undergone at least some diagenetic alteration because of exposure to these fluids. This conclusion is supported by the observation that subeconomic MVT mineralization has been observed in Cambrian and Lower Ordovician carbonates throughout much of North America. These fluids commonly have affected carbonate petroleum reservoir rocks in regions distal from known ore deposits. Mississippi Valley-type mineralization is believed to result from a complex mixing and/or cooling of saline fluids expelled from sedimentary basins. These fluids have temperatures ranging from 60 to 250°C. Most of the fluids originate from evaporated seawater or water that has dissolved halite and that has interacted with sedimentary rocks and, possibly, basement rocks. Several geochemical and hydrogeological mechanisms have been proposed for MVT deposits. However, the precise mechanisms driving fluid flow and deposition are not yet completely understood. Major tectonic events associated with MVT mineralization of the great American carbonate bank strata include the Acadian orogeny (Late Devonian–Early Mississippian) for early mineralization in the Appalachian Mountain region, the Alleghanian-Ouachita orogeny (Pennsylvanian–Permian) for mineralization in the Appalachian and midcontinent regions, and the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary) for the Cordilleran region.