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White Chalk Subgroup

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Rose diagrams for all White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Datasets were collected from coast sections, road cuttings and quarries.

Rose diagrams for all White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. ...

Published: 01 August 2012
Fig. 74. Rose diagrams for all White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Datasets were collected from coast sections, road cuttings and quarries.
Journal Article

The development and seismic expression of synsedimentary features within the Chalk of southern England

D.J. Evans, P.M. Hopson, G.A. Kirby, C.R. Bristow
Published: 01 September 2003
Journal of the Geological Society (2003) 160 (5): 797–813.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-056
...D.J. Evans; P.M. Hopson; G.A. Kirby; C.R. Bristow Abstract Seismic reflection data acquired onshore to the north of Bournemouth, southern England, image clearly a series of prominent concave-up (troughs or depressions) and concave-down (mounded) structures within the White Chalk Subgroup. The Chalk...
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View PDF for article title, The development and seismic expression of synsedimentary features within the <span class="search-highlight">Chalk</span> of southern England
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 Chalk slope features and the correlation of the Chalk lithostratigraphy. (a) The schematic relationship between Chalk formations or members and topographic features in much of southern England. Formations of the Grey and lower White Chalk subgroups are found within the primary scarp of the Downs, the upper White Chalk Subgroup being represented in a series of secondary escarpments. (b) Putative Chalk lithostratigraphy based upon interpretation of the borehole gamma-ray and sonic logs and the correlation between the released Wareham No. 3 and Bransgore No. 1 boreholes. The Grey Chalk to base Seaford Chalk Formation log picks are from published interpretations (Mortimore &amp; Pomerol 1991, 1997; Bristow et al. 1997); interpretation of the remaining White Chalk Subgroup lithostratigraphy is based upon known thicknesses of members at outcrop and the anticipated sonic log response from field descriptions. GCk, Grey Chalk Subgroup; LGS, Lower Greensand, WCk, White Chalk Subgroup; ZCk, Zig Zag Chalk Formation; WMCk, West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation. It should be noted that WMCk is absent in Wareham No. 3, which is situated on the ‘Mid-Dorset Swell’ of Drummond (1970) API, American Petroleum Institute; KB, kelly bushing.

Chalk slope features and the correlation of the Chalk lithostratigraphy. ( ...

Published: 01 September 2003
Fig. 3.  Chalk slope features and the correlation of the Chalk lithostratigraphy. ( a ) The schematic relationship between Chalk formations or members and topographic features in much of southern England. Formations of the Grey and lower White Chalk subgroups are found within the primary scarp
Journal Article

UK Chalk Group stratigraphy (Cenomanian – Santonian) determined from borehole geophysical logs

M.A. Woods
Published: 01 February 2006
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2006) 39 (1): 83–96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/05-007
... features at outcrop. Borehole geophysics graphically demonstrates the validity of the stratigraphy of the Chalk Group used by the British Geological Survey, and can be used to refute recent arguments against lithostratigraphical subdivision of the White Chalk Subgroup. Although intra-formational changes...
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View PDF for article title, UK <span class="search-highlight">Chalk</span> Group stratigraphy (Cenomanian – Santonian) determined from borehole geophysical logs
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Journal Article

Identification, investigation and classification of surface depressions and chalk dissolution features using integrated LiDAR and geophysical methods

Zoe Elizabeth Jeffery, Stephen Penn, David Peter Giles, Linley Hastewell
Published: 26 February 2020
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2020) 53 (4): 620–644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2019-098
... of contamination utilizes the sinkhole as a pathway into the highly transmissive White Chalk Subgroup of Hampshire and has caused contamination of the aquifer. We conclude that our integrated approach of geophysical techniques linked to aerial photographs and LiDAR image interpretation was highly effective...
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View PDF for article title, Identification, investigation and classification of surface depressions and <span class="search-highlight">chalk</span> dissolution features using integrated LiDAR and geophysical methods
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Lithostratigraphical interpretation and correlation of borehole geophysical logs in the Grey Chalk Subgroup and basal White Chalk Subgroup across southern England.

Lithostratigraphical interpretation and correlation of borehole geophysical...

Published: 01 February 2006
Fig. 4 Lithostratigraphical interpretation and correlation of borehole geophysical logs in the Grey Chalk Subgroup and basal White Chalk Subgroup across southern England.
Image
Borehole log from the southern North Sea through the upper part of the Grey Chalk Subgroup and basal White Chalk Subgroup (modified from Mortimore and James 2015) showing the contrasting lithologies that create two of the seismic reflectors used to map an area of the southern North Sea for wind turbine foundations.

Borehole log from the southern North Sea through the upper part of the Grey...

Published: 22 July 2021
Fig. 18. Borehole log from the southern North Sea through the upper part of the Grey Chalk Subgroup and basal White Chalk Subgroup (modified from Mortimore and James 2015 ) showing the contrasting lithologies that create two of the seismic reflectors used to map an area of the southern North Sea
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 NW–SE seismic reflection line illustrating the concave-up and concave-down features within the White Chalk Subgroup, particularly within the Seaford–Newhaven and the Spetisbury Chalk intervals (refer to Fig. 4 for abbreviations). It should be noted also that the features appear in close proximity to faulting of the underlying Jurassic rocks and the late normal faulting of uppermost Chalk and basal Tertiary (Cenozoic) sequences. Synthetic seismogram generated from sonic log the Bransgore No. 1 borehole some 200 m offline; Reflection R1 shows an apparent downcutting surface within the Spetisbury Chalk Member.

NW–SE seismic reflection line illustrating the concave-up and concave-down ...

Published: 01 September 2003
Fig. 5.  NW–SE seismic reflection line illustrating the concave-up and concave-down features within the White Chalk Subgroup, particularly within the Seaford–Newhaven and the Spetisbury Chalk intervals (refer to Fig. 4 for abbreviations). It should be noted also that the features appear
Image
 The development of both concave-up and concave-down structures and a regional toplap–downlap relationship within the White Chalk Subgroup (refer to Figs 3–5 for abbreviations). (a) Uninterpreted line. Dashed rectangles show the areas of (b)–(d). (b) Complex association of reflections producing concave-up and concave-down structures at or near the base of both the Newhaven and Portsdown Chalk levels. These are interpreted as infilled channel features. (c) Weak reflections within the Tarrant Chalk Member interval show a gentle southerly dip, producing an apparent and subtle regional south-dipping toplap (▿)–downlap (▵) relationship. (d) Weak indications of bi-directional downlap within the downlapping unit at the southern end of the line.

The development of both concave-up and concave-down structures and a region...

Published: 01 September 2003
Fig. 7.  The development of both concave-up and concave-down structures and a regional toplap–downlap relationship within the White Chalk Subgroup (refer to Figs 3–5 for abbreviations). ( a ) Uninterpreted line. Dashed rectangles show the areas of ( b )–( d ). ( b ) Complex association
Image
(a) Location of the Isle of Wight within the UK. (b) Geological map showing the main localities and boreholes (black dots), location of part (c) and line of section in part (d). (c) Large-scale map of the NW of the Isle of Wight showing structures and locations. Modified from Newell and Evans (2011, their fig. 1). (d) North–south cross-section of the Isle of Wight modified from British Geological Survey (2013). Li, Lias; InO, Inferior Oolite; GtO, Great Oolite; Kys  +  OxC, Kellaways and Oxford Clay; Cr, Cornbrash; KC, Kimmeridge Clay; Pl, Portland Limestone; Pb, Purbeck Limestone; W, Wealden; LGS, Lower Greensand Group; G, Gault Clay; UGS, Upper Greensand; GCk, Grey Chalk Subgroup; WCk, White Chalk Subgroup; RB  +  LC, Reading and London Clay Formations; BrB, Bracklesham Group; Ba, Barton Group; Solt, Solent Group.

( a) Location of the Isle of Wight within the UK. ( b) Geological map sho...

Published: 22 March 2021
Limestone; W, Wealden; LGS, Lower Greensand Group; G, Gault Clay; UGS, Upper Greensand; GCk, Grey Chalk Subgroup; WCk, White Chalk Subgroup; RB  +  LC, Reading and London Clay Formations; BrB, Bracklesham Group; Ba, Barton Group; Solt, Solent Group.
Image
 NNW–SSE seismic reflection line revealing concave-up and concave-down structures within the White Chalk Subgroup (refer to Figs 3 and 4 for abbreviations). (a) Uninterpreted seismic reflection line; dashed rectangles show the areas of (b)–(d). (b) The development of a major channel-like feature at or near the base of the Spetisbury Chalk Member, with reflectors within the channel infill material showing onlap onto the flanks of the structure. (c) and (d) complex association of concave-up structures within the Seaford–Newhaven Chalk interval and truncating continuous flat-lying reflectors; (c) details rare evidence of apparent bi-directional downlap within a concave-down structure; (d) also shows downlapping internal reflection at the edge of a concave-down structure and reflection R2, seemingly arising from a downcutting surface within the Portsdown Chalk Formation. Refer to Figures 3–5 for abbreviations, plus; BCU, Base Cretaceous Unconformity; BH, Base Holywell Nodular Chalk Formation; BL, Base Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation; BS, Base Seaford Chalk Formation; BN, Base Newhaven Chalk Formation; BT, Base Tarrant Chalk Member; BSp, Base Spetisbury Chalk Member: BP, Base Portsdown Chalk Formation; BTe Base Tertiary (Cenozoic).

NNW–SSE seismic reflection line revealing concave-up and concave-down struc...

Published: 01 September 2003
Fig. 6.  NNW–SSE seismic reflection line revealing concave-up and concave-down structures within the White Chalk Subgroup (refer to Figs 3 and 4 for abbreviations). ( a ) Uninterpreted seismic reflection line; dashed rectangles show the areas of ( b )–( d ). ( b ) The development of a major
Image
(a) Stereograms illustrating the fracture patterns in the different Chalk formations of the East Sussex South Downs. (C, D) Inclined conjugate patterns typical of the Holywell and Lewes Nodular Chalk formations. (A, B, E, F, G, H and I) The consistent pattern of inclined conjugate ‘radial’ fracturing in the Newhaven Chalk Formation. In contrast, (J) illustrates the near-orthogonal pattern of vertical joint sets in the Seaford Chalk Formation (Cuckmere and Haven Brow Beds) at Birling Gap. Faults in the Late Turonian Chalk at Beachy Head (K) have a very similar orientation to faults measured in the Late Turonian inland Chalk Pits at Bridgewick, Lewes (C). The fracture patterns and orientations are significantly different in the Late Santonian–Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk Formation (see also the same age Flamborough Chalk Formation (all data from Mortimore 1979)). OSA, Old Steine Anticline; FBA, Friars' Bay Anticline. (b) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations in all the White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Measurements were obtained from coastal cliffs, road cuttings and inland quarries. (From Mortimore 2012, fig. 74.) A noteworthy feature is the radial steeply inclined fracture patterns in the chalks with numerous marl seams (e.g. Belle Tout Beds in the Seaford Chalk Formation) in contrast to near-vertical fractures in the Cuckmere and Haven Brow Beds in the Seaford Chalk Formation. (c) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations and frequencies in the White Chalk Formations of the Yorkshire Wolds (modified from Foster and Milton 1976 and Mortimore, 2019a). The results suggest that relatively simple fracture orientations in the older Chalk formations are replaced by more complex ‘radial’ fractures in the younger Flamborough Chalk Formation. This same complex radial pattern is present in the Newhaven Chalk (the same age and similar lithology with marl seams (Fig. 26b).

( a ) Stereograms illustrating the fracture patterns in the different Chalk...

Published: 22 July 2021
Anticline; FBA, Friars' Bay Anticline. ( b ) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations in all the White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Measurements were obtained from coastal cliffs, road cuttings and inland quarries. (From Mortimore 2012 , fig. 74.) A noteworthy feature is the radial steeply
Image
(a) Stereograms illustrating the fracture patterns in the different Chalk formations of the East Sussex South Downs. (C, D) Inclined conjugate patterns typical of the Holywell and Lewes Nodular Chalk formations. (A, B, E, F, G, H and I) The consistent pattern of inclined conjugate ‘radial’ fracturing in the Newhaven Chalk Formation. In contrast, (J) illustrates the near-orthogonal pattern of vertical joint sets in the Seaford Chalk Formation (Cuckmere and Haven Brow Beds) at Birling Gap. Faults in the Late Turonian Chalk at Beachy Head (K) have a very similar orientation to faults measured in the Late Turonian inland Chalk Pits at Bridgewick, Lewes (C). The fracture patterns and orientations are significantly different in the Late Santonian–Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk Formation (see also the same age Flamborough Chalk Formation (all data from Mortimore 1979)). OSA, Old Steine Anticline; FBA, Friars' Bay Anticline. (b) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations in all the White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Measurements were obtained from coastal cliffs, road cuttings and inland quarries. (From Mortimore 2012, fig. 74.) A noteworthy feature is the radial steeply inclined fracture patterns in the chalks with numerous marl seams (e.g. Belle Tout Beds in the Seaford Chalk Formation) in contrast to near-vertical fractures in the Cuckmere and Haven Brow Beds in the Seaford Chalk Formation. (c) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations and frequencies in the White Chalk Formations of the Yorkshire Wolds (modified from Foster and Milton 1976 and Mortimore, 2019a). The results suggest that relatively simple fracture orientations in the older Chalk formations are replaced by more complex ‘radial’ fractures in the younger Flamborough Chalk Formation. This same complex radial pattern is present in the Newhaven Chalk (the same age and similar lithology with marl seams (Fig. 26b).

( a ) Stereograms illustrating the fracture patterns in the different Chalk...

Published: 22 July 2021
Anticline; FBA, Friars' Bay Anticline. ( b ) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations in all the White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Measurements were obtained from coastal cliffs, road cuttings and inland quarries. (From Mortimore 2012 , fig. 74.) A noteworthy feature is the radial steeply
Image
(a) Stereograms illustrating the fracture patterns in the different Chalk formations of the East Sussex South Downs. (C, D) Inclined conjugate patterns typical of the Holywell and Lewes Nodular Chalk formations. (A, B, E, F, G, H and I) The consistent pattern of inclined conjugate ‘radial’ fracturing in the Newhaven Chalk Formation. In contrast, (J) illustrates the near-orthogonal pattern of vertical joint sets in the Seaford Chalk Formation (Cuckmere and Haven Brow Beds) at Birling Gap. Faults in the Late Turonian Chalk at Beachy Head (K) have a very similar orientation to faults measured in the Late Turonian inland Chalk Pits at Bridgewick, Lewes (C). The fracture patterns and orientations are significantly different in the Late Santonian–Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk Formation (see also the same age Flamborough Chalk Formation (all data from Mortimore 1979)). OSA, Old Steine Anticline; FBA, Friars' Bay Anticline. (b) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations in all the White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Measurements were obtained from coastal cliffs, road cuttings and inland quarries. (From Mortimore 2012, fig. 74.) A noteworthy feature is the radial steeply inclined fracture patterns in the chalks with numerous marl seams (e.g. Belle Tout Beds in the Seaford Chalk Formation) in contrast to near-vertical fractures in the Cuckmere and Haven Brow Beds in the Seaford Chalk Formation. (c) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations and frequencies in the White Chalk Formations of the Yorkshire Wolds (modified from Foster and Milton 1976 and Mortimore, 2019a). The results suggest that relatively simple fracture orientations in the older Chalk formations are replaced by more complex ‘radial’ fractures in the younger Flamborough Chalk Formation. This same complex radial pattern is present in the Newhaven Chalk (the same age and similar lithology with marl seams (Fig. 26b).

( a ) Stereograms illustrating the fracture patterns in the different Chalk...

Published: 22 July 2021
Anticline; FBA, Friars' Bay Anticline. ( b ) Rose diagrams for fracture orientations in all the White Chalk Subgroup formations in southern England. Measurements were obtained from coastal cliffs, road cuttings and inland quarries. (From Mortimore 2012 , fig. 74.) A noteworthy feature is the radial steeply
Image
Diagrammatic reconstructions of inversion events over the Sandown Anticline during the Eocene. (a) During deposition of the Selsey Formation (Lutetian), shortly after the H1 inversion; the London Clay Formation is exposed and septarian concretions (Fig. 5) are exhumed, broken up, bored and transported in debris flows into a north–south-oriented offshore channel (Fig. 6). (b) At the base of the Becton Sand Formation, immediately post-dating inversion H3, the White Chalk Group, Reading Formation and London Clay are exposed and clasts are derived into the lower part of the Becton Sand. (c) Inversion H5, immediately post-dating uplift of the Bembridge Limestone Formation, forming a low ridge, from which lithoclasts are derived offshore into the lower Gurnard Member, Bembridge Oyster Bed (Fig. 11). The impervious clays of the Colwell Bay and Ryde formations form a wetland. WCS, White Chalk Subgroup; RF, Reading Formation; LCF, London Clay Formation; W-E formations, Wittering and Earnley formations; MF, Marsh Farm Formation; SF, Selsey Formation; BCF, Barton Clay Formation; BSF, Becton Sand Formation; TBF, Totland Bay Formation; CBF, Colwell Bay Formation; BLF, Bembridge Limestone.

Diagrammatic reconstructions of inversion events over the Sandown Anticline...

Published: 22 March 2021
a wetland. WCS, White Chalk Subgroup; RF, Reading Formation; LCF, London Clay Formation; W-E formations, Wittering and Earnley formations; MF, Marsh Farm Formation; SF, Selsey Formation; BCF, Barton Clay Formation; BSF, Becton Sand Formation; TBF, Totland Bay Formation; CBF, Colwell Bay Formation; BLF
Image
Examples of drilling fragmentation of Chalk-core from the White Bed in the topmost Zig Zag Chalk Formation (Grey Chalk Subgroup). Drilling though structured Chalk with at least four steeply inclined conjugate fractures per metre: core destruction is greatest where the open (grade C) to slightly open (grade B) fractures meet. CIRIA grade does not to improve with depth in this borehole. Numbers on the core-runs identify the primary steeply inclined and generally black-stained conjugate fractures. Annotating core photographs in this way helps with subsequent interpretations of likely ground conditions.

Examples of drilling fragmentation of Chalk-core from the White Bed in the ...

Published: 22 July 2021
Fig. 1. Examples of drilling fragmentation of Chalk-core from the White Bed in the topmost Zig Zag Chalk Formation (Grey Chalk Subgroup). Drilling though structured Chalk with at least four steeply inclined conjugate fractures per metre: core destruction is greatest where the open (grade C
Journal Article

Chalk: all we need is a fracture log!

Rory N. Mortimore
Published: 22 July 2021
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2022) 55 (1): qjegh2021-031.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2021-031
...Fig. 18. Borehole log from the southern North Sea through the upper part of the Grey Chalk Subgroup and basal White Chalk Subgroup (modified from Mortimore and James 2015 ) showing the contrasting lithologies that create two of the seismic reflectors used to map an area of the southern North Sea...
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Journal Article

Sinking a jacked caisson within the London Basin geological sequence for the Thames Water Ring Main extension

T.G. Newman, H.-Y. Wong
Published: 01 May 2011
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2011) 44 (2): 221–232.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/09-055
... ‘Glauconitic Sand’ No group Thanet Sand Thanet Sand Resistance to jacking Bullhead Bed Resistance to jacking White Chalk Subgroup Seaford Chalk Haven Brow Beds Cuckmere Beds Local resistance from flint horizons Belle Tout Beds At both the Honor Oak and Brixton shafts...
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Assessing sampling of the fossil record in a geographically and stratigraphically constrained dataset: the Chalk Group of Hampshire, southern UK

Fiona M. Walker, Alexander M. Dunhill, Mark A. Woods, Andrew J. Newell, Michael J. Benton
Published: 22 December 2016
Journal of the Geological Society (2017) 174 (3): 509–521.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-093
... macrofossil groups, including brachiopods, echinoderms and bivalves, are used in the UK to define biozones in the White Chalk Subgroup (= Middle and Upper Chalk of traditional usage; Hopson 2005 ; Fig. 1 ). It is important to note that there is an overprint of taphonomic sampling bias in the Upper...
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Journal Article

CLAY MINERALOGY OF THE CENTRAL NORTH SEA UPPER CRETACEOUS–TERTIARY CHALK AND THE FORMATION OF CLAY-RICH LAYERS

Holger Lindgreen, Victor A. Drits, Finn C. Jakobsen, Boris A. Sakharov
Published: 01 December 2008
Clays and Clay Minerals (2008) 56 (6): 693–710.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560610
..., Wray (1999) used the 001 peak area ratio for smectite and illite to compare clay-rich beds and adjacent white chalk and found that three beds had low ratios, being close to those of the adjacent chalk, whereas five beds with greater ratios had adjacent chalk with low ratios. Wray (1999) concluded...
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