... of the machines that were used to drive them have survived. For this reason we should be grateful that a fine specimen of the early Whitaker tunnelling machine has been recovered more or less intact and lovingly restored to its original condition. The Whitaker tunnelling machine was designed by Douglas Whitaker...

... Empress Group sediments time-transgressive. In this paper, we examine basal gravel at provincial and regional scales to understand its genesis and geologic history. At the provincial scale, we map basal gravel in three dimensions using a novel machine learning approach. At the regional scale, we formally...

... and Cuckmere Beds of the Seaford Chalk Formation and was overlain by a variable thickness of Fill and Brickearth. Two significant flint marker horizons were identified: the Whitaker's Three Inch Flint Band (W3F), acontinuous, 150 mm thick flint seam, and Bedwell's Columnar Flint (BCF); a prominent nodular...

... Circle cement quarries at Swanscombe ( Fig. 5 ), before they were filled with water and converted into Bluewater Park, provided a complete section from Whitaker's Three Inch Flint Band (nearly at the top of the Seaford Chalk close to the sub-Palaeogene erosion surface) down to the Cuilfail Zoophycos Beds...

... around the pixel of interest is defined to allow for information about local structures and textures to be incorporated. The neighborhood of a pixel is generally chosen to be a square or cube, depending upon the dimensionality of the image, with a dimension size of three to nine ( Awate and Whitaker...

.... The emerging geological knowledge was developed through multiphase investigations and collation of third-party data to allow far-field considerations. The risk profile for tunnel boring machine tunnels is lower than that for sprayed concrete lined tunnels but the risk for both increases with increasing...

... and the quality of the records is very variable. It includes data contained in a series of catalogues prepared in the early twentieth century ( Whitaker et al. 1906 , 1916 ; Whitaker 1921 , 1922 ). Some records include chemical analyses (92 results) made to the standards of their time, while others may have...

..., the computational time can be decreased by several orders of magnitude. By making use of diagonal stencils, the accuracy increases compared with the “box stencils” ( Jeong and Whitaker, 2008 ; Gillberg et al., 2012a ), independent of the algorithm used. Therefore, the 3DPMM method offers a very fast and accurate...

... the size and shape distribution of the rock grains. A rock-core sample is dried and cleaned, then flushed to saturation with an epoxy resin, and machine cut to thin slices of a few hundred microns in thickness. These slices then are examined and characterized by visual inspection under a microscope...

... class. The mean prediction score is calculated as 35%. The step 1 test, guided by supervised learning (i.e., category of machine learning to handle large volumes of data), investigates the predictability of the lithofacies associations (FAs) within the existing cored intervals using a given...

... exchange between fluids and rocks clearly persists ( Allan and Matthews, 1982 ; Lohmann, 1988 ; Swart and Eberli, 2005 ). Modern pore-water chemistry suggests that this diagenesis occurs near or at equilibrium in the phreatic zone ( Plummer et al., 1976 ; Budd, 1988 ; Whitaker and Smart, 2007...

... works with nonoverlapping traces. This means that strong teleseismic events or calibration pulses will be ignored and skipped. Computer vision and machine learning techniques should be exploited in the future to overcome this limitation. A process of line thinning is then required to reduce a 2D...

... Arrowsmith S. J. Whitaker R. Taylor S. R. Burlacu R. Stump B. Hedlin M. Randall G. Hayward C. ReVelle D. , 2008 , Regional monitoring of infrasound events using multiple arrays: Application to Utah and Washington State : Geophysical Journal International , 175 , 291...

..., the monitoring community has increasingly focused on smaller events that can be screened using more local‐scale techniques ( O’Rourke et al ., 2016 ; Wang et al ., 2020 ; Koper et al ., 2020 ). This shift has spawned new approaches, including machine learning‐based techniques ( Linville et al ., 2019...

... some of the examples, we illustrate when the adaptive array design can be implemented to improve processing results. Cardinal consists of four integral components: (1) the Segmentor, which discretizes time–frequency space, (2) the Adaptive Array, which uses both unsupervised and supervised machine...

... ; Wang et al. , 2020 , 2021 ). In addition, machine learning approaches for local explosion discrimination have been applied to seismic waveforms, spectrograms, and other waveform attributes such as degree of polarization ( Reynen and Audet, 2017 ; Linville et al. , 2019 ; Kong et al. , 2022...

... pumping, or mostly vertical movement of the ground surface, at the epicenter, which then propagates as acoustic energy through the atmosphere ( Olson et al. , 2003 ; Mutschlecner and Whitaker, 2005 ; Arrowsmith et al. , 2009 , 2012 ). Epicentral infrasound can be modeled as a purely acoustic wave...

... strengths of human and interpretable rule‐based machine‐learning algorithms for solving this classification problem. We used human expert knowledge to co‐create two reliable machine‐learning classifiers through human‐assisted selection of classification features and review of events with uncertain...

... associated low acoustic impedance values with low porosity due to the presence of stevensite clays. Machine learning algorithms have also been applied for presalt reservoir characterization, mostly for qualitative purposes related to seismic facies individualization such as in the works of Ferreira et...

... ) is the velocity model and τ ( x ) is the traveltime from the source position x s to the x position. We solve the eikonal equation using the finite-difference method proposed by Jeong and Whitaker (2008) , which gives traveltime tables throughout the 3D model. From the tables, we...