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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
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East Africa
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Ethiopia (1)
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
-
-
-
East African Rift (1)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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South Africa (1)
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Altiplano (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Shandong China (1)
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Indonesia
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Sumatra (2)
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Japan
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Hokkaido
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Honshu
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Iwate Japan
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Kakkonda Field (1)
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Tohoku (1)
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Philippine Islands
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Middle East
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Turkey (1)
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Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge (2)
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North Atlantic
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Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
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North Sea
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Troll Field (1)
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Reykjanes Ridge (1)
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Australasia
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New Zealand
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ODP Site 858 (1)
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North Pacific
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South Pacific
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PACMANUS hydrothermal field (1)
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West Pacific
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PACMANUS hydrothermal field (1)
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Pacific region
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South America
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hydrogen
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stable isotopes
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O-18/O-16 (27)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
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magnesium
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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strontium
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arsenic (2)
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chromium (1)
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iron
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lead
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noble gases
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argon
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (27)
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silicon
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (6)
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trace metals (3)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Invertebrata
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Porites (1)
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microfossils (3)
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palynomorphs
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Plantae
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geologic age
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upper Quaternary (3)
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Tertiary
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upper Miocene
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Paleogene
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lower Eocene (1)
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Coal Measures (1)
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Mesozoic
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Jurassic (1)
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Paleozoic
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Kromberg Formation (1)
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Onverwacht Group (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic (1)
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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minerals
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phosphates
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pyroxene group
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framework silicates
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alkali feldspar
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adularia (6)
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plagioclase
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silica minerals
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orthosilicates
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epidote group
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (6)
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clay minerals
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corrensite (1)
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sulfates
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sulfides
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sphalerite (1)
-
-
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Primary terms
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absolute age (9)
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Africa
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (1)
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Kenya
-
Kenya Rift valley (1)
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-
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East African Rift (1)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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South Africa (1)
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-
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Asia
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Chukotka Russian Federation (1)
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Far East
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China
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Hebei China (1)
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Jiangxi China (1)
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Shandong China (1)
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Indonesia
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Japan
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Hokkaido
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Kitami Basin (1)
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Honshu
-
Iwate Japan
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Kakkonda Field (1)
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Onikobe Field (1)
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Tohoku (1)
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Philippine Islands
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Luzon (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Middle East
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Turkey (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Sea
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Troll Field (1)
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Reykjanes Ridge (1)
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Australasia
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Australia
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Western Australia
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-
-
New Zealand
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Coromandel Peninsula (6)
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Lake Taupo (1)
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Ngawha Field (1)
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Otago New Zealand (2)
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Otago Schist (1)
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Rotorua New Zealand (2)
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Ruapehu (1)
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Taranaki New Zealand (1)
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Taupo (5)
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Taupo volcanic zone (31)
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Tongariro (1)
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Waikato Basin (1)
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Waikato River (2)
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Wairakei (8)
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Canada
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Wairakei geothermal field
CLAY MINERALOGY, OXYGEN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, AND WATER/ROCK RATIO ESTIMATES, TE MIHI AREA, WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NEW ZEALAND
Mixed-layer clay geothermometry in the Wairakei geothermal field, New Zealand
Analysis of exploitation-induced gravity changes at Wairakei Geothermal Field
Gravity Changes at Wairakei Geothermal Field, New Zealand
Map of the Wairakei geothermal field showing selected wells (circles) and d...
A microearthquake survey at the Ngawha geothermal field, New Zealand
(a) Map of the North Island of New Zealand, with the location of the Taupō ...
SEM images of hydrothermal clays from Well WK244 in the Te Mihi area, Waira...
Bayesian magnetotelluric inversion using methylene blue structural priors for imaging shallow conductors in geothermal fields
4D gravity monitoring — Introduction
Stratigraphy of Producing Geothermal Fields: ABSTRACT
Abstract Drilling for thermal water for domestic purposes commenced in Rotorua in the 1930s and rapidly developed on a commercial scale in the 1940s, when it was discovered that steam could be obtained by drilling deeper. Exploration for steam to generate electric power commenced at Wairakei in 1950 during a period of power shortage. Since then, the use of geothermal energy has been developed at Wairakei and Kawerau, and investigations have been extended into other fields. The initial aim at Wairakei was to obtain steam at high pressure, but drilling soon showed that the young volcanic strata beneath the field are saturated with water in which the temperature increases downward in accord with the boiling point for the increasing pressure, to a limiting value of about 260°C. Steam flashes from the hot water rising in the wells as the pressure falls, and is separated at selected pressures at the surface and put through turbines. At Wairakei the sole product is electric power; however, at Kawerau the steam is used for process purposes in the Tasman Pulp and Paper Company mill, and only surplus steam is used for the generation of electric power up to a maximum capacity of 10 Mw. Other fields prospected by drilling are Waiotapu, Reporoa, Te Kopia, Orakeikorako, Tauhara, Rotokawa, and Ngawha. With the exception of Ngawha, which is located in the Northland area, all the fields lie within the Taupo volcanic zone in the central North Island (see Healy, this volume, Fig. 2).
40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating and thermal modeling of adularia to constrain the timing of hydrothermal activity in magmatic settings
Abstract The fact that major geothermal fields are commonly located above zones of major crustal structures suggests that thermal resources are large, but heat extraction depends on hydrologic conditions which constitute the limiting factor. The heat is believed to originate by conduction in areas of anomalously high heat flow, and is transmitted and concentrated by deep circulating groundwater. The existence of horizontal flow of hot groundwater has been demonstrated in several fields, and large hot-water fields tend to be located in discharge basins with large intake areas. In zones of horizontal flow, stored heat resources are probably minimal and, even in large systems such as Wairakei, the dominant resource is groundwater recharge. Consequently, preproduction estimates of resources based on stored heat and natural heat flow may be unreliable. Production from Wairakei has been characterized by decreases in pressure, temperature, and output, though recharge has increased threefold. Vapor-dominated systems tend to be located in elevated areas of groundwater recharge, where an important factor appears to be a potent heat source beneath the reservoir. The most important resource is probably recharge, and extraction of stored heat from rock depends on reservoir permeability. Conservation of heat and disposal of saline waters by reinjection may be impracticable where recharge is an important contribution to water resources.
Environmental Effects of Geothermal Energy Development: ABSTRACT
Section 5. Geothermal Systems
Review of Geothermal Energy in New Zealand: ABSTRACT
Gaseous Components in Geothermal Processes
Abstract Gas concentrations in fluids encountered during drilling of geothermal fields range from 0.05 wt% (Wairakei, Ahuachapan) up to about 1 wt% (Ngawha, Broadlands). We discovered in Chapter 2 that carbon dioxide is the dominant gas in geothermal systems and, as we shall see later, plays an important role in controlling the pH of the aquifer fluid. The ratios of the principal gases (e.g., CO 2 , H 2 , CH 4 ) are controlled by reactions such as and may therefore be used as geothermometers in the same way as we have used alkali ion ratios. The development of gas geothermometers is discussed in a later chapter; at this stage we will examine the behaviour of gases when phase separation occurs from an initially singlephase geothermal fluid. This is important when we consider the recalculation of analyses of steam samples separated at the surface to determine aquifer dissolved gas compositions. Gas pressures are also important in reservoir modelling studies as well as in a number of engineering problems associated with geothermal field development; in studies of fossil hydrothermal systems — ore deposits — the constraints imposed by gas contents are just as important and deserve much more attention.
Abstract Single-phase and two-phase geothermal reservoirs are currently being exploited for power production in Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere. Vertical ground displacements of up to 4.5 m and horizontal ground displacements of up to 0.5 m have been observed at Wairakei, New Zealand, that are clearly attributable to the resource exploitation. Similarly, vertical displacements of about 0.13 m have been recorded at The Geysers, California. No significant ground displacements that are attributable to large-scale fluid production have been observed at Larderello, Italy, and Cerro Prieto, Mexico. Observations show that subsidence due to geothermal fluid production is characterized by such features as an offset of the subsidence bowl from the main area of production, time-lag between production and subsidence, and nonlinear stress-strain relationships. Several plausible conceptual models, of varying degrees of sophistication, have been proposed to explain the observed features. At present, relatively more is known about the physical mechanisms that govern subsidence than the relevant thermal mechanisms. Although attempts have been made to simulate observed geothermal subsidence, the modeling efforts have been seriously limited by a lack of relevant field data needed to sufficiently characterize the complex field system.