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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Botswana (4)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (23)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Orange River (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (20)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (40)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa
-
Johannesburg South Africa (4)
-
-
Klerksdorp Field (1)
-
Limpopo South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton South Africa (1)
-
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa (3)
-
Transvaal region (5)
-
Vaal River (1)
-
Witwatersrand (12)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Arctic region
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Greenland (2)
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Arran (1)
-
Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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United Arab Emirates
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Ras al-Khaimah (1)
-
-
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Far East
-
China
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North China Platform (1)
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Qinling Mountains (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Orissa India (1)
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Singhbhum shear zone (1)
-
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
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Siberian Platform
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Anabar Shield (1)
-
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Tibetan Plateau (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Anabar Shield (1)
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-
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Gulf of Mexico (1)
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Australasia
-
Australia
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Western Australia
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Pilbara Craton (1)
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Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia
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Cobequid Highlands (1)
-
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Ontario
-
Strathcona Mine (1)
-
Sudbury Basin (2)
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Sudbury District Ontario (3)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (12)
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Sudbury Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury Structure (12)
-
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Quebec
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Manicouagan Crater (1)
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Nunavut
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Devon Island (1)
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Devon Island (1)
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Western Canada
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Northwest Territories (1)
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Central America
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Nicaragua (1)
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Chicxulub Crater (2)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
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Siberian Platform
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Anabar Shield (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Anabar Shield (1)
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Ukraine (1)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Swiss Alps
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Southern Swiss Alps (1)
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Central Europe
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Germany
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Bavaria Germany
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Ries Crater (1)
-
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-
Switzerland
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Swiss Alps
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Southern Swiss Alps (1)
-
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Ticino Switzerland (1)
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Southern Europe
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Italy
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Ivrea-Verbano Zone (3)
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Piemonte Italy (1)
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Ukraine (1)
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Western Europe
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Iceland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Sweden
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Dalarna Sweden
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Siljan (1)
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-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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Scotland
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Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
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Isle of Skye (1)
-
-
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Inverness-shire Scotland
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Isle of Skye (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
International Ocean Discovery Program (1)
-
Jack Hills (1)
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Mexico
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Yucatan Mexico (1)
-
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North America
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Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
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Southern Province (1)
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Superior Province (3)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1)
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South America
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Brazil (1)
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United States
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Arizona
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Coconino County Arizona
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Meteor Crater (1)
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-
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New Mexico
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Santa Fe County New Mexico (1)
-
-
Oklahoma
-
Kiowa County Oklahoma (1)
-
Wichita Mountains (1)
-
-
Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen (1)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1)
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commodities
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fluorspar deposits (1)
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metal ores
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arsenic ores (1)
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base metals (1)
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chromite ores (1)
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cobalt ores (2)
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copper ores (13)
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gold ores (6)
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lead ores (1)
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lead-zinc deposits (1)
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nickel ores (13)
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zinc ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (8)
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mineral exploration (6)
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placers (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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chemical ratios (3)
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halogens
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bromine (1)
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chlorine (2)
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hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
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isotope ratios (22)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Be-10 (1)
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Os-187/Os-186 (2)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pu-244 (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
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stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
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D/H (1)
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He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
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Li-7/Li-6 (2)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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Os-187/Os-186 (2)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (4)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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W-182 (2)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
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plutonium
-
Pu-244 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (2)
-
-
potassium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
chromium
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
-
-
cobalt (1)
-
gold (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
nickel (1)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
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osmium
-
Os-187/Os-186 (2)
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Os-188/Os-187 (4)
-
-
palladium (1)
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platinum (1)
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platinum ores (10)
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rhodium (1)
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ruthenium (1)
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precious metals (2)
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rare earths
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cerium (2)
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europium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (2)
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titanium (1)
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tungsten
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W-182 (2)
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vanadium (1)
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zinc (1)
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noble gases
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helium
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He-3 (1)
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xenon (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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phosphorus (1)
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selenium (1)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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-
trace metals (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (1)
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Ar/Ar (8)
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K/Ar (2)
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paleomagnetism (6)
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Rb/Sr (2)
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Re/Os (3)
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Sm/Nd (3)
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thermochronology (1)
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U/Pb (24)
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U/Th/Pb (2)
-
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene (1)
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Stone Age
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Paleolithic
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Acheulian (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene (1)
-
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Paleogene
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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K-T boundary (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Upper Cretaceous
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K-T boundary (2)
-
-
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
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Upper Triassic
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Rhaetian (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (5)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (4)
-
Neoarchean (2)
-
Paleoarchean (2)
-
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Hadean (4)
-
Levack Gneiss (1)
-
Nipissing Diabase (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (3)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Huronian
-
Onaping Formation (2)
-
-
Malmani Subgroup (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic (4)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Torridonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Chelmsford Formation (2)
-
Rooiberg Group (2)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (4)
-
Whitewater Group (2)
-
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (3)
-
Waterberg System (3)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (4)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
granophyre (12)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
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diabase (2)
-
diorites
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ferrodiorite (1)
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quartz diorites (1)
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tonalite (2)
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trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
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norite (2)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (2)
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aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (3)
-
granite porphyry (1)
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monzogranite (1)
-
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granodiorites (5)
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pegmatite (3)
-
syenites
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nepheline syenite
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miaskite (1)
-
-
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ultramafics
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chromitite (2)
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peridotites (1)
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pyroxenite (1)
-
-
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (2)
-
basalts
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alkali basalts (1)
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flood basalts (1)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
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ocean-island basalts (1)
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dacites (1)
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glasses (1)
-
komatiite (2)
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rhyolites
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quartz porphyry (1)
-
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-
-
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metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (1)
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cataclasites (1)
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gneisses (7)
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granulites (3)
-
impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (1)
-
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metasedimentary rocks
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metapelite (1)
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migmatites (2)
-
mylonites
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pseudotachylite (18)
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quartzites (1)
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schists
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greenstone (2)
-
-
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-
meteorites
-
meteorites
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iron meteorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
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achondrites (1)
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
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L chondrites (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
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aragonite (1)
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bastnaesite (1)
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calcite (1)
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parisite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
fluorite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
synchysite (1)
-
-
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
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graphite (1)
-
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oxides
-
hydroxides
-
oxyhydroxides (1)
-
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iron oxides (3)
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rutile (1)
-
-
phosphates
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apatite (2)
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monazite (2)
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xenotime (1)
-
-
platinum minerals (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
spodumene (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
plagioclase (2)
-
-
silica minerals
-
lechatelierite (1)
-
quartz (3)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
titanite group
-
titanite (2)
-
-
zircon group
-
thorite (1)
-
zircon (33)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (5)
-
muscovite (3)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
-
chalcopyrite (2)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
cubanite (1)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pentlandite (2)
-
pyrite (1)
-
pyrrhotite (2)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (40)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Botswana (4)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (23)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Orange River (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (20)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (40)
-
-
Gauteng South Africa
-
Johannesburg South Africa (4)
-
-
Klerksdorp Field (1)
-
Limpopo South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton South Africa (1)
-
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
North-West Province South Africa (3)
-
Transvaal region (5)
-
Vaal River (1)
-
Witwatersrand (12)
-
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
United Arab Emirates
-
Ras al-Khaimah (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
North China Platform (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Orissa India (1)
-
Singhbhum shear zone (1)
-
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
Siberian Platform
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Anabar Shield (1)
-
-
-
asteroids (2)
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
-
-
atmosphere (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia
-
Pilbara Craton (1)
-
Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cobequid Highlands (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Strathcona Mine (1)
-
Sudbury Basin (2)
-
Sudbury District Ontario (3)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (12)
-
Sudbury Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury Structure (12)
-
-
Quebec
-
Manicouagan Crater (1)
-
-
-
Nunavut
-
Devon Island (1)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Devon Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Stone Age
-
Paleolithic
-
Acheulian (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Central America
-
Nicaragua (1)
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
continental drift (1)
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crust (12)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
crystal growth (4)
-
crystal structure (2)
-
data processing (1)
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deformation (18)
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diagenesis (1)
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Earth (2)
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earthquakes (2)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
-
Alps
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-
Southern Swiss Alps (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Germany
-
Bavaria Germany
-
Ries Crater (1)
-
-
-
Switzerland
-
Swiss Alps
-
Southern Swiss Alps (1)
-
-
Ticino Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Karelia Russian Federation (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Italy
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Ivrea-Verbano Zone (3)
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Piemonte Italy (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine (1)
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Western Europe
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Iceland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Sweden
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Dalarna Sweden
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Siljan (1)
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-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland
-
Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
-
Isle of Skye (1)
-
-
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Inverness-shire Scotland
-
Isle of Skye (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
explosions (1)
-
faults (15)
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fluorspar deposits (1)
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folds (1)
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foliation (3)
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fractures (8)
-
geochemistry (14)
-
geochronology (4)
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geomorphology (1)
-
geophysical methods (10)
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ground water (1)
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heat flow (2)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
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granophyre (12)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (1)
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diabase (2)
-
diorites
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ferrodiorite (1)
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quartz diorites (1)
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tonalite (2)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (2)
-
-
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Vredefort Granophyre
Petrography and geochemistry of coarse-crystalline veins within Vredefort Granophyre, Vredefort impact structure, South Africa
Re-Os isotope and geochemical study of the Vredefort Granophyre: Clues to the origin of the Vredefort structure, South Africa
Granular zircon from Vredefort granophyre (South Africa) confirms the deep injection model for impact melt in large impact structures
Comment on “Pseudotachylite vein hosted by a clast in the Vredefort Granophyre: characterization, origin and relevance” by E. Kovaleva et al., South African Journal of Geology, 2018, doi:10.25131/sajg.121.0002
Reply to the comment made by W.U. Reimold on “Pseudotachylite vein hosted by a clast in the Vredefort Granophyre: characterization, origin and relevance” by E. Kovaleva et al., South African Journal of Geology, 2018, 121, 51-68. doi:10.25131/sajg.121.0002
Pseudotachylite vein hosted by a clast in the Vredefort Granophyre: characterization, origin and relevance
Geochemistry and impact origin of the Vredefort Granophyre
ABSTRACT This contribution is concerned with the debated origin of the impact melt rock in the central uplift of the world’s largest confirmed impact structure—Vredefort (South Africa). New major- and trace-element abundances, including those of selected highly siderophile elements (HSEs), Re-Os isotope data, as well as the first Se isotope and Se-Te elemental systematics are presented for the felsic and mafic varieties of Vredefort impact melt rock known as “Vredefort Granophyre.” In addition to the long-recognized “normal” (i.e., felsic, >66 wt% SiO 2 ) granophyre variety, a more mafic (<66 wt% SiO 2 ) impact melt variety from Vredefort has been discussed for several years. The hypothesis that the mafic granophyre was formed from felsic granophyre through admixture (assimilation) of a mafic country rock component that then was melted and assimilated into the superheated impact melt has been pursued here by analysis of the two granophyre varieties, of the Dominion Group lava (actually meta-lava), and of epidiorite mafic country rock types. Chemical compositions, including high-precision isotope dilution–derived concentrations of selected highly siderophile elements (Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Se, Te), and Re-Os and Se isotope data support this hypothesis. A first-order estimate, based on these data, suggests that some mafic granophyre may have resulted from a significant admixture (assimilation) of epidiorite to felsic granophyre. This is in accordance with the findings of an earlier investigation using conventional isotope (Sr-Nd-Pb) data. Moreover, these outcomes are in contrast to a two-stage emplacement model for Vredefort Granophyre, whereby a mafic phase of impact melt, derived by differentiation of a crater-filling impact melt sheet, would have been emplaced into earlier-deposited felsic granophyre. Instead, all chemical and isotopic evidence so far favors formation of mafic granophyre by local assimilation of mafic country rock—most likely epidiorite—by a single intrusive impact melt phase, which is represented by the regionally homogeneous felsic granophyre.
ABSTRACT The Vredefort granophyre dikes have long been recognized as being derived from the now-eroded Vredefort melt sheet. One dike, in particular, the Daskop granophyre dike, is notable for a high abundance of lithic clasts derived from various stratigraphic levels. In this study, we mapped the distribution of the clasts throughout the continuously exposed section of the dike using field mapping and aerial drone photography and attempted to constrain the emplacement mechanisms of the dike. We found that the clasts are not homogeneously spread but instead are distributed between clast-rich zones, which have up to 50% by area clasts, and clast-poor zones, which have 0–10% by area clasts. We examined three models to explain this distribution: gravitational settling of clasts, thermally driven local assimilation of clasts, and mechanical sorting of clasts due to turbulent flow. Of the three models, the gravitational settling cannot be supported based on our field and geophysical data. The assimilation of clasts and turbulent flow of clasts, however, can both potentially result in inhomogeneous clast distribution. Zones of fully assimilated clasts and nonassimilated clasts can occur from spatial temperature differences of 100 °C. Mechanical sorting driven by a turbulent flow can also generate zones of inhomogeneous clast distribution. Both local assimilation and mechanical sorting due to turbulent flow likely contributed to the observed distribution of clasts.