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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
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Turkana Basin (1)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Reptilia
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Invertebrata
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geochronology methods
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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Pliocene (1)
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Coal Measures (1)
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Devonian
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Permian
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upper Paleozoic
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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igneous rocks
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nakhlite
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phosphates
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sulfides
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pyrrhotite (1)
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-
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Primary terms
-
Africa
-
East Africa
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
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Turkana Basin (1)
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East African Lakes
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Far East
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China
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atmosphere (7)
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Western Canada
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-
-
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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organic carbon (3)
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-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Hispaniola
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Dominican Republic
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Santo Domingo Dominican Republic (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
-
Pleistocene
-
Lake Missoula (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Central America (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Reptilia
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (3)
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climate change (1)
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Earth (10)
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earthquakes (6)
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Halemaumau Crater (1)
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Kilauea (2)
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-
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economic geology (7)
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education (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Western Europe
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volcanic rocks
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pyroclastics (1)
-
-
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (1)
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Indian Ocean (2)
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca (1)
-
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Cl-36 (1)
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-
stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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D/H (1)
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Fe-54 (1)
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Fe-56 (1)
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Fe-57 (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
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-
-
magmas (2)
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mantle (7)
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mathematical geology (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
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Mannville Group (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
-
-
-
metals
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actinides
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thorium (1)
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uranium (1)
-
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium (1)
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magnesium (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
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-
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aluminum (2)
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iron
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Fe-54 (1)
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Fe-57 (1)
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metamorphism (2)
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metasomatism (3)
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meteorites
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octahedrite (1)
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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Martian meteorites
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chassignite
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Chassigny Meteorite (1)
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nakhlite
-
Nakhla Meteorite (1)
-
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shergottite
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Shergotty Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
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CV chondrites
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Allende Meteorite (1)
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Tagish Lake Meteorite (1)
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Mexico
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Tabasco Mexico (1)
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mineralogy (1)
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minerals (3)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (1)
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Moon (11)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (2)
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noble gases
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argon (1)
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helium (2)
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neon (2)
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xenon (2)
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North America
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Canadian Shield (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
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Rocky Mountains (1)
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Sweetgrass Arch (1)
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Williston Basin (7)
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ocean circulation (1)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 174A
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ODP Site 1073 (1)
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ocean floors (1)
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ocean waves (1)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Halemaumau Crater (1)
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Kilauea (2)
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-
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-
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oil and gas fields (2)
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orogeny (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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Pacific Ocean
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South Pacific
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Southwest Pacific
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Tasman Sea (1)
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-
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West Pacific
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Southwest Pacific
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Tasman Sea (1)
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-
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paleoclimatology (3)
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paleogeography (1)
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paleomagnetism (2)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (2)
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Carboniferous
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Lodgepole Formation (3)
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Madison Group (3)
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-
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Prairie Evaporite (1)
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Winnipegosis Formation (2)
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Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician
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Yeoman Formation (1)
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Permian
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Upper Permian
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Zechstein (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Bakken Formation (5)
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-
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permafrost (1)
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petroleum
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natural gas (10)
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Phanerozoic (1)
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phase equilibria (2)
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plate tectonics (6)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Paleoarchean (1)
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Hadean (1)
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upper Precambrian
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remote sensing (8)
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sea-level changes (3)
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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chalk (1)
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microbialite (1)
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-
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chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (4)
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phosphate rocks (1)
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clastic rocks
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sandstone (5)
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oil sands (1)
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oil shale
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kukersite (1)
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-
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sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities
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biogenic structures
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stromatolites (2)
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planar bedding structures
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cross-bedding (2)
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secondary structures
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soft sediment deformation (1)
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sedimentation (5)
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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sand (3)
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soils (2)
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South America
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Brazil (1)
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Southern Ocean (1)
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spectroscopy (5)
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springs (1)
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sulfur
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sun (1)
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United States
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San Francisco County California
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Central Basin Platform (1)
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Columbia Plateau (1)
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Delaware Basin (1)
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Halemaumau Crater (1)
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Kilauea (2)
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Idaho
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Snake River plain (1)
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Madison Aquifer (1)
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Mojave Desert (1)
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Montana (2)
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Eddy County New Mexico
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Lechuguilla Cave (1)
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New York
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North Dakota (5)
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South Dakota (3)
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Texas
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Washington
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Grant County Washington (1)
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USSR (1)
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weathering (4)
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well-logging (1)
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rock formations
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Tyler Formation (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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chalk (1)
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limestone
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microbialite (1)
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-
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chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (4)
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iron formations
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banded iron formations (1)
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phosphate rocks (1)
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clastic rocks
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black shale (2)
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mudstone (2)
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sandstone (5)
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shale (3)
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oil sands (1)
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oil shale
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kukersite (1)
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siliciclastics (1)
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volcaniclastics (1)
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sedimentary structures
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burrows (1)
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channels (2)
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sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities
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ripple marks (2)
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biogenic structures
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bioturbation (1)
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lebensspuren (1)
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stromatolites (2)
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (1)
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cross-bedding (2)
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secondary structures
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concretions (1)
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soft sediment deformation (1)
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stratification (1)
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-
sediments
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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mud (1)
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sand (3)
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till (1)
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marine sediments (1)
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siliciclastics (1)
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volcaniclastics (1)
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soils
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paleosols (1)
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soils (2)
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Viking Mission
Chapman, M. (ed.) 2007. The Geology of Mars. Evidence from Earth-Based Analogs .: Cambridge Planetary Science Series. xiii + 460 pp. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Price £75.00, US $135.00 (hard covers). ISBN 9780 521 83292 6.
BOOK REVIEWS
Geomorphologic observations and physical hypothesis on Martian gullies
Geology: from an Earth to a planetary science in the twentieth century
Abstract Since the opening of the Space Age, images from spacecraft have enabled us to map the surfaces of all the rocky planets and satellites in the Solar System, thus transforming them from astronomical to geological objects. This progression of geology from being a strictly Earth-centred science to one that is planetary-wide has provided us with a wealth of information on the evolutionary histories of other bodies and has supplied valuable new insights on the Earth itself. We have learned, for example, that the Earth–Moon system most likely formed as a result of a collision in space between the protoearth and a large impactor, and that the Moon subsequently accreted largely from debris of Earth's mantle. The airless, waterless Moon still preserves a record of the impact events that have scarred its surface from the time its crust first formed. The much larger, volcanic Earth underwent a similar bombardment but most of the evidence was lost during the earliest 550 million years or so that elapsed before its first surviving systems of crustal rocks formed. Therefore, we decipher Earth's earliest history by investigating the record on the Moon. Lunar samples collected by the Apollo astronauts of the USA and the robotic Luna missions of the former USSR linked the Earth and Moon by their oxygen isotopic compositions and enabled us to construct a timescale of lunar events keyed to dated samples. They also permitted us to identify certain meteorites as fragments of the lunar crust that were projected to the Earth by impacts on the Moon. Similarly, analyses of the Martian surface soils and atmosphere by the Viking and Pathfinder missions led to the identification of meteorite fragments ejected by hypervelocity impacts on Mars. Images of Mars displayed land-forms wrought in the past by voluminous floodwaters, similar to those of the long-controversial Channeled Scablands of Washington State, USA. The record on Mars confirmed catastrophic flooding as a significant geomorphic process on at least one other planet. The first views of the Earth photographed by the crew of Apollo 8 gave us the concept of 'Spaceship Earth' and heightened international concern for protection of the global environment.
A background to Mars exploration and research
Abstract Mars is the fourth planet in our Solar System and orbits roughly 230×10 6 km from the Sun. It has an orbital period of 687 Earth days and a solar day that is approximately 40 min longer than an Earth day. Mars is less dense and has half the radius of the Earth, and so has about one-tenth the mass; hence, the surface gravity of Mars is about four-tenths that of the Earth. Mars has no oceans and its surface area is therefore almost as large as that of Earth's continents. In this chapter, we present a summary of the Martian environment, global geography and geology, and provide some background on the missions and instruments that have played a role in developing our current understanding. Our aim is to provide a broad overview for those unfamiliar with Mars, rather than providing an exhaustive summary of every aspect of the planet's evolution.