Abstract: The unique morphology of pterosaurs makes them a compelling group to study, but the lack of ready analogues or descendant clades presents problems when inferring their biology and ecology. In this paper, the extant phylogenetic bracket is used to reconstruct the musculature of the pterosaur Vectidraco daisymorrisae and a detailed comparison is made between the musculature of this taxon and other reconstructions in the literature. M. iliofibularis is reconstructed as originating upon the angular process of the posterior iliac process, putting it into a mechanically advantageous position as an abductor. M. flexor tibialis internus is reconstructed as greatly enlarged over the ancestral state, probably in response to the reduction of M. caudofemoralis brevis and the tail. This enlargement is considered to correspond to the increasing role of M. flexor tibialis internus as a hip retractor.

Abstract: Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight and occupied the skies of the Mesozoic for 160 million years. They occurred on every continent, evolved their incredible proportions and anatomy into well over 100 species, and included the largest flying animals of all time among their ranks. Pterosaurs are undergoing a long-running scientific renaissance that has seen elevated interest from a new generation of palaeontologists, contributions from scientists working all over the world and major advances in our understanding of their palaeobiology. They have especially benefited from the application of new investigative techniques applied to historical specimens and the discovery of new material, including detailed insights into their fragile skeletons and their soft tissue anatomy. Many aspects of pterosaur science remain controversial, mainly due to the investigative challenges presented by their fragmentary, fragile fossils and notoriously patchy fossil record. With perseverance, these controversies are being resolved and our understanding of flying reptiles is increasing. This volume brings together a diverse set of papers on numerous aspects of the biology of these fascinating reptiles, including discussions of pterosaur ecology, flight, ontogeny, bony and soft tissue anatomy, distribution and evolution, as well as revisions of their taxonomy and relationships.