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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 166
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Unda Borehole
Acoustic Properties of "Young" Carbonate Rocks, ODP Leg 166 and Boreholes Clino and Unda, Western Great Bahama Bank
Abstract: Geochemical measurements (Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , SO 4 2- , and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) have been made on fluids obtained from two deep boreholes (Unda and Clino) drilled on the Great Bahama Bank. As a result of the fact that these holes were drilled through cemented Limestones, it was not possible to squeeze sediments to obtain interstitial pore waters, and instead the fluids were retrieved using a combination of pumping from the surface and passive water samplers deployed during logging. Geochemical analyses show that it is possible using these techniques, combined with tritium, to define the extent of contamination of these pore fluids by surface waters. Consequently, with appropriate corrections for surface contamination, estimates of the interstitial concentrations of Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , and SO 4 2- and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios can be obtained. In both holes, dissolution and precipitation of carbonate minerals such as aragonjte, calcite, and dolomite are taking place in slightly modified sea water, leading to significant Increases in the concentration of Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ and decreases in Mg 2+ . The absence of significant geochemical gradients in the upper zone of Unda suggests that there is substantial influx of modern seawater. Deeper in Unda and throughout Clino there are large increases in Sr 2+ and Ca 2+ suggesting a more closed diagenetic system. In both Clino and Unda the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of the pore fluids, when corrected for surface contamination, was either similar to or more radiogenic than the co-occurring sediment. This not only suggests that there is not a significant upward vertical flow through the platform, but also supports the notion that the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of carbonates in such settings can be used to give the oldest possible age of deposition and the youngest possible age of diagenesis.
A) Cross plot of total porosity versus P -wave velocity for ODP Leg 166 S...
Frequency distribution of plug porosity measurements in cores from the Grea...
Cross plot of insoluble residue versus P -wave velocity for ODP Leg 166 Si...
Figure 1. Map showing the locations of Site 1008 and 1009, and other Ocean ...
Locations of Western line LBB-18 along with site survey line across the wes...
Cross plot of total porosity versus P -wave velocity from laboratory discr...
Cross plot of total porosity versus P -wave velocity derived from well-log...
Specific surface with respect to bulk volume ( S ) tends to decre...
Mixing-Zone Diagenesis in the Subsurface of Florida and the Bahamas
The Velocity-Deviation Log: A Tool to Predict Pore Type and Permeability Trends in Carbonate Drill Holes from Sonic and Porosity or Density Logs
Estimating permeability of carbonate rocks from porosity and v p / v s
Structural position of large gold ore districts in the Central Aldan (Yakutia) and Argun (Transbaikalia) superterranes
Abstract: Independent analyses to date prograding carbonate platform-margin sediments have enabled development of an integrated chronostratigraphy of the west margin of the Great Bahama Bank (GBB). The chronostratigraphy permits interpretation of periods of deposition, nondeposition, and erosion on the platform and margin. The integrated chronostratigraphy is based on planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, strontium-isotopestratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy. Critical to interpreting each type of stratigraphy is a clear understanding of slope dynamics and the depositional system. The biostratigraphic data, in particular, are affected by the extreme dilution of key microfossils by platform-derived sediments during margin progradation. Because of this factor, the highest abundance of microfossils is restricted to thin units of pelagic sediment, deposited during temporary intervals when platform sediment supply was greatly reduced. However, these selective microfossil concentrations are also more likely to yield premature last-appearance datums and delayed first-appearance datums than the diluted intervals, because they represent short periods of time. Despite these problems, the microfossils provide critical age control. The detailed chronostratigraphy allows interpretation of a well-constrained platform-margin evolution. Core Unda, the more landward location, penetrated the oldest sediments (earliest late Miocene). The more seaward core Clino, although deeper, bottomed in younger sediments (latest Miocene). Three major progradational episodes were delineated using seismic stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and information on depositional age. Progradation occurred during the late Miocene, late early Pliocene, and latest Pliocene. In the Pliocene shelf and ramp setting margin progradation began during a highstand, but also occurred in a forced-regression-type situation during a fall in sea level. Rapid reef progradation occurred near the end of the Pliocene and early Pleistocene, when the platform had aggraded to a nearly horizontal surface. The transformation from a ramp-type platform topography to a flat-topped platform culminated in the middle Pleistocene. Age constraints across the west margin of GBB indicate that the seismic reflectors that constitute sequence boundaries are synchronous, within our age resolution. As expected in a slope setting, the sequence boundaries represent condensed time periods of both erosion and nondeposition. Downslope plankton-rich onlapping units are correlated to upslope marine hardgrounds and are thought to represent periods of falling sea level. Subsequent high-resolution dating of additional basinal and shallow-platform borings will provide a rich archive of paleoceanographic changes and will serve as a direct link between the deep-ocean and shallow-platform accumulations.
Abstract: Two continuous core borings 8.5 km apart on the leeward margin of Great Bahama Bank provided a special opportunity to interpret the depositional history during the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene. The upper ca. 200 m of the borings presented in this paper show seaward progradation of the margin with overall shallowing. At the base of this succession are skeletal grainstones and packstones that accumulated on the proximal slope of the margin. These are succeeded by thick intervals of reefal and coral-bearing deposits that in turn are capped by nonskeletal grainstones similar to the modern sediments in the interior of the Bahama Banks. Reefal and coral-bearing limestones produce about half of the leeward progradation. In both borings, the major episodes of coral growth began on unconsolidated sediments and show indications of upward shallowing according to the interpretations of Budd and Manfrino (this volume). In Clino, the seaward boring, the major episode of reef growth was terminated by deposition of fine-grained sediment mixed with coral floatstone; in Unda, the bankward boring, reef demise was the result of subaerial exposure. In Unda, the post-reefal deposits, termed the layered cap, are largely a succession of packstones and grainstones of peloids and skeletal debris, which are interpreted as platform-top accumulations similar to those of the Holocene. Thirteen discontinuity horizons, which are distinct breaks in sedimentation and have numerous features indicative of subaerial exposure, are used to divide this interval into sea -level flooding events (rising sea level and highstands) and periods of exposure (falling sea level and lowstands) during the Pleistocene and Late Pliocene. In Clino, above the major episodes of reef development, corals and skeletal grainstones and packstones continued to be the major component of aggradation. Nonskeletal packstones and grainstones from the platform interior are present only in the uppermost 20 m. Ten discontinuity horizons, which indicate falling sea level and sea-level lowstands, are identified in the Late Pleistocene. Two magnetostratigraphic datums provide the primary dating for this upper succession (McNeill et al., this volume). Three factors show that reef development occurred first in Unda during a period of relative rise of sea level: (1) correlating the top of the Olduvai between the two borings, (2) coral assemblages, and (3) interpretations of depositional environments. Coral assemblages in Unda include Pliocene species, whereas those in Ciino are largely Pleistocene to recent (Budd and Manfrino, this volume). A drop in sea level produced a downshift of major reef growth of some tens of meters (and as much as 100 m) to Clino. Another relative rise of sea level allowed for reefal aggradation. This offlap succession of reefal deposits confirms the pre-drilling model of margin evolution developed from seismic stratigraphy ( Eberli and Ginsburg, 1989 ). The downshift in reef development during the Late Pliocene have been coincident with the onset of Northern Hemisphere ice accumulation as inferred from the deep-sea isotope record. These results confirm and expand on the role of reefs and sea-level fluctuations in the architecture of Great Bahama Bank. Reefs make a major contribution to leeward progradation, a circumstance that adds support to considering the Neogene Bank an atoll-Like structure. It is estimated that the margin shifted seaward some 10 km in approximately two million years. This episodic progradation was controlled by a hierarchy of sea-level fluctuations during the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Major episodes of sea-level rise allowed for aggrading reef development; higher-frequency cycles of sea-level fluctuation in the Pleistocene are recorded in the alternations of subaerial exposure and accumulation of coral-bearing limestones in Clino and the nonskeletal grainstones and packstones of Unda. The ten alternations in the Upper Pleistocene (above the Brunhes/Matnyama boundary) interval matches the number of sea-level oscillations (glacial and interglacial stages) inferred from the oxygen isotope record in the deep sea.