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Trident

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Journal Article
Published: 01 March 2025
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (2025) 101 (3): 427.
FIGURES
Image
Figure 9. (A) Geologic map of Trident Glacier area in the northwestern Mount Hayes Quadrangle, eastern Alaska Range, showing late Cenozoic south-dipping thrust faults on north side of range. See Figure 1C for location of map. See legend for explanation of map units and other abbreviations. See text for discussion. Adapted from Nokleberg et al. (1992b). (B) Legend for Figures 9 and 10. Explanation of map units and symbols. Descriptions adapted from Nokleberg et al. (1994a, 1994b, 1998)
Published: 01 December 2002
Figure 9. (A) Geologic map of Trident Glacier area in the northwestern Mount Hayes Quadrangle, eastern Alaska Range, showing late Cenozoic south-dipping thrust faults on north side of range. See Figure 1C for location of map. See legend for explanation of map units and other abbreviations. See
Image
Figure 3. Aerial view southeastward over Novarupta toward Trident and Mount Katmai. In foreground, 1912 vent depression extends 2.5 km from Broken Mountain at left to 400-m-high scarp of Falling Mountain dacite dome at right. Vent funnel was backfilled by welded ignimbrite and fallback ejecta, deformed by compaction, and plugged by the 380-m-wide Novarupta rhyolite dome, which is surrounded by a strongly asymmetrical ejecta ring that consists mostly of fallout from Episodes II and III. At upper left, Katmai caldera is centered 10 km east of Novarupta; its inner southeast wall is visible through saddle adjacent to twin summits (peaks 6128 and 6200+) on west rim. Four prominent peaks of the Trident group are on central range crest: the eastern two are glaciated remnants of East Trident volcano; the highest is Trident I volcano, and 3 km directly behind Novarupta is West Trident volcano. Partly hidden behind West Trident is the black cone of Southwest Trident (1953–1974) and its lava-flow apron in Katmai Pass and Mageik Creek. Low gray lobes in left middle-distance at foot of East Trident and Mount Katmai are Knife Creek Glaciers, still covered by 1912 ejecta. On the horizon are Katmai Bay, Shelikof Strait, and Kodiak Island
Published: 01 October 2000
Figure 3. Aerial view southeastward over Novarupta toward Trident and Mount Katmai. In foreground, 1912 vent depression extends 2.5 km from Broken Mountain at left to 400-m-high scarp of Falling Mountain dacite dome at right. Vent funnel was backfilled by welded ignimbrite and fallback ejecta
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Geological map of the trident-shaped Ramagiri Schist Belt, with three prongs pointing northward (after Zachariah et al. 1996). The central and western prongs separate three granitoid terranes. Felsic volcanics and pyroclastics occur within the central block of the schist belt. The Chenna Gneisses occur to the east, the Gangam (Gangampalle) Complex outcrops to the west, and the Ramagiri Complex occurs between the central and western prongs of the Ramagiri Schist Belt.
Published: 01 January 1999
Figure 2. Geological map of the trident-shaped Ramagiri Schist Belt, with three prongs pointing northward (after Zachariah et al. 1996 ). The central and western prongs separate three granitoid terranes. Felsic volcanics and pyroclastics occur within the central block of the schist belt
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Lithofacies map of middle third of Three Forks Formation (mostly Trident Member).
Published: 01 December 1966
Fig. 14.— Lithofacies map of middle third of Three Forks Formation (mostly Trident Member).
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Isopachous map of Logan Gulch and Trident Members of Three Forks Formation.
Published: 01 December 1966
Fig. 15.— Isopachous map of Logan Gulch and Trident Members of Three Forks Formation.
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Figure 9. K2O, Zr, and Sr vs. SiO2 contents for products of Novarupta (1912) and of each separate center of the Trident group. Zr and Sr are in ppm; K2O and SiO2 are in wt%. Symbols are identified in inset. Omission of rhyolites of Figure 8 permits scale expansion, permitting components of Trident group to be distinguished. Anomalously high-Zr Trident I sample is from 200-m-thick lava, the lowest unit exposed at base of north face
Published: 01 October 2000
Figure 9. K 2 O, Zr, and Sr vs. SiO 2 contents for products of Novarupta (1912) and of each separate center of the Trident group. Zr and Sr are in ppm; K 2 O and SiO 2 are in wt%. Symbols are identified in inset. Omission of rhyolites of Figure 8 permits scale expansion, permitting components
Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 October 2000
GSA Bulletin (2000) 112 (10): 1594–1620.
...Figure 3. Aerial view southeastward over Novarupta toward Trident and Mount Katmai. In foreground, 1912 vent depression extends 2.5 km from Broken Mountain at left to 400-m-high scarp of Falling Mountain dacite dome at right. Vent funnel was backfilled by welded ignimbrite and fallback ejecta...
FIGURES | View All (14)
Journal Article
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 April 1993
Economic Geology (1993) 88 (2): 344–376.
... facies event and a younger, mid-Cretaceous lower greenschist facies event.From northwest to southeast, the major volcanogenic massive sulfide districts are the Bonnifield, Trident Glacier, and Delta. The Bonnifield district contains massive sulfide deposits in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks...
Publisher: Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.2110/sepmsp.107.12
EISBN: 9781565763456
... Famennian Three Forks Trident Member and widespread disconformities, a latest Frasnian outer shelf barrier formed above the Grandview Reef. Cyclic, heterolithic, peloidal western Grandview Dolomite facies were deposited and are ~330 m thick, although correlative facies of the Jefferson D4 through D6 members...
FIGURES | View All (12)
Journal Article
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 01 December 2012
Geosphere (2012) 8 (6): 1527–1567.
... Trident cluster. Evidence is presented that the 7–8 km 3 of high-silica rhyolite (77% SiO 2 ) released in 1912 is unlikely to have been stored under Novarupta or Trident. Pre-eruptive contiguity with the andesite-dacite reservoir is suggested by (1) eruption of ∼3 km 3 of rhyolite magma first, followed...
FIGURES | View All (42)
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Simplified geologic map of Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) and volcanoes of the Katmai cluster. Contour interval 500 feet. From hachured vent depression around Novarupta lava dome (N—black), 1912 ignimbrite (tan) extends northwest 20 km along VTTS as well as across Katmai Pass for 10 km down Mageik Creek on Pacific slope. Knife Creek Glaciers (blue pattern) are numbered 1–5; other glaciers are omitted for clarity. Alagogshak volcano (A), long extinct, is indicated only by its eroded crater. Mount Mageik consists of four overlapping centers (in shades of blue); only the youngest and easternmost center (for which individual lava flows are indicated) is Holocene. Mount Martin, entirely Holocene, consists of small fragmental summit cone and several overlapping coulees. Trident group consists of three Pleistocene cones, East Trident (Te), Trident I (TI), and West Trident (Tw), as well as historical Southwest Trident (Tsw) lavas and fragmental cone of 1953–1974; several peripheral Pleistocene lava domes, comagmatic with Trident, include Mount Cerberus (MC) and Falling Mountain (FM). Mount Katmai consists of two overlapping centers, Northeast Katmai (Ke) and Southwest Katmai (KW), both truncated by 1912 collapse of hachured Katmai caldera, which is now partly filled by lake. Five youngest eruptive units of Mount Katmai are numbered (1–5) and discussed individually in text: 1—leveed dacite lava flows; 2—south-rim rhyodacite lavas; 3—zoned scoria fall atop unit 2; 4—dacite agglutinate sheet on caldera rim and correlative scoria-flow deposit at Knife Creek; and 5—Horseshoe Island dacite dome. Remnants of 22.5-ka plinian rhyodacite pumice-fall deposits (and ignimbrite) in Windy and Mageik Creeks (sites indicated by red X) are related to most evolved lava of unit 2. Products of Mount Griggs are subdivided by age into older (o—middle Pleistocene), middle (m—late Pleistocene), and younger (y—postglacial) exposures. Holocene debris-avalanche and debris-flow deposits are in bright yellow; those emplaced in 1912 are labeled: KC—Katmai Canyon landslide; KRdf—Katmai River pumiceous debris flow; ML—Mageik Landslide; NM—Noisy Mountain landslide. Uncolored basement rocks are Jurassic Naknek Formation or Tertiary porphyritic intrusions. Miscellaneous features: BM—Baked Mountain; BR—Broken Mountain; FL—site of Fissure Lake; GF—Griggs Fork of Knife Creek; JF—Juhle Fork of Knife Creek; T—Turtle; WR—Whiskey Ridge; hut—Baked Mountain Hut, research shelter; Island Camp and Camp IV were way stations between Katmai Bay and VTTS for 1916–1919 expeditions.
Published: 01 December 2012
the youngest and easternmost center (for which individual lava flows are indicated) is Holocene. Mount Martin, entirely Holocene, consists of small fragmental summit cone and several overlapping coulees. Trident group consists of three Pleistocene cones, East Trident (Te), Trident I (T I ), and West Trident
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Variation of Rb, Sr, and Zr (in ppm) versus wt% SiO2 for ∼160 samples from Mount Katmai, subdivided as indicated in inset, which is keyed to list of map units of Figure 3. Shaded enclosures are fields for ∼105 samples from Trident Volcano and ∼265 samples of 1912 Novarupta pumice and dome lava. Data tabulated as stated in Figure 28. Trace elements indicate closer affinity of 1912 suite for Mount Katmai than for Trident. Note relative Zr enrichment of unit kds and pronounced effect of zircon fractionation on Zr content of rhyolites.
Published: 01 December 2012
Figure 29. Variation of Rb, Sr, and Zr (in ppm) versus wt% SiO 2 for ∼160 samples from Mount Katmai, subdivided as indicated in inset, which is keyed to list of map units of Figure 3 . Shaded enclosures are fields for ∼105 samples from Trident Volcano and ∼265 samples of 1912 Novarupta pumice
Image
Variation of Rb, Sr, and Zr (in ppm) versus wt% SiO2 for ∼160 samples from Mount Katmai, subdivided as indicated in inset, which is keyed to list of map units of Figure 3. Shaded enclosures are fields for ∼105 samples from Trident Volcano and ∼265 samples of 1912 Novarupta pumice and dome lava. Data tabulated as stated in Figure 28. Trace elements indicate closer affinity of 1912 suite for Mount Katmai than for Trident. Note relative Zr enrichment of unit kds and pronounced effect of zircon fractionation on Zr content of rhyolites.
Published: 01 December 2012
Figure 29. Variation of Rb, Sr, and Zr (in ppm) versus wt% SiO 2 for ∼160 samples from Mount Katmai, subdivided as indicated in inset, which is keyed to list of map units of Figure 3 . Shaded enclosures are fields for ∼105 samples from Trident Volcano and ∼265 samples of 1912 Novarupta pumice
Image
Variation of Rb, Sr, and Zr (in ppm) versus wt% SiO2 for ∼160 samples from Mount Katmai, subdivided as indicated in inset, which is keyed to list of map units of Figure 3. Shaded enclosures are fields for ∼105 samples from Trident Volcano and ∼265 samples of 1912 Novarupta pumice and dome lava. Data tabulated as stated in Figure 28. Trace elements indicate closer affinity of 1912 suite for Mount Katmai than for Trident. Note relative Zr enrichment of unit kds and pronounced effect of zircon fractionation on Zr content of rhyolites.
Published: 01 December 2012
Figure 29. Variation of Rb, Sr, and Zr (in ppm) versus wt% SiO 2 for ∼160 samples from Mount Katmai, subdivided as indicated in inset, which is keyed to list of map units of Figure 3 . Shaded enclosures are fields for ∼105 samples from Trident Volcano and ∼265 samples of 1912 Novarupta pumice
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Figure 2. Simplified geologic map of volcanoes of the Katmai cluster, emphasizing relatively young eruptive units discussed in text. Glaciers are omitted for clarity. Novarupta depression (N) was source of 1912 eruption that filled Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) with ignimbrite, which also spilled south through Katmai Pass into Mageik Creek. Novarupta dome (black dot) was later extruded within the depression. Eruptive products of Mount Griggs stratovolcano are subdivided by age into older (o; Pleistocene), middle (m; proximal surfaces lightly modified by glacial erosion during late glacial or Neoglacial ice advances), and younger (y; unglaciated). (Caption continued on p. 1597.) Mount Katmai consists of two contiguous cones, Northeast Katmai (Ke) and Southwest Katmai (Kw), both cut by the caldera of 1912, which is now partly filled by a lake. The five youngest eruptive units identified at Mount Katmai are indicated: 1—leveed dacite lava flows; 2—south-rim rhyodacite lavas; 3—zoned scoria fall atop unit 2; 4—dacite agglutinate sheet; and 5—Horseshoe Island dacite dome. Plinian rhyodacite pumice-fall deposits (and ignimbrite) in Windy and Mageik Creeks (sites indicated by red X) may be related to most evolved lava of unit 2. Trident group consists of three Pleistocene cones, East Trident (Te), Trident I (TI), and West Trident (Tw), as well as Southwest (New) Trident (Tsw) lavas and fragmental cone of 1953–1974 and peripheral Pleistocene lava domes; two of these domes are named Mount Cerberus (MC) and Falling Mountain (FM). Mount Mageik consists of four overlapping centers (in shades of blue); only the youngest and easternmost center (for which individual lava flows are indicated) is Holocene. Mount Martin, entirely Holocene, consists of a small fragmental summit cone and several overlapping coulees. Alagogshak volcano (A), long extinct (Hildreth et al., 1999), is indicated only by its eroded crater. Holocene debris-avalanche deposits are in bright yellow; those emplaced in 1912 are labeled: KC—Katmai Canyon landslide; KRdf—Katmai River debris flow; ML—Mageik landslide; NM—Noisy Mountain landslide. Uncolored basement rocks are Jurassic Naknek Formation and Tertiary porphyry intrusions. Contour interval is 500 ft (∼152 m; 1 ft = 0.3048 m)
Published: 01 October 2000
to most evolved lava of unit 2. Trident group consists of three Pleistocene cones, East Trident (T e ), Trident I (T I ), and West Trident (T w ), as well as Southwest (New) Trident (T sw ) lavas and fragmental cone of 1953–1974 and peripheral Pleistocene lava domes; two of these domes are named Mount
Book Chapter

Series: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series
Published: 01 January 2025
EISBN: 978-1-629495-07-1
.... They were familiarized with the geology of the Mingomba deposit, the Kansanshi Cu-Au and Lumwana Cu mines, and the Trident project, comprising the Sentinel Cu and Enterprise Ni mines. ...
Book Chapter

Series: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series
Published: 01 January 2025
EISBN: 978-1-629495-07-1
.... They were familiarized with the geology of the Mingomba deposit, the Kansanshi Cu-Au and Lumwana Cu mines, and the Trident project, comprising the Sentinel Cu and Enterprise Ni mines. ...
Series: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series
Published: 01 January 2025
DOI: 10.5382/GB.70
EISBN: 978-1-629495-07-1
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Simplified geologic map of the Central African Copperbelt showing the location of the Sentinel and Enterprise deposits and the Trident project area. Modified from Hitzman et al. (2012).
Published: 01 January 2016
FIGURE 1. Simplified geologic map of the Central African Copperbelt showing the location of the Sentinel and Enterprise deposits and the Trident project area. Modified from Hitzman et al. (2012) .