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Towaliga Fault

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Journal Article
Published: 01 January 2013
The Journal of Geology (2013) 121 (1): 75–90.
...Matthew T. Huebner; Robert D. Hatcher, Jr. Abstract The Towaliga fault, southern Appalachians, contains fault rocks that formed under various P-T conditions, revealing a complex reactivation history. It trends 070 along the northwest flank of the Pine Mountain window, changes to 035...
FIGURES
First thumbnail for: Polyphase Reactivation History of the <span class=...
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Third thumbnail for: Polyphase Reactivation History of the <span class=...
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 September 1988
Geology (1988) 16 (9): 852–855.
...Mark G. Steltenpohl Abstract Subhorizontal shear sense along subvertical mylonite zones marking the southeast and northwest flanks of the Pine Mountain belt in Alabama, i.e., the Towaliga, Bartletts Ferry, and Goat Rock fault zones, has been deduced from S-C composite planar fabrics, extensional...
Image
Brittle fault rocks from rhomboidal pods along the Towaliga fault. A, Characteristic “boxwork” texture with euhedral quartz crystals growing normal to vein walls. Note the zonation in the crystal on the right side of the sample. B, Intensely brecciated silicified cataclasite from rhomb-shaped ridge near Stewart, Georgia; pen for scale. Younger veins cut preexisting extension veins, indicating multiple episodes of deformation. C, Implosion breccia from Buzzard Mountain near Concord, Georgia; pencil for scale (courtesy of C. Snyder). Note the lack of attrition of wall-rock clasts and common vug texture. Cross-polar (XPL; D) and plane-polarized (PPL; E) images of breccia shown in C.
Published: 01 January 2013
Figure 6. Brittle fault rocks from rhomboidal pods along the Towaliga fault. A , Characteristic “boxwork” texture with euhedral quartz crystals growing normal to vein walls. Note the zonation in the crystal on the right side of the sample. B , Intensely brecciated silicified cataclasite from
Image
Temperature-time curves demonstrating the evolution of the Towaliga fault, illustrating the multiple working hypotheses discussed in text. 1, Green line: coeval formation of siliceous cataclasite and ribbon quartz mylonite at ∼400°C during CAMP magmatism; 2, purple line: formation of both fault-rock fabrics during CAMP as the exposed structural level passed through the brittle-ductile transition; 3, red line: formation of ribbon quartz mylonite during the late Alleghanian; 4, blue line: formation of ribbon quartz mylonite during the early stages of Mesozoic rifting. Temperature ranges of the bulging recrystallization–subgrain rotation transition (BLG/SGR) and brittle-ductile transition from Stipp et al. (2002).
Published: 01 January 2013
Figure 10. Temperature-time curves demonstrating the evolution of the Towaliga fault, illustrating the multiple working hypotheses discussed in text. 1 , Green line: coeval formation of siliceous cataclasite and ribbon quartz mylonite at ∼400°C during CAMP magmatism; 2 , purple line: formation
Image
Mutually overprinting crosscutting relationships between silicified faults and CAMP diabase dikes. Diabase dikes cut the Towaliga fault (A; Woodbury 7.5-min quadrangle) and are truncated and possibly offset by the Towaliga fault (B; Stewart 7.5-min quadrangle). Note the offset of the diabase dikes that cut the Towaliga fault by the Shiloh fault. C, D, Detailed geologic maps with transparent slope-shaded digital elevation models illustrating the rhomboidal nature of isolated siliceous cataclasite pods along the Towaliga fault locations shown in A and B, respectively. The Woodbury 7.5-min quadrangle is not included in figure 3. Geologic map shown in A and C modified from Hewett and Crickmay (1937).
Published: 01 January 2013
Figure 4. Mutually overprinting crosscutting relationships between silicified faults and CAMP diabase dikes. Diabase dikes cut the Towaliga fault ( A ; Woodbury 7.5-min quadrangle) and are truncated and possibly offset by the Towaliga fault ( B ; Stewart 7.5-min quadrangle). Note the offset
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 September 1987
Geology (1987) 15 (9): 832–836.
... not continue southeastward beneath the Pine Mountain belt. Rather, these reflections terminate abruptly on the north side of the belt, along the downdip projection of the Towaliga fault. This observation is difficult to reconcile with the basement duplex interpretation traditionally applied to the Pine...
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 October 1985
Geology (1985) 13 (10): 714–718.
... Piedmont probably marks the southern Appalachian detachment. The detachment appears to be cut off by the Towaliga fault, implying that the Towaliga fault is in part a down-to-the-north normal fault. Intermittent Moho reflections occur at 11–12-s two-way time along the length of the COCORP survey...
Series: GSA Special Papers
Published: 01 January 1988
DOI: 10.1130/SPE222-p185
... the Alleghanian. Early prethermal peak thrusts formed in the crystalline core, then were subsequently thermally overprinted and annealed. Thrusts that formed late in a metamorphic-deformational sequence have maintained a planar geometry. Many of these thrusts, such as the Brevard and Towaliga faults, were later...
Journal Article
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 01 June 2013
Geosphere (2013) 9 (3): 647–666.
..., cataclastic faults (Mesozoic?) characterized by intense quartz veining. These brittle faults resemble those in other parts of the Blue Ridge, Inner Piedmont, and Pine Mountain terrane and, together with the Goodwater-Enitachopco and Towaliga faults, they appear to form a broad graben-like structure across...
FIGURES
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Synoptic diagram illustrating thermochronological constraints along the general profile shown in Figure 1. Horizontal axis is approximate geographic position. Vertical axis is mega-annum (Ma–million years). Legend indicates all are 40Ar/39Ar cooling dates except for the U-Pb date on rutile; general closing temperatures are presented parenthetically. Abbreviations are as in Figure 1 (CPO—Coastal Plain onlap; TFZ—Towaliga fault zone; TF—Towaliga fault). Data are ours and from Steltenpohl and Kunk (1993), Steltenpohl et al. (2004b), and McClellan et al. (2007).
Published: 01 June 2013
on rutile; general closing temperatures are presented parenthetically. Abbreviations are as in Figure 1 (CPO—Coastal Plain onlap; TFZ—Towaliga fault zone; TF—Towaliga fault). Data are ours and from Steltenpohl and Kunk (1993) , Steltenpohl et al. (2004b) , and McClellan et al. (2007) .
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Figure 2. Three principal hypotheses on the structure of the Pine Mountain window that differ according to the position of the master Appalachian décollement beneath the window. (A) The décollement is normal faulted and exhumed above the window (Nelson et al., 1987). (B) The décollement passes at depth smoothly beneath the window with some offset beneath the Towaliga fault (Hooper and Hatcher, 1988). (C) The décollement is presently at or just below the surface and is represented by the Box Ankle fault (West et al., 1995). See text and respective cited papers for further explanation. Abbreviations in this and subsequent figures are SL—sea level; TF—Towaliga fault; SF—Shiloh fault; BFF—Barletts Ferry fault; GRF—Goat Rock fault; BAF—Box Ankle fault; DCF—Dean Creek fault. In this and subsequent figures, “⊗” and “⊚” symbols indicate away and toward strik-slip fault motion, respectively.
Published: 01 May 2005
at depth smoothly beneath the window with some offset beneath the Towaliga fault ( Hooper and Hatcher, 1988 ). (C) The décollement is presently at or just below the surface and is represented by the Box Ankle fault ( West et al., 1995 ). See text and respective cited papers for further explanation
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 April 1988
Geology (1988) 16 (4): 307–310.
... is truncated to the south by the younger pre-thermal peak Goat Rock fault, and to the north by the even younger post-thermal peak Towaliga fault. The three faults framing the eastern termination of the window are clearly neither (1) part of the same detachment nor (2) part of the Appalachian detachment...
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Figure 3. Original final coherency, filtered unmigrated COCORP Atlas section of Georgia line 15 from Nelson (1988) with annotation added. Abbreviations for this and subsequent figures: V.E., vertical exaggeration; CMP—common mid-point; TF—Towaliga fault; GRF—Goat Rock fault.
Published: 01 May 2005
Figure 3. Original final coherency, filtered unmigrated COCORP Atlas section of Georgia line 15 from Nelson (1988) with annotation added. Abbreviations for this and subsequent figures: V.E., vertical exaggeration; CMP—common mid-point; TF—Towaliga fault; GRF—Goat Rock fault.
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MDR and MI profiles along profile BB′: (a) gravity (dotted) and magnetic (solid) anomalies; (b) field intensities of the gradient of the gravity anomaly (dotted) and magnetic field (solid); (c) apparent MDR; (d) apparent MI; (e) major geological structures. MIL and TOW label Middleton-Lowndesville and Towaliga fault zones.
Published: 01 January 2004
-Lowndesville and Towaliga fault zones.
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Figure 10. Simplified interpretive drawing through the southern Appalachians in western Georgia based on COCORP deep seismic reflection profiles of Georgia lines 10–15 and Florida line 1 (see Fig. 1A) (modified from McBride and Nelson, 1991). MAD—master Appalachian décollement; TF—Towaliga fault; OF—Ocmulgee fault. Dipping fault or shear zone is based on dipping reflection zone observed on Georgia lines 13 and 14 (Fig. 1A).
Published: 01 May 2005
Figure 10. Simplified interpretive drawing through the southern Appalachians in western Georgia based on COCORP deep seismic reflection profiles of Georgia lines 10–15 and Florida line 1 (see Fig. 1A ) (modified from McBride and Nelson, 1991 ). MAD—master Appalachian décollement; TF—Towaliga
Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2005
GSA Bulletin (2005) 117 (5-6): 669–686.
... at depth smoothly beneath the window with some offset beneath the Towaliga fault ( Hooper and Hatcher, 1988 ). (C) The décollement is presently at or just below the surface and is represented by the Box Ankle fault ( West et al., 1995 ). See text and respective cited papers for further explanation...
FIGURES
First thumbnail for: Integrating seismic reflection and geological data...
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A, Index map of the southern Appalachian orogen illustrating the location of the Inner Piedmont and major physiographic subdivisions. PMW, Pine Mountain window. B, Simplified lithotectonic map (modified from Hatcher et al. 2007) showing the geographic extent of the Towaliga fault. Location of study area at the northeast end of the Pine Mountain window is outlined (shown in greater detail in fig. 3).
Published: 01 January 2013
Figure 2. A , Index map of the southern Appalachian orogen illustrating the location of the Inner Piedmont and major physiographic subdivisions. PMW, Pine Mountain window. B , Simplified lithotectonic map (modified from Hatcher et al. 2007 ) showing the geographic extent of the Towaliga fault
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A, Block diagram illustrating dilational step-over at Barnes Mountain along the 035-trending segment of the Towaliga fault with representative strain ellipsoid. Inferred maximum shortening direction based on Andersonian theory would be from ∼005. B, Orientation of (extension?) veins measured at Barnes Mountain. Note the cluster striking ∼005–185, which corresponds to the interpreted principal shortening direction.
Published: 01 January 2013
Figure 8. A , Block diagram illustrating dilational step-over at Barnes Mountain along the 035-trending segment of the Towaliga fault with representative strain ellipsoid. Inferred maximum shortening direction based on Andersonian theory would be from ∼005. B , Orientation of (extension?) veins
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Block diagrams (northwest is to the left) illustrating hypothetical scenarios for the evolution of extensional and select contractional faults as framed temporally around movement along the southern Appalachian master décollement (SAMD). Red lines indicate active faults. ACFZ—Alexander City fault zone; GEF—Goodwater-Enitachopco fault; HLF—Hollins Line fault; PMW—Pine Mountain window; TF—Towaliga fault. (A) Post-SAMD. Triassic–Jurassic rifting of Pangea. (B) Syn-SAMD to post-SAMD. Permian–Triassic collapse of the Alleghanian orogen. The double barbed symbols along the SAMD imply combinations of contraction and extension (see text). (C) Pre-SAMD. Late Carboniferous–Early Permian extension.
Published: 01 June 2013
City fault zone; GEF—Goodwater-Enitachopco fault; HLF—Hollins Line fault; PMW—Pine Mountain window; TF—Towaliga fault. (A) Post-SAMD. Triassic–Jurassic rifting of Pangea. (B) Syn-SAMD to post-SAMD. Permian–Triassic collapse of the Alleghanian orogen. The double barbed symbols along the SAMD imply
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Tectonic map of the southern Appalachians (modified from Steltenpohl et al., 2013), also showing location of some major gold producers in the Carolina superterrane of South Carolina. Abbreviations: ACFZ = Alexander City fault zone, CF = Chattahoochee fault, CPS = central Piedmont suture, E&amp;WBR = eastern and western Blue Ridge, GE = Goodwater-Enitachopco fault, GR/BF FZ = Goat Rock/Bartletts Ferry fault zone, GS = Great Smoky thrust, HF = Hayesville-Fries fault, HL = Hollins Line fault, IP = Inner Piedmont, MZ = Modoc zone, PMW = Pine Mountain window, SWL = Stonewall Line shear zone, TC = Talladega-Cartersville fault, TF = Towaliga fault.
Published: 01 July 2013
shear zone, TC = Talladega-Cartersville fault, TF = Towaliga fault.