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Totschunda Fault

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Journal Article

Seismicity of the Denali-Totschunda Fault Zone in Central Alaska (1912–1988) and Its Relation to the 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake Sequence Available to Purchase

Diane I. Doser
Published: 01 December 2004
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2004) 94 (6B): S132–S144.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040611
... in the region north of the Denali fault. They noted that seismicity is scarce between the Totschunda fault and the belt of reverse faults that splays southwestward off the Denali fault west of 146° W, suggesting that the crust is behaving rigidly and effectively transferring compression onto the Denali fault...
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View PDF for article title, Seismicity of the Denali-<span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> Zone in Central Alaska (1912–1988) and Its Relation to the 2002 Denali <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> Earthquake Sequence
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Journal Article

Stitch in the ditch: Nutzotin Mountains (Alaska) fluvial strata and a dike record ca. 117–114 Ma accretion of Wrangellia with western North America and initiation of the Totschunda fault Open Access

Jeffrey M. Trop, Jeffrey A. Benowitz, Donald Q. Koepp, David Sunderlin, Matthew E. Brueseke, Paul W. Layer, Paul G. Fitzgerald
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 21 November 2019
Geosphere (2020) 16 (1): 82–110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02127.1
... geochronologic data from a dike injected into the Totschunda fault zone, which provides constraints on the timing of intra–suture zone basinal deformation. The Beaver Lake formation is an important sedimentary succession in the northwestern Cordillera because it provides an exceptionally rare stratigraphic...
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View PDF for article title, Stitch in the ditch: Nutzotin Mountains (Alaska) fluvial strata and a dike record ca. 117–114 Ma accretion of Wrangellia with western North America and initiation of the <span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">fault</span>
Add to Citation Manager for Stitch in the ditch: Nutzotin Mountains (Alaska) fluvial strata and a dike record ca. 117–114 Ma accretion of Wrangellia with western North America and initiation of the <span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">fault</span>
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article

Relative Source Time Function Studies of Earthquakes along the Denali–Totschunda Fault System Available to Purchase

Christian R. Escudero, Diane I. Doser
Published: 05 November 2013
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2013) 103 (6): 3094–3103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130021
... Universidad 203, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco 48280, México. The oblique motion of the North American and Pacific plates and the inland interaction with Yakutat microplate cause strike‐slip motion along the Denali and Totschunda faults. The 2002 Denali earthquake sequence represents the largest...
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View PDF for article title, Relative Source Time Function Studies of Earthquakes along the Denali–<span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> System
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Journal Article

Dynamic Slip Transfer from the Denali to Totschunda Faults, Alaska: Testing Theory for Fault Branching Available to Purchase

Harsha S. Bhat, Renata Dmowska, James R. Rice, Nobuki Kame
Published: 01 December 2004
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2004) 94 (6B): S202–S213.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040601
...Harsha S. Bhat; Renata Dmowska; James R. Rice; Nobuki Kame Abstract We analyze the observed dynamic slip transfer from the Denali to Totschunda faults during the M w 7.9 3 November 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska. This study adopts the theory and methodology of Poliakov et al. (2002) and Kame...
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View PDF for article title, Dynamic Slip Transfer from the Denali to <span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">Faults</span>, Alaska: Testing Theory for <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> Branching
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Add to Citation Manager for Dynamic Slip Transfer from the Denali to <span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">Faults</span>, Alaska: Testing Theory for <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> Branching
Journal Article

Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Denali and Totschunda Faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 Earthquake, Alaska Available to Purchase

Peter J. Haeussler, David P. Schwartz, Timothy E. Dawson, Heidi D. Stenner, James J. Lienkaemper, Brian Sherrod, Francesca R. Cinti, Paola Montone, Patricia A. Craw, Anthony J. Crone, Stephen F. Personius
Published: 01 December 2004
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2004) 94 (6B): S23–S52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040626
... rupture on the Susitna Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda faults. The rupture proceeded from west to east and began with a 48-km-long break on the previously unknown Susitna Glacier thrust fault. Slip on this thrust averaged about 4 m (Crone et al. , 2004) . Next came the principal surface break, along 226...
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View PDF for article title, Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Denali and <span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">Faults</span> in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 Earthquake, Alaska
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Add to Citation Manager for Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Denali and <span class="search-highlight">Totschunda</span> <span class="search-highlight">Faults</span> in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 Earthquake, Alaska
Image
Map of the simplified fault geometry of the Totschunda fault–Denali fault system intersection. The solid black lines illustrate the straight section approximations for the central Denali fault (CDF), eastern Denali fault (EDF), and the Totschunda fault (TF) used in the relative velocity analysis (shown below the maps). The thin blue line on the maps is the 2002 Denali fault earthquake sequence rupture as mapped by Haeussler (2009), and it illustrates that the straight segment approximations are representative of the fault trace. These line segment orientations were used to construct the model geometry of the relative velocity diagram, with gray lines representing fault orientations, black lines representing slip rates for strike-slip faults, the red arrow illustrating the orientation and rate of shortening required by a lack of closure, and the blue line representing the predicted motion of the Southern Alaska block relative to stable North America. Base map topography shows higher elevations in darker grays to illustrate the localization of higher topography between the active thrust faults and the central Denali fault. White dots indicate the locations of slip rate determinations from Matmon et al. (2006) and Mériaux et al. (2009). NAe—North America–east (approximation of stable North America), NAw—North America–west (crust north of the Denali and west of the Totschunda–Denali fault triple junction), SA—Southern Alaska block, T—Totschunda block. Map projection is based on NAD83 UTM.

Map of the simplified fault geometry of the Totschunda fault–Denali fault s... Open Access

Published: 01 June 2015
Figure 6. Map of the simplified fault geometry of the Totschunda fault–Denali fault system intersection. The solid black lines illustrate the straight section approximations for the central Denali fault (CDF), eastern Denali fault (EDF), and the Totschunda fault (TF) used in the relative velocity
Image
Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; νr = 0.8 cs. Slip-velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected on the Denali fault. Totschunda fault begins at 5X/R0 = 108.

Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 8. Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ν r = 0.8 c s . Slip-velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected on the Denali fault. Totschunda fault begins at 5 X/R 0 = 108.
Image
Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; νr = 0.9 cs. Slip-velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 10X/R0 = 380.

Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 9. Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ν r = 0.9 c s . Slip-velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 10 X/R 0 = 380.
Image
Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; νr = 1.4 cs. Slip-velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 10X/R0 = 104.

Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 11. Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ν r = 1.4 c s . Slip-velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 10 X / R 0 = 104.
Image
Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 80°; νr = 0.87 cs case. Slip velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 10X/R0 = 414.

Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 80°; ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 10. Slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 80°; ν r = 0.87 c s case. Slip velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 10 X / R 0 = 414.
Image
Shear and yield stress at the Denali/Totschunda fault intersection at the time of rupture nucleation on the Totschunda fault. Note that, although the shear stress has increased on the Totschunda fault, the yield stress has decreased by an equivalent amount because of a decrease in normal stress coincident with the increase in shear stress.

Shear and yield stress at the Denali/Totschunda fault intersection at the t... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 18. Shear and yield stress at the Denali/Totschunda fault intersection at the time of rupture nucleation on the Totschunda fault. Note that, although the shear stress has increased on the Totschunda fault, the yield stress has decreased by an equivalent amount because of a decrease
Image
Rupture characteristics and segmentation of the Denali‐Totschunda fault system. (a) Intersection elements that are interpreted to control the propagation of the 2002 fault rupture from the central Denali to the Totschunda fault. These include: (1) direct connectivity of the two faults; (2) the timing (in red in years before 2002) of the most recent pre‐2002 rupture on each (rupture dates were obtained from paleoseismic sites TSP and PB); (3) fault slip rates (italics, mm/yr); and (4) the estimated accumulated slip (underlined) at the time of the 2002 rupture. Blue squares are slip‐rate sites. Arrow is direction of rupture propagation. Numbered ticks along fault are distances (km) east of the 2002 epicenter. Values shown along fault (black bold) are measured surface offsets from 2002; (inset) 2002 slip distribution profile across branch point. Modified from Schwartz et al. (2012); (b) segmentation model of the Denali fault and 2002 rupture. Background map shows Denali fault segments interpreted by Plafker et al. (1977). Circled letters identify segments defined by changes in geomorphic expression of recency of rupture. Arrow points to boundary between segments G and F, which was the epicenter of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake. Segment G was interpreted (Plafker et al., 1977) to have more recent faulting than segment F, which was the primary strike‐slip rupture in 2002. (Inset) G–F segment boundaries and extent of 2002 rupture (red fault trace and blue arrows) (modified from Schwartz et al., 2012).

Rupture characteristics and segmentation of the Denali‐Totschunda fault sys... Available to Purchase

Published: 24 July 2018
Figure 6. Rupture characteristics and segmentation of the Denali‐Totschunda fault system. (a) Intersection elements that are interpreted to control the propagation of the 2002 fault rupture from the central Denali to the Totschunda fault. These include: (1) direct connectivity of the two faults
Image
Snapshots of shear and yield stress near the Denali/Totschunda fault junction (216 km along strike) along the dashed line in Figure 12. Dashed lines correspond to the original (t = 0) stress distribution. At t = 50.6 sec, there is a large stress buildup ahead of the crack tip on the Denali fault. At t = 52.9 sec, the stress buildup reaches the Totschunda fault and nucleates slip on this segment. At t = 55.1 sec, the rupture front has completed its jump to the Totschunda fault, whereas the former rupture front is still approaching the junction from the left.

Snapshots of shear and yield stress near the Denali/Totschunda fault juncti... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 17. Snapshots of shear and yield stress near the Denali/Totschunda fault junction (216 km along strike) along the dashed line in Figure 12 . Dashed lines correspond to the original ( t = 0) stress distribution. At t = 50.6 sec, there is a large stress buildup ahead of the crack tip
Image
Photographs of features of the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on land” (i.e., not on glaciers). (A) View of the Denali fault rupture at the pass west of the Delta River (km 89). Steep walls at the bottom of the fissure are permafrost. These walls had degraded significantly by July 2003. View is toward the west. (B) Overthrusting of frozen river gravels at Cooper Creek at the southeastern end of the Totschunda fault, at km 297. (C) Left-stepping, en echelon Riedel shears in snow along the Denali fault indicate right-lateral shear. Aerial view to the east, at about km 78, on the west side of Augustana Pass. (D) Aerial view of large sag pond in the transfer zone between the Denali and Totschunda faults at km 235.5. White dashed line shows locations of fault traces. (E) Aerial view of multiple offset gullies near Augustana Pass (km 80). Arrows point along fault trace, and the view is to the north. (F) The Denali fault trace on the west side of Gillett Pass dips about 76° to the west, at about km 178. (G) Aerial view of the narrow Denali fault rupture in the Slate Creek area, at about km 143. Arrows point along fault trace. (H) Aerial view of long-term offset of about 170 m of linear moraine edge (black arrows) along the Denali fault (white arrows), at km 153. (I) Aerial view to the west of ground cracks along part of the Denali fault scarp 18 km west of the 2002 epicenter. The cracks end at the extent shown in the photograph and lie along the pre-existing scarp. The block at the bottom right side (the north side) slid downhill as indicated by the extensional cracks. (J) View of discontinuous ground cracks from the ground. These two cracks, at km −4.6, lie along the Denali fault scarp, are approximately 7 m long, and had about 4 cm displacement in the downslope direction.

Photographs of features of the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 3. Photographs of features of the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on land” (i.e., not on glaciers). (A) View of the Denali fault rupture at the pass west of the Delta River (km 89). Steep walls at the bottom of the fissure are permafrost. These walls had degraded significantly
Image
Plot of slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; νr = 0.6 cs. Slip velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 5X/R0 = 58. νr, cs, R0, μ, ν, , and cp represent the rupture velocity near the branching point, the S-wave speed of the medium, the size of the slip-weakening zone, the shear modulus of the medium, the slip velocity, the initial normal compressive stress, and the P-wave velocity of the medium, respectively.

Plot of slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 7. Plot of slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ν r = 0.6 c s . Slip velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 5 X/R 0 = 58. ν r , c s , R 0 , μ , ν , , and c p
Image
Variation of the rupture velocity along the Denali and the Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; νr = 0.6 cs and Ψ = 70°; νr = 0.9 cs cases. νr, cs, R0, and cp represent the rupture velocity near the branching point, the S-wave speed of the medium, the size of the slip-weakening zone, and the P-wave velocity of the medium, respectively. The rupture velocity is determined using the time required to advance three spatial cells, hence possible values of the rupture velocity are quantized.

Variation of the rupture velocity along the Denali and the Totschunda fault... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 12. Variation of the rupture velocity along the Denali and the Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ν r = 0.6 c s and Ψ = 70°; ν r = 0.9 c s cases. ν r , c s , R 0 , and c p represent the rupture velocity near the branching point, the S -wave speed of the medium
Image
Photographs of features along the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on glaciers” (i.e., propagated through glacier ice). (A) Aerial view westward of the Denali fault trace along the northern margin of the Canwell Glacier, at about km 100, 3 November 2002. (B) Aerial view in November 2002 of complex fault rupture in the Gakona Glacier at about km 133. Note numerous Riedel shears that are nearly perpendicular to snow-filled crevasses. It was not possible to find features to measure across fault traces like this in November 2002. (C) Aerial view of offset crevasses in the Chistochina Glacier at km 147.7 in July 2003. Arrows point along fault trace, which is linear and narrow across this glacier. Close-up of prominent offset crevasse in the photo’s center is shown in D. (D) Offset crevasse (4.6 ± 0.1 m lateral, 0.3 ± 0.05 m vertical displacement) in the Chistochina Glacier, km 147.7, July 2003. Arrows point along fault trace. (E) Aerial view to the east in November 2002 of fault trace (between arrows) crossing a narrow glacier with ogives (ice waves perpendicular to flow direction), at about km 140. Note that the fault trace includes strands parallel to the ogive bands and others nearly perpendicular to the bands that connected the two. This demonstrates the influence of the ice fabric on the surface trace. (F) Aerial view in November 2002 of ice and snow that was apparently exhaled from the adjacent crevasse during the earthquake. Location is near the intersection of the Susitna Glacier and Denali fault at about km 29. Width of debris on glacier is approximately 15 m.

Photographs of features along the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, wher... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 4. Photographs of features along the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on glaciers” (i.e., propagated through glacier ice). (A) Aerial view westward of the Denali fault trace along the northern margin of the Canwell Glacier, at about km 100, 3 November 2002. (B) Aerial view
Image
Photographs of features along the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on glaciers” (i.e., propagated through glacier ice). (A) Aerial view westward of the Denali fault trace along the northern margin of the Canwell Glacier, at about km 100, 3 November 2002. (B) Aerial view in November 2002 of complex fault rupture in the Gakona Glacier at about km 133. Note numerous Riedel shears that are nearly perpendicular to snow-filled crevasses. It was not possible to find features to measure across fault traces like this in November 2002. (C) Aerial view of offset crevasses in the Chistochina Glacier at km 147.7 in July 2003. Arrows point along fault trace, which is linear and narrow across this glacier. Close-up of prominent offset crevasse in the photo’s center is shown in D. (D) Offset crevasse (4.6 ± 0.1 m lateral, 0.3 ± 0.05 m vertical displacement) in the Chistochina Glacier, km 147.7, July 2003. Arrows point along fault trace. (E) Aerial view to the east in November 2002 of fault trace (between arrows) crossing a narrow glacier with ogives (ice waves perpendicular to flow direction), at about km 140. Note that the fault trace includes strands parallel to the ogive bands and others nearly perpendicular to the bands that connected the two. This demonstrates the influence of the ice fabric on the surface trace. (F) Aerial view in November 2002 of ice and snow that was apparently exhaled from the adjacent crevasse during the earthquake. Location is near the intersection of the Susitna Glacier and Denali fault at about km 29. Width of debris on glacier is approximately 15 m.

Photographs of features along the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, wher... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 4. Photographs of features along the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on glaciers” (i.e., propagated through glacier ice). (A) Aerial view westward of the Denali fault trace along the northern margin of the Canwell Glacier, at about km 100, 3 November 2002. (B) Aerial view
Image
Plot of slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; νr = 0.6 cs. Slip velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 5X/R0 = 58. νr, cs, R0, μ, ν, , and cp represent the rupture velocity near the branching point, the S-wave speed of the medium, the size of the slip-weakening zone, the shear modulus of the medium, the slip velocity, the initial normal compressive stress, and the P-wave velocity of the medium, respectively.

Plot of slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 7. Plot of slip velocity along the Denali and Totschunda fault segments for Ψ = 70°; ν r = 0.6 c s . Slip velocity variation along the Totschunda fault is projected onto the Denali fault. The Totschunda fault begins at 5 X/R 0 = 58. ν r , c s , R 0 , μ , ν , , and c p
Image
Photographs of features of the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on land” (i.e., not on glaciers). (A) View of the Denali fault rupture at the pass west of the Delta River (km 89). Steep walls at the bottom of the fissure are permafrost. These walls had degraded significantly by July 2003. View is toward the west. (B) Overthrusting of frozen river gravels at Cooper Creek at the southeastern end of the Totschunda fault, at km 297. (C) Left-stepping, en echelon Riedel shears in snow along the Denali fault indicate right-lateral shear. Aerial view to the east, at about km 78, on the west side of Augustana Pass. (D) Aerial view of large sag pond in the transfer zone between the Denali and Totschunda faults at km 235.5. White dashed line shows locations of fault traces. (E) Aerial view of multiple offset gullies near Augustana Pass (km 80). Arrows point along fault trace, and the view is to the north. (F) The Denali fault trace on the west side of Gillett Pass dips about 76° to the west, at about km 178. (G) Aerial view of the narrow Denali fault rupture in the Slate Creek area, at about km 143. Arrows point along fault trace. (H) Aerial view of long-term offset of about 170 m of linear moraine edge (black arrows) along the Denali fault (white arrows), at km 153. (I) Aerial view to the west of ground cracks along part of the Denali fault scarp 18 km west of the 2002 epicenter. The cracks end at the extent shown in the photograph and lie along the pre-existing scarp. The block at the bottom right side (the north side) slid downhill as indicated by the extensional cracks. (J) View of discontinuous ground cracks from the ground. These two cracks, at km −4.6, lie along the Denali fault scarp, are approximately 7 m long, and had about 4 cm displacement in the downslope direction.

Photographs of features of the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2004
Figure 3. Photographs of features of the Denali and Totschunda fault rupture, where “on land” (i.e., not on glaciers). (A) View of the Denali fault rupture at the pass west of the Delta River (km 89). Steep walls at the bottom of the fissure are permafrost. These walls had degraded significantly