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![Simplified stratigraphy for the Thanet Sand Formation and Lambeth Group. The depositional sequences follow the interpretation by Knox (1996) of the early Palaeogene succession of southeast England. PETM = Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.]()
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![Piezometric amplitude v. distance from River Thames. RTD, River Terrace Deposits; chalk, Chalk Group; UF/TS, Upnor Formation/Thanet Sand Formation.]()
![Neutron porosity and density (Dn) borehole geophysical logs for five boreholes in east London separated by 7 km. The upper part of the logs (pale yellow) is in the Palaeogene Thanet Sands Formation and the lower part is in the Seaford Chalk Formation.]()
![Farringdon Station geology (Davis & Duarte 2015). MG, made ground; RTD, River Terrace deposits; LG, Lambeth Group; UMB, Upper Mottled Beds; LMB, Lower Mottled Beds; LB, Laminated Beds; LSB, Lower Shelley Beds; UF, Upnor Formation; TS, Thanet Sand Formation.]()
![Representative XRD traces of typical clay mineral assemblages from the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene (a) Ormesby Clay Formation, (b) Thanet Sand Formation, (c) Upnor Formation, (d) Woolwich Formation, (e) Reading Formation, (f) Harwich Formation. S = smectite, I = illite, K = kaolin, C = chlorite, HC = heulandite-clinoptilolite, Q = quartz.]()
![(a) BSEM image showing the fracturing of granules that occurs during glaucony evolution (arrows). This indicates in situ evolution of the granules because reworking would disperse the fragments. Scale bar = 500 µm. (b) BSEM image of nascent glaucony (NG) from the Thanet Sand Formation. Relict crystalline textures suggest that the glaucony has replaced a volcanic rock fragment. Scale bar = 50 µm.]()
![Three-dimensional geological map of London (UK) viewed looking from the west across London towards the Thames estuary in the east. For detailed discussion, see Royse et al. (2012) and Mathers et al. (2014). From depth to surface, the Chalk Group (dark green) is overlain by the Thanet Sand Formation (dark blue), the sands, silts and clays of the Lambeth Group (orange), and the London Clay Formation (beige). The other coloured overlays (pink, yellow, tan, and brown) are various clay and gravel formations and glaciofluvial deposits. Reproduced with the permission of the British Geological Survey ©NERC; all rights reserved]()
![XRD traces; vertical scales are counts per second. (a) <2 µm fraction of glaucony pellets from Shadwell 1. This is a typical suite of traces for the Upnor Formation glaucony. The 1 nm reflections are broad indicating poor crystallinity or small crystallite size; (b) XRD traces for the <2 µm fraction of glaucony pellets from the Thanet Sand Formation, sample Shadwell 9; (c) XRD trace of magnetically separated glaucony from weathered sample Vauxhall A2. The pellets were disaggregated and ground very gently prior to scanning.]()
![UF, Upnor Formation; TS, Thanet Sand; CK, Chalk; GWL, groundwater level.]()
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![(a) Particle size distribution plot for the sand channel and Laminated Beds in the Upper Lambeth Group. Less than 10% clay fines were recorded in the channel sand, contrasting with as much as 30% within the top of the Laminated Beds, although decreasing to generally 8–15% in the fine sand and silt above the Lower Shelly Clay. (b) Particle size distribution plot for the Upnor and Thanet formations. A large envelope exists for the Upnor Formation, reflecting the wide range in grades from coarse gravel in the Pebble Bed to clayey fine sand within the Upnor sand. This is in contrast to the very narrow envelope for the Thanet Sand, which is composed almost entirely of silt and fine sand. (c) Particle size distribution plot comparing the sand channel and top 2 m of the Thanet Formation. A slightly wider envelope is apparent for the sand channel, which incorporates mainly fine and medium fractions of sand compared to the mainly fine sand within the Thanet Formation.]()
![Collected resistivity data plus porosity and saturation. (a) topsoil; (b) non-calcareous brickearth; (c) calcareous brickearth; (d) sandy brickearth with flint clasts; (e) sand (Thanet Formation); (f) sand with flint gravel and cobbles (Thanet Formation).]()
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Thanet Sand Formation
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Image
Simplified stratigraphy for the Thanet Sand Formation and Lambeth Group. Th... Available to Purchase
in Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of warm-water, shallow-marine glaucony from the Tertiary of the London Basin
> Clay Minerals
Published: 01 March 2017
Fig. 2. Simplified stratigraphy for the Thanet Sand Formation and Lambeth Group. The depositional sequences follow the interpretation by Knox (1996) of the early Palaeogene succession of southeast England. PETM = Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.
Journal Article
Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of warm-water, shallow-marine glaucony from the Tertiary of the London Basin Available to Purchase
Journal: Clay Minerals
Published: 01 March 2017
Clay Minerals (2017) 52 (1): 25–50.
...Fig. 2. Simplified stratigraphy for the Thanet Sand Formation and Lambeth Group. The depositional sequences follow the interpretation by Knox (1996) of the early Palaeogene succession of southeast England. PETM = Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ...
FIGURES
Book Chapter
Magnetostratigraphy of Upper Paleocene Through Lower Middle Eocene Strata of Northwest Europe Available to Purchase
Series: SEPM Special Publication
Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 January 1995
DOI: 10.2110/pec.95.04.0275
EISBN: 9781565760912
... Abstract Ormesby Clay Formation mudstones in eastern Norfolk are the oldest upper Paleocene deposits (Chron C26r) of southern England. The base of the type Thanet Sand Formation (= start of the Thanetian Stage) is approximately 0.65 my younger (C26n). C25n is missing from the stratigraphic...
Journal Article
The impact of adverse geological conditions on the design and construction of the Thames Water Ring Main in Greater London, UK Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 01 February 2009
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2009) 42 (1): 5–20.
..., the tunnel alignment was unable to avoid the lower Palaeogene deposits of the Lambeth Group, and Thanet Sand Formation, as well as the underlying Chalk. These deposits were found to contain hazardous features, such as sand-filled channels, sub-artesian groundwater and hard ground, complicated further...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Development of the ground model for the Clay-with-flints Formation: adventures in geological boundaries Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 09 September 2020
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2021) 54 (2): qjegh2020-024.
... Formation to Woolwich Formation) and the increasing presence of Thanet Sand Formation along the North Downs, east of approximately Leatherhead). The resulting ground model requires detailed knowledge of the microstructures of the chalk, the facies variation of Paleocene and Pliocene deposits, and temperate...
FIGURES
Image
Piezometric amplitude v. distance from River Thames. RTD, River Terrace Dep... Available to Purchase
in Regional-scale groundwater investigations for the Crossrail project
> Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
Published: 15 January 2018
Fig. 6. Piezometric amplitude v. distance from River Thames. RTD, River Terrace Deposits; chalk, Chalk Group; UF/TS, Upnor Formation/Thanet Sand Formation.
Image
Neutron porosity and density (Dn) borehole geophysical logs for five boreho... Available to Purchase
in Chalk: its stratigraphy, structure and engineering geology in east London and the Thames Gateway
> Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
Published: 01 November 2011
Fig. 15 Neutron porosity and density (Dn) borehole geophysical logs for five boreholes in east London separated by 7 km. The upper part of the logs (pale yellow) is in the Palaeogene Thanet Sands Formation and the lower part is in the Seaford Chalk Formation.
Image
Farringdon Station geology ( Davis & Duarte 2015 ). MG, made ground; RT... Available to Purchase
in The role of risk and assumption in the engineering geology of Crossrail
> Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
Published: 15 May 2019
Fig. 7. Farringdon Station geology ( Davis & Duarte 2015 ). MG, made ground; RTD, River Terrace deposits; LG, Lambeth Group; UMB, Upper Mottled Beds; LMB, Lower Mottled Beds; LB, Laminated Beds; LSB, Lower Shelley Beds; UF, Upnor Formation; TS, Thanet Sand Formation.
Image
Representative XRD traces of typical clay mineral assemblages from the Late... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 March 2006
F ig . 10. Representative XRD traces of typical clay mineral assemblages from the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene (a) Ormesby Clay Formation, (b) Thanet Sand Formation, (c) Upnor Formation, (d) Woolwich Formation, (e) Reading Formation, (f) Harwich Formation. S = smectite, I = illite, K = kaolin
Image
(a) BSEM image showing the fracturing of granules that occurs during glauco... Available to Purchase
in Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of warm-water, shallow-marine glaucony from the Tertiary of the London Basin
> Clay Minerals
Published: 01 March 2017
Fig. 4. (a) BSEM image showing the fracturing of granules that occurs during glaucony evolution (arrows). This indicates in situ evolution of the granules because reworking would disperse the fragments. Scale bar = 500 µm. (b) BSEM image of nascent glaucony (NG) from the Thanet Sand Formation
Image
Three-dimensional geological map of London (UK) viewed looking from the wes... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 August 2015
by the Thanet Sand Formation (dark blue), the sands, silts and clays of the Lambeth Group (orange), and the London Clay Formation (beige). The other coloured overlays (pink, yellow, tan, and brown) are various clay and gravel formations and glaciofluvial deposits. R eproduced with the permission of the B
Image
XRD traces; vertical scales are counts per second. (a) <2 µm fraction of... Available to Purchase
in Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of warm-water, shallow-marine glaucony from the Tertiary of the London Basin
> Clay Minerals
Published: 01 March 2017
for the <2 µm fraction of glaucony pellets from the Thanet Sand Formation, sample Shadwell 9; (c) XRD trace of magnetically separated glaucony from weathered sample Vauxhall A2. The pellets were disaggregated and ground very gently prior to scanning.
Image
UF, Upnor Formation; TS, Thanet Sand; CK, Chalk; GWL, groundwater level. Available to Purchase
in Groundwater monitoring of the deep aquifer for the construction phase of the Crossrail project
> Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
Published: 15 January 2018
Fig. 5. UF, Upnor Formation; TS, Thanet Sand; CK, Chalk; GWL, groundwater level.
Journal Article
Sinking a jacked caisson within the London Basin geological sequence for the Thames Water Ring Main extension Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 01 May 2011
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2011) 44 (2): 221–232.
... Yes * Pooling in invert Sump pumping Thanet Sand 40.3 Bullhead Bed Dewatered Seaford Chalk * Borehole installations have indicated that the Upnor Formation is in hydraulic continuity with the underlying deposits. Drawdown during dewatering has been impeded, however...
FIGURES
Image
( a ) Particle size distribution plot for the sand channel and Laminated Be... Available to Purchase
in Jet grouting to new depths in the Lambeth Group and Thanet Formation beneath London
> Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
Published: 05 January 2024
sand and silt above the Lower Shelly Clay. ( b ) Particle size distribution plot for the Upnor and Thanet formations. A large envelope exists for the Upnor Formation, reflecting the wide range in grades from coarse gravel in the Pebble Bed to clayey fine sand within the Upnor sand. This is in contrast
Image
Collected resistivity data plus porosity and saturation. (a) topsoil; (b) n... Available to Purchase
in Electrical resistivity monitoring of a collapsing meta-stable soil
> Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
Published: 01 May 2006
Fig. 1 Collected resistivity data plus porosity and saturation. (a) topsoil; (b) non-calcareous brickearth; (c) calcareous brickearth; (d) sandy brickearth with flint clasts; (e) sand (Thanet Formation); (f) sand with flint gravel and cobbles (Thanet Formation).
Journal Article
Regional-scale groundwater investigations for the Crossrail project Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 15 January 2018
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2018) 51 (1): 31–37.
...Fig. 6. Piezometric amplitude v. distance from River Thames. RTD, River Terrace Deposits; chalk, Chalk Group; UF/TS, Upnor Formation/Thanet Sand Formation. ...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Groundwater monitoring of the deep aquifer for the construction phase of the Crossrail project Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 15 January 2018
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2018) 51 (1): 38–48.
...Fig. 5. UF, Upnor Formation; TS, Thanet Sand; CK, Chalk; GWL, groundwater level. ...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Jet grouting to new depths in the Lambeth Group and Thanet Formation beneath London Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 05 January 2024
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2024) 57 (1): qjegh2023-083.
... sand and silt above the Lower Shelly Clay. ( b ) Particle size distribution plot for the Upnor and Thanet formations. A large envelope exists for the Upnor Formation, reflecting the wide range in grades from coarse gravel in the Pebble Bed to clayey fine sand within the Upnor sand. This is in contrast...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Engineering geology and tunnelling in the Limmo Peninsula, East London Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 13 November 2017
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (2018) 51 (1): 23–30.
... Lambeth Hiatus), Upnor Formation, Thanet Sand and Chalk ( Roberts et al . 2015 ). These tests were crucial for the design of the dewatering of the lower aquifer. Table 2 summarizes the results. Table 1. Units encountered in the boreholes and the range of elevations of the top and base...
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