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![(a,b) LiDAR maps (Haugerud et al., 2003) of the Tacoma fault zone showing the Catfish Lake fold scarps (CL scarp) and trench west of Case Inlet, the location of the kink band (white dashed lines labeled A) imaged on seismic reflection data (Johnson et al., 2004), the terrace surrounding the north end of the inlet, and the track lines for our seismic reflection profiles (thin black lines). Numbers and letters indicate figure numbers that show the indicated features. Location of the Rosedale monocline is from Johnson et al. (2004). WB: Wollochet Bay. (c) Seismic reflection profile from Johnson et al. (2004) showing kink band beneath Case Inlet. Black dots show interpreted base of Quaternary strata. The portion of the profile shown here is the north part of the dashed black line in Figure 2b where the profile crosses the kink band (white dashed lines).]()
![Figure 2. Summary of geological and geophysical evidence along Tacoma fault zone. A: Geographical features referred to in text. B: Map of central Puget Sound showing traces of geophysical anomalies crossing densely populated urban corridor around Seattle and Tacoma. C–F: Geophysical data and locations of geophysical lineaments C, D, E, and G discussed in text. C: Evidence for past earthquakes within region includes deformed shorelines and Holocene fault scarps revealed by lidar mapping within Seattle and Tacoma fault zones. Previously studied scarps: T—Toe Jam fault (Nelson et al., 2002); V—Vasa Park (Sherrod, 2002); W—Waterman Point (Haugerud et al., 2003); S—Saddle Mountain (Wilson et al., 1979). D: Tomographic seismic velocity model at 3 km depth. E: Isostatic gravity map. F: Aeromagnetic map. Base map is modified from Finlayson et al. (2001), and paleoseismic data from Seattle fault zone are summarized from published sources (Atwater and Moore, 1992; Bucknam et al., 1992; Sherrod, 2000)]()
![Figure 3. Digital images of ground surface along Tacoma fault and excavation log across Holocene scarp. A: Digital orthophotograph of study area where lidar mapping revealed several scarps. Dark areas covering most of photograph are dense, second- and third-growth forests of Douglas fir. B: Hill-shaded digital-elevation model of lidar data from same area shown in A. Image is illuminated from azimuth of 315° and 40° above horizon. C: Small-scale lidar image of area within white box shown in B, showing northeast-trending glacial striations and scarp cutting across striations. D: Diagram of trench wall across Catfish Lake scarp]()
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![Figure 4. Summary of coastal evidence for late Holocene offset on Tacoma fault. Coastal sites along Tacoma fault zone with evidence for Holocene land-level change: 1—Lynch Cove; 2—North Bay; 3—Catfish Lake; 4—Burley; 5—Wollochet Bay; 6—Dumas Bay. Black dashed lines on index map show locations of faults in Tacoma and Seattle fault zones. Red areas along faults are known surface ruptures. On right side of figure, qualitative elevation curves (dashed black lines) show abrupt land-level changes between A.D. 800 and 1200. Horizontal color bands behind each curve represent paleoenvironments and are keyed to modern tidal elevations (key at bottom left)]()
![Cross sections illustrating structural models of the Seattle fault zone and its relation to the Tacoma fault zone (from labeled studies); A, B, and C are modified from figures in Kelsey et al. (2008). Models A, B, and D, for the central part of the Seattle fault zone, are partly based on interpretations of north-south seismic reflection profiles east of Bainbridge Island (Fig. 2A), whereas model C is for the eastern part of the fault zone near Lake Washington (Liberty and Pratt, 2008). The main thrust of the Tacoma fault is shown only in model B. Cr—Crescent Formation; Q—Quaternary; T—Tertiary. (A) Scarp-forming backthrusts (marked by scarps such as the IslandWood scarp, the Toe Jam Hill scarp, and the Waterman Point scarp; see Fig. 2A) are antithetic to the blind master-ramp thrust of the Seattle fault. (B) A passive roof thrust soles into the blind master-ramp thrust of the Seattle fault, and scarp-forming backthrusts sole into the roof thrust. (C) Scarp-forming backthrusts are antithetic to steeply dipping splay faults that sole in the blind master-ramp thrust of the Seattle fault. (D) Scarp-forming, flexure-slip, bedding-plane thrust faults root in the active axial surface of a wedge-thrust fold above the blind master-ramp thrust of the Seattle fault. In all models, slip on the scarp-forming thrusts could occur during slip on the master-ramp thrust during large or very large earthquakes. For D, Kelsey et al. (2008) argued that slip on the scarp-forming thrusts also occurs during shallow (<5 km depth) moderate-magnitude earthquakes independent of slip on the master-ramp thrust. Although the Tacoma fault may sole into the master-ramp thrust of the Seattle fault as shown in B, slip on the Tacoma fault does not necessarily occur during slip on the Seattle fault.]()
![(a) Kinematic map of the Cascadia region or northwestern United States showing the study area at the north end of the northward-moving Coast Range block (from Wells et al., 1998). (b) Map of the Puget Lowland showing major faults and exposures of basement rocks. B is Bellingham; V is Victoria; S is Seattle; T is Tacoma; O is Olympia; BB is the Bellingham basin; EB is the Everett basin; SB is the Seattle basin; TB is the Tacoma basin. DMF is the Devil’s Mountain fault; SWIF is the southern Whidbey Island fault; SF is the Seattle fault; TF is the Tacoma fault; CRBF is the Coast Range Boundary fault; OF is the Olympia fault; RMF is the Rattlesnake Mountain fault; KA is the Kingston Arch; SU is the Seattle uplift. Redrawn from Brocher et al. (2001).]()
![(A) Topographic map of northwestern Washington and Vancouver Island. Bold lines are faults modified from Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources (2005). B—Bellingham; E—Everett; S—Seattle; T—Tacoma; O—Olympia; V—Victoria. (B) Isostatic residual gravity anomalies. BB—Bellingham basin; EB—Everett basin; SB—Seattle basin; TB—Tacoma basin; DB—Dewatto basin; DMF—Devils Mountain fault; SPF—Strawberry Point fault; UPF—Utsalady Point fault; SF—Seattle fault; TF—Tacoma fault; SWIF—southern Whidbey Island fault; SMF—Saddle Mountain fault; FCF—Frigid Creek fault; CRF—Canyon River fault; OF—Olympia fault. Dotted line is Hood Canal fault. Blue rectangles indicate areas of Figures 2, 4, and 6.]()
![Simulated tide gauges from the Gorst locality for various tsunami model runs. Seattle fault simulations behave similarly and the Tacoma fault simulations are an order‐of‐magnitude smaller. Parameters for model runs are in Table 3. Seattle–Tacoma simulation made rupturing Seattle NOAA and Tacoma NOAA at the same time. (a) map of the top of fault segments used for simulations. Gorst tide gauge for all figures but (e) located at N47.531°, −122.685° (Fig. 4a). Bremerton tide gauge for (e) at N47.5416°, −122.6685° (Fig. 1). MHHW is 2.5 m higher water level than NAVD88 0. (f) MLW is 1 m below NAVD88 0.]()
![(A) Kinematic model of the Cascadia forearc (simplified from Wells et al., 1998; Wells and Simpson, 2001). Northward migration of the Oregon Coast Range squeezes western Washington against the North American plate, producing faults and earthquakes in the Puget Lowland. Red lines are faults; black arrows show motions of tectonic blocks. (B) Tectonic setting of the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones and the Saddle Mountain deformation zone in the southern Puget Lowland region (modified from Blakely et al., 2009). The Puget Lowland occupies the area within the orange dashed line. Red and green stipples indicate regions of uplift and sedimentary basins, respectively, as defined by gravity anomalies. Holocene or suspected Holocene faults are shown in black. Faults in the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones and the Saddle Mountain deformation zone are shown in red. Basins and regions of uplift: BB—Bellingham basin; EB—Everett basin; KA—Kingston arch; SB—Seattle basin; SU—Seattle uplift; DB—Dewatto basin; TB—Tacoma basin; OU—Olympia uplift. Faults: BCF—Boulder Creek fault; LRF—Leech River fault; DMF—Devil’s Mountain fault; SWIF—southern Whidbey Island fault; RMF—Rattlesnake Mountain fault; SMF—Saddle Mountain faults; CRF—Canyon River fault; FCF—Frigid Creek fault; WRF—White River fault; OF—Olympia fault. (C) Southern Puget Lowland showing the Seattle fault zone, Tacoma fault zone, Saddle Mountain deformation zone, Olympia fault, and related late Holocene fault scarps (base from Finlayson, 2005). Faults (red lines) are inferred from evidence summarized by Brocher et al. (2004), Johnson et al. (2004b), Karel and Liberty (2008), Liberty and Pratt (2008), Witter et al. (2008), Blakely et al. (2009), Clement et al. (2010), and Tabor et al. (2011). Fault scarps (black lines) are as identified on lidar (light detection and ranging) imagery by many investigators (e.g., Harding and Berghoff, 2000; Haugerud and Harding, 2001; Nelson et al., 2002; Haugerud et al., 2003; Sherrod et al., 2004a; Nelson et al., 2008; Witter et al., 2008; Blakely et al., 2009). Colored symbols mark sites with evidence of surface deformation (from Bucknam et al., 1992; Sherrod, 2001; Sherrod et al., 2004a; Tabor et al., 2011; Arcos, 2012): green (inverted triangles)—coseismic subsidence, purple (triangles)—coseismic uplift, blue (circle)—no movement. Faults marked by the Price Lake scarps include the Saddle Mountain East fault (SME) and Saddle Mountain West fault (SMW).]()
![Figure 1. Study area showing generalized location of Seattle uplift and Tacoma basin, infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) sample sites (Mahan et al., 2003), and paleomagnetic sample sites (Hagstrum et al., 2002). Seattle fault zone is few kilometers north of map area. South edge of Seattle uplift corresponds to south edge of Tacoma fault zone as mapped by Sherrod et al. (2004). Coastal deposits older than 780 k.y. were identified from paleomagnetic and IRSL data.]()
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1-20 OF 237 RESULTS FOR
Tacoma Fault
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Journal Article
3D Wave Propagation Simulations of M w 6.5+ Earthquakes on the Tacoma Fault, Washington State, Considering the Effects of Topography, a Geotechnical Gradient, and a Fault Damage Zone
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 06 September 2023
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2023) 113 (6): 2519–2542.
...Ian Stone; Erin A. Wirth; Alex Grant; Arthur D. Frankel ABSTRACT We simulate shaking in Tacoma, Washington, and surrounding areas from M w 6.5 and 7.0 earthquakes on the Tacoma fault. Ground motions are directly modeled up to 2.5 Hz using kinematic, finite‐fault sources; a 3D seismic velocity model...
FIGURES
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Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 January 2004
Geology (2004) 32 (1): 9–12.
... through Tacoma, Washington, bounds the southern and western sides of the Seattle uplift. The northern flank of the Seattle uplift is bounded by a reverse fault beneath Seattle that broke in A.D. 900–930. Observations of tectonic scarps along the Tacoma fault demonstrate that active faulting...
FIGURES
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Image
(a,b) LiDAR maps ( Haugerud et al. , 2003 ) of the Tacoma fault zone showi...
in High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Imaging of Growth Folding and Shallow Faults beneath the Southern Puget Lowland, Washington State
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2010
Figure 2. (a,b) LiDAR maps ( Haugerud et al. , 2003 ) of the Tacoma fault zone showing the Catfish Lake fold scarps (CL scarp) and trench west of Case Inlet, the location of the kink band (white dashed lines labeled A) imaged on seismic reflection data ( Johnson et al. , 2004 ), the terrace
Image
Figure 2. Summary of geological and geophysical evidence along Tacoma fault...
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 2. Summary of geological and geophysical evidence along Tacoma fault zone. A: Geographical features referred to in text. B: Map of central Puget Sound showing traces of geophysical anomalies crossing densely populated urban corridor around Seattle and Tacoma. C–F: Geophysical data
Image
Figure 3. Digital images of ground surface along Tacoma fault and excavatio...
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 3. Digital images of ground surface along Tacoma fault and excavation log across Holocene scarp. A: Digital orthophotograph of study area where lidar mapping revealed several scarps. Dark areas covering most of photograph are dense, second- and third-growth forests of Douglas fir. B: Hill
Journal Article
High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Imaging of Growth Folding and Shallow Faults beneath the Southern Puget Lowland, Washington State
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2010
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2010) 100 (4): 1710–1723.
...Figure 2. (a,b) LiDAR maps ( Haugerud et al. , 2003 ) of the Tacoma fault zone showing the Catfish Lake fold scarps (CL scarp) and trench west of Case Inlet, the location of the kink band (white dashed lines labeled A) imaged on seismic reflection data ( Johnson et al. , 2004 ), the terrace...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
Diverse rupture modes for surface-deforming upper plate earthquakes in the southern Puget Lowland of Washington State
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2014
Geosphere (2014) 10 (4): 769–796.
..., backthrusts of the Seattle fault zone may slip during moderate to large earthquakes every few hundred years for periods of 1000–2000 yr, and then not slip for periods of at least several thousands of years. Four new fault scarp trenches in the Tacoma fault zone show evidence of late Holocene folding...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
Western limits of the Seattle fault zone and its interaction with the Olympic Peninsula, Washington
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2012
Geosphere (2012) 8 (4): 915–930.
... and folds connecting the Seattle and Saddle Mountain deformation zones near Hood Canal. This connection provides an explanation for the apparent synchroneity of M7 earthquakes on the two fault systems ∼1100 yr ago. We redefine the boundary of the Tacoma Basin to include the previously termed Dewatto basin...
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Journal Article
Interpretation of the Seattle Uplift, Washington, as a Passive-Roof Duplex
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2004
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2004) 94 (4): 1379–1401.
.... The recently discovered, north-dipping Tacoma reverse fault is interpreted as a back thrust on the trailing edge of the belt, making the belt doubly vergent. Floor thrusts in the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones, imaged as discontinuous reflections, are interpreted as blind faults that flatten updip into bedding...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
The A.D. 900–930 Seattle‐Fault‐Zone Earthquake with a Wider Coseismic Rupture Patch and Postseismic Submergence: Inferences from New Sedimentary Evidence
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2012
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2012) 102 (3): 1079–1098.
... m of uplift preceded a tsunami followed by a sandy debris flow. Though the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones ruptured within the error of ages of the tsunami deposit, model simulations indicate the Seattle fault generates an order of magnitude larger tsunami in the vicinity of the field area than...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
Deformation of Quaternary strata and its relationship to crustal folds and faults, south-central Puget Lowland, Washington State
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2004
Geology (2004) 32 (6): 505–508.
...Derek B. Booth; Kathy Goetz Troost; Jonathan T. Hagstrum Abstract Folded Quaternary deposits across the south-central Puget Lowland, an area just south of the Seattle fault that extends across the Seattle uplift and its boundary with the adjacent Tacoma basin, provide increased resolution...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
2014 Update of the Pacific Northwest Portion of the U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps
Journal: Earthquake Spectra
Publisher: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Published: 01 December 2015
Earthquake Spectra (2015) 31 (1_suppl): S131–S148.
... earthquakes under western Oregon was expanded. The western portion of the Tacoma fault was added to the hazard maps. There are several geophysical data sets and models that have been used to constrain the eastern edge of the CSZ rupture zone (see Hyndman, 2013 ). GPS and uplift data have been used...
FIGURES
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Image
Figure 4. Summary of coastal evidence for late Holocene offset on Tacoma fa...
Published: 01 January 2004
Figure 4. Summary of coastal evidence for late Holocene offset on Tacoma fault. Coastal sites along Tacoma fault zone with evidence for Holocene land-level change: 1—Lynch Cove; 2—North Bay; 3—Catfish Lake; 4—Burley; 5—Wollochet Bay; 6—Dumas Bay. Black dashed lines on index map show locations
Image
Cross sections illustrating structural models of the Seattle fault zone and...
in Diverse rupture modes for surface-deforming upper plate earthquakes in the southern Puget Lowland of Washington State
> Geosphere
Published: 01 August 2014
Figure 3. Cross sections illustrating structural models of the Seattle fault zone and its relation to the Tacoma fault zone (from labeled studies); A, B, and C are modified from figures in Kelsey et al. (2008) . Models A, B, and D, for the central part of the Seattle fault zone, are partly based
Image
(a) Kinematic map of the Cascadia region or northwestern United States show...
in Structure of the Eastern Seattle Fault Zone, Washington State: New Insights from Seismic Reflection Data
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2008
is Victoria; S is Seattle; T is Tacoma; O is Olympia; BB is the Bellingham basin; EB is the Everett basin; SB is the Seattle basin; TB is the Tacoma basin. DMF is the Devil’s Mountain fault; SWIF is the southern Whidbey Island fault; SF is the Seattle fault; TF is the Tacoma fault; CRBF is the Coast Range
Image
(A) Topographic map of northwestern Washington and Vancouver Island. Bold l...
in Saddle Mountain fault deformation zone, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Western boundary of the Seattle uplift
> Geosphere
Published: 01 April 2009
Figure 1. (A) Topographic map of northwestern Washington and Vancouver Island. Bold lines are faults modified from Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources (2005) . B—Bellingham; E—Everett; S—Seattle; T—Tacoma; O—Olympia; V—Victoria. (B) Isostatic residual gravity anomalies. BB
Image
Simulated tide gauges from the Gorst locality for various tsunami model run...
in The A.D. 900–930 Seattle‐Fault‐Zone Earthquake with a Wider Coseismic Rupture Patch and Postseismic Submergence: Inferences from New Sedimentary Evidence
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 June 2012
Figure 8. Simulated tide gauges from the Gorst locality for various tsunami model runs. Seattle fault simulations behave similarly and the Tacoma fault simulations are an order‐of‐magnitude smaller. Parameters for model runs are in Table 3 . Seattle–Tacoma simulation made rupturing Seattle NOAA
Image
(A) Kinematic model of the Cascadia forearc (simplified from Wells et al.,...
in Diverse rupture modes for surface-deforming upper plate earthquakes in the southern Puget Lowland of Washington State
> Geosphere
Published: 01 August 2014
are faults; black arrows show motions of tectonic blocks. (B) Tectonic setting of the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones and the Saddle Mountain deformation zone in the southern Puget Lowland region (modified from Blakely et al., 2009 ). The Puget Lowland occupies the area within the orange dashed line. Red
Image
Figure 1. Study area showing generalized location of Seattle uplift and Tac...
in Deformation of Quaternary strata and its relationship to crustal folds and faults, south-central Puget Lowland, Washington State
> Geology
Published: 01 June 2004
Figure 1. Study area showing generalized location of Seattle uplift and Tacoma basin, infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) sample sites ( Mahan et al., 2003 ), and paleomagnetic sample sites ( Hagstrum et al., 2002 ). Seattle fault zone is few kilometers north of map area. South edge of Seattle
Image
LATE HOLOCENE RADIOCARBON AGES THAT CLOSELY LIMIT THE TIMES OF SURFACE DEFO...
in Diverse rupture modes for surface-deforming upper plate earthquakes in the southern Puget Lowland of Washington State
> Geosphere
Published: 01 August 2014
TABLE 1. LATE HOLOCENE RADIOCARBON AGES THAT CLOSELY LIMIT THE TIMES OF SURFACE DEFORMATION IN THE SEATTLE AND TACOMA FAULT ZONES AND SADDLE MOUNTAIN DEFORMATION ZONE
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