Abstract The northeastern margin of Laurentia formed an important part of the Iapetus Ocean and includes the development of the Franklinian Basin in North Greenland and Arctic Canada. The uninterrupted continental margin bordering the North American craton is represented by well-exposed successions in Northeast and eastern North Greenland, together with Svalbard and Bjørnøya. Physiographically, the northeastern margin of Laurentia during the early Paleozoic history of Greenland was a northward extension of the passive rifted continental margin of the Caledonian continental edge of Laurentia. It was a transform-rifted margin and represents the part of the Laurentian margin that borders the Arctic part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Geologically, the northwestern segment of the continental margin has a somewhat different setting and development from farther south in the Northeast Greenland–Svalbard segment but both regions overlie a thick and extensive package of Neoproterozoic rocks and were affected by the Caledonian orogeny.

The orthotectonic Scottish Caledonides constitute only a small fragment of the Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic margin of Laurentia, albeit one which lies at a prominent bend in that margin. Sequences exposed in the Scottish outcrop include Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, and Cambrian-Ordovician strata that record sedimentation, volcanism, and deformation related to the latter stages of the amalgamation of Rodinia, the subsequent breakout of Laurentia, and growth of the Iapetus Ocean. Metamorphic and tectonic overprints then record the destruction of that ocean through Ordovician arc accretion and mid-to-late Silurian collision of Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia and the final closure of Iapetus by end-Silurian time. New isotopic data and recent advances in the understanding of the late Mesoproterozoic (Stenian) to Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphic framework now better constrain the sequence and timing of events across the “Scottish Corner” and invite a dynamic comparison with the current research into the East Greenland Caledonides summarized in this volume. Although many broad similarities exist, the comparisons described here reveal for the first time a number of significant contrasts in the spatial arrangement of depocenters, location of rifting, and patterns and timing of magmatism, metamorphism, and contractional deformation. This expanded understanding of the late Neoproterozoic evolution of these adjacent sectors of Laurentia provides an important basis for reconstructions of the subsequent early Paleozoic Caledonian orogenic evolution of the present North Atlantic region.

Abstract The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) has produced new aeromagnetic and gravity maps from Norway and adjacent areas, compiled from ground, airborne and satellite data. Petrophysical measurements on core samples, hand specimens and on in situ bedrock exposures are essential for the interpretation of these maps. Onshore, the most prominent gravity and magnetic anomalies are attributed to lower crustal rocks that have been brought closer to the surface. The asymmetry of the gravity anomalies along the Lapland Granulite Belt and Kongsberg–Bamble Complex, combined with the steep gradient, points to the overthrusted high-density granulites as being the main source of the observed anomalies. The Kongsberg–Bamble anomaly can be traced southwards through the Kattegat to southern Sweden. This concept of gravity field modelling can also be applied to the Mid-Norwegian continental shelf and could partially explain the observed high-density rocks occurring below the Møre and Vøring basins and in the Lofoten area. Extrapolations of Late-Caledonian detachment structures occurring on the mainland can be traced on aeromagnetic and gravimetric images towards the NW across the continental margin. Subcropping Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary units along the mid-Norwegian coast produce a conspicuous magnetic anomaly pattern. The asymmetry of the low-amplitude anomalies, with a steep gradient and a negative anomaly to the east and a gentler gradient to the west, relates the anomalies to gently westward dipping strata. Recent aeromagnetic surveys in the Barents Sea have revealed negative magnetic anomalies associated with shallow salt diapirs. Buried Quaternary channels partly filled with gravel and boulders of crystalline rocks generate magnetic anomalies in the North Sea. The new maps also show that the opening of the Norwegian–Greenland Sea occurred along stable continental margins without offsets across minor fracture zones, or involving jumps in the spreading axis. A triple junction formed at 48 Ma between the Lofoten and Norway Basins.