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Stark Shale

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Paleosalinity proxies (B/Ga and δ11B) of the Stark Shale at (A) Iowa Riverton core (IRC) and (B) Charleston core (CC). BS—black shale (circles); GS—gray shale (squares); LS—limestone (triangles; CaCO3 >40%); L—lower; U—upper; mfs—maximum flooding surface. For B/Ga, purple line is the LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) curve, and dashed lines at 3 and 6 separate freshwater, brackish, and marine salinity field thresholds from Wei and Algeo (2020). For δ11B, dashed lines at –9‰ and +6‰/+4‰ represent detrital (Bdetr) and seawater-sourced (Bsw) end members, respectively (see text); horizontal bars show uncertainty in Bsw. Sea-level curve is from Algeo et al. (2004).
Published: 11 February 2022
Figure 2. Paleosalinity proxies (B/Ga and δ 11 B) of the Stark Shale at (A) Iowa Riverton core (IRC) and (B) Charleston core (CC). BS—black shale (circles); GS—gray shale (squares); LS—limestone (triangles; CaCO 3 >40%); L—lower; U—upper; mfs—maximum flooding surface. For B/Ga, purple line
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Chemostratigraphy of Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shales from midcontinent North America. (A) Stratigraphic column. TPS—transgressive pycnoclinal surface; RPS— regressive pycnoclinal surface; MFS—maximum flooding surface; RCS—regressive condensation surface (see Algeo et al., 2004, for discussion). (B) Degree of pyritization (DOPT) and (C) FeT/Al are paleoredox proxies; DOPest is a true DOP scale (see Methods discussion). For reference, the aerobic (aero), restricted (restr), and inhospitable (inhosp) redox fields of Raiswell et al. (1988) and the back-ground (bg) FeT/Al ratio are shown. (D) Total organic carbon (TOC) and trace-metal concentrations, normalized to a value of 1.0 for the middle interval of the upper black shale facies (star); actual concentrations equivalent to a normalized concentration of 1.0 are shown to the right. TE—trace element. For all proxies in B–D, the solid lines represent an inverse-distance-weighted running mean. Shaded background fields represent the division of core shales into a lower black shale, upper black shale, and gray shale facies; note change in vertical scale for the Stark at black shale–gray shale contact.
Published: 01 October 2008
Figure 5. Chemostratigraphy of Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shales from midcontinent North America. (A) Stratigraphic column. TPS—transgressive pycnoclinal surface; RPS— regressive pycnoclinal surface; MFS—maximum flooding surface; RCS—regressive condensation surface (see Algeo et
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 11 February 2022
Geology (2022) 50 (5): 537–541.
...Figure 2. Paleosalinity proxies (B/Ga and δ 11 B) of the Stark Shale at (A) Iowa Riverton core (IRC) and (B) Charleston core (CC). BS—black shale (circles); GS—gray shale (squares); LS—limestone (triangles; CaCO 3 >40%); L—lower; U—upper; mfs—maximum flooding surface. For B/Ga, purple line...
FIGURES | View All (4)
Journal Article
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 01 October 2008
Geosphere (2008) 4 (5): 872–887.
...Figure 5. Chemostratigraphy of Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shales from midcontinent North America. (A) Stratigraphic column. TPS—transgressive pycnoclinal surface; RPS— regressive pycnoclinal surface; MFS—maximum flooding surface; RCS—regressive condensation surface (see Algeo et...
FIGURES | View All (8)
Journal Article
Published: 18 October 2017
Journal of Paleontology (2018) 92 (2): 146–156.
...Royal H. Mapes; Larisa A. Doguzhaeva Abstract Four rare Pennsylvanian (Stark Shale: Pennsylvanian, Missourian [=Kasimovian]) coleoids from Nebraska and Iowa, which are preserved as flattened partial phragmocones and body chambers associated with three-dimensionally fossilized ink sacs, are herein...
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Orientation data for study units. (A) Location map for Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shale drill cores. (B) Stratigraphic column for Missourian Stage (lower Upper Pennsylvanian) of midcontinent North America. (C) Location map for Devonian–Mississippian black shale drill cores of Central Appalachian Basin. See Table 2 for additional location information. Drill core abbreviations: ED—Edmonds #1A; ER—Ermal #1; HL—Heilman #1; MT—Mitchellson #1; WM—Womelsdorf #1.
Published: 01 October 2008
Figure 3. Orientation data for study units. (A) Location map for Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shale drill cores. (B) Stratigraphic column for Missourian Stage (lower Upper Pennsylvanian) of midcontinent North America. (C) Location map for Devonian–Mississippian black shale drill
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Generalized map of Nebraska and Iowa showing the approximate locations of the quarries and the general stratigraphic section showing the position of the Stark Shale that yielded the coleoid specimens. Several different quarries in the vicinity of Bellevue, Nebraska are noted as producing coleoids, but it is not known which quarry yielded which specimen. Of the coleoids from the Pennsylvanian age coleoid collection from Nebraska and Iowa, only a single specimen has been recovered from Adair County, Iowa.
Published: 18 October 2017
Figure 1 Generalized map of Nebraska and Iowa showing the approximate locations of the quarries and the general stratigraphic section showing the position of the Stark Shale that yielded the coleoid specimens. Several different quarries in the vicinity of Bellevue, Nebraska are noted as producing
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Debris-flow conglomerates of bedded breccia unit in Stark Formation directly overlying basinal facies of Pethei Group at Stark Lake. A) Thin discontinuous beds (white bands) of carbonate conglomerate within red laminated shale. Hammer for scale. B) Close-up of graded conglomerate bed.
Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 4 Debris-flow conglomerates of bedded breccia unit in Stark Formation directly overlying basinal facies of Pethei Group at Stark Lake. A) Thin discontinuous beds (white bands) of carbonate conglomerate within red laminated shale. Hammer for scale. B) Close-up of graded conglomerate bed.
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Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations, Athapuscow Basin. A) Latest Pethei deposition. Uniform, isopachously laminated stromatolites in inner ramp. Neptunian dikes filled with herringbone calcite formed along the edge of the carbonate platform. Halite was deposited in deep basinal settings and is interbedded with rhythmites. B) Early Stark deposition. Ooid grainstone and stromatolites interbedded with red mudstone and siltstone and halite in inner-ramp settings. Debris flows moved downslope and were deposited in the basin. Continued deposition of halite in basinal settings. C) Late Stark deposition. Increased siliciclastic input from the southwest with abundant halite deposition. Stromatolites interbedded with evaporites, siltstone, shale, and fine sandstone. D) Latest Stark deposition. Large-scale dissolution of evaporites, producing widespread breccia and LAB. The marine-to-nonmarine transition likely occurred during this phase of deposition. E) Early Tochatwi deposition. Fine-grained siliciclastics of the Tochatwi Formation prograded across the foreland basin infilling irregular topography produced by dissolution of Stark evaporites.
Published: 01 March 2003
deposition of halite in basinal settings. C) Late Stark deposition. Increased siliciclastic input from the southwest with abundant halite deposition. Stromatolites interbedded with evaporites, siltstone, shale, and fine sandstone. D) Latest Stark deposition. Large-scale dissolution of evaporites
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Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations, Athapuscow Basin. A) Latest Pethei deposition. Uniform, isopachously laminated stromatolites in inner ramp. Neptunian dikes filled with herringbone calcite formed along the edge of the carbonate platform. Halite was deposited in deep basinal settings and is interbedded with rhythmites. B) Early Stark deposition. Ooid grainstone and stromatolites interbedded with red mudstone and siltstone and halite in inner-ramp settings. Debris flows moved downslope and were deposited in the basin. Continued deposition of halite in basinal settings. C) Late Stark deposition. Increased siliciclastic input from the southwest with abundant halite deposition. Stromatolites interbedded with evaporites, siltstone, shale, and fine sandstone. D) Latest Stark deposition. Large-scale dissolution of evaporites, producing widespread breccia and LAB. The marine-to-nonmarine transition likely occurred during this phase of deposition. E) Early Tochatwi deposition. Fine-grained siliciclastics of the Tochatwi Formation prograded across the foreland basin infilling irregular topography produced by dissolution of Stark evaporites.
Published: 01 March 2003
deposition of halite in basinal settings. C) Late Stark deposition. Increased siliciclastic input from the southwest with abundant halite deposition. Stromatolites interbedded with evaporites, siltstone, shale, and fine sandstone. D) Latest Stark deposition. Large-scale dissolution of evaporites
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—Photomicrograph (×10) of sand, shale, and dolomite from Misener sandstone horizon. Shale is Chattanooga cave. Stark well No. 1, Sec. 12, T. 25 S., R. 2 E., depth 3,190-3,192 feet.
Published: 01 August 1946
Fig. 3. —Photomicrograph (×10) of sand, shale, and dolomite from Misener sandstone horizon. Shale is Chattanooga cave. Stark well No. 1, Sec. 12, T. 25 S., R. 2 E., depth 3,190-3,192 feet.
Journal Article
Published: 31 July 2024
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2024) 94 (4): 414–447.
... conditions associated with sediment gravity flows and density cascades. Few sediment waves of this type have been observed in the ancient rock record. This study reports the discovery of a giant (> 20,000 km 2 ) sediment-wave field in Lower Mississippian carbonates and shales of the Fort Payne Formation...
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Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 12 May 2021
AAPG Bulletin (2021) 105 (5): 945–985.
... in gas generation with reference to the Eagle Ford, Yanchang, Niobrara, and Vaca Muerta Formations. Both of the lower Paleozoic shales are bitumen poor in a geochemical sense, this being in stark contrast to the Mesozoic shales, which are bitumen rich. Kerogen is, therefore, the major gas precursor...
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Well A. Track 3, horizontal and vertical triaxial resistivity and Rxo derived using the array dielectric measurement. Track 4, Sw derived from the petrophysical model using only Rh versus core-derived Sw from retort, GRI, Dean-Stark, and benchtop NMR analysis. Track 5, Sw derived from thin-bed analysis (TBA) using Rh and Rv versus core-derived Sw from retort, GRI, Dean-Stark, and benchtop NMR analysis. Track 6, Sw obtained using the array dielectric measurement versus core-derived Sw from retort, GRI, Dean-Stark, and benchtop NMR analysis. Note that in the Upper and Lower Bakken shales, Sw from TBA is slightly higher than conventional and dielectric-based saturations.
Published: 18 April 2016
dielectric measurement versus core-derived S w from retort, GRI, Dean-Stark, and benchtop NMR analysis. Note that in the Upper and Lower Bakken shales, S w from TBA is slightly higher than conventional and dielectric-based saturations.
Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 March 1983
AAPG Bulletin (1983) 67 (3): 422.
...” of Heckel, the deep stillstand or maximum transgressive facies. Representative black phosphatic shales crossing two or more tectonic provinces include the Desmoinesian sub-Verdigris, Anna, and Nuyaka Creek beds, and the Missourian Mound City and Stark beds. Dysaerobic (low oxygen) and supposedly slightly...
Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2022
AAPG Bulletin (2022) 106 (3): 495–516.
...Alfredo E. Guzmán ABSTRACT When the concept of super basin was proposed by Fryklund and Stark, they originally identified 48 basins (24 of them tier 1) worldwide that met the characteristics to be such considered, being sine qua non that these basins could be rejuvenated and suggested the Permian...
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Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 May 1982
AAPG Bulletin (1982) 66 (5): 635–636.
...Stephen D. Sturm The Tyler Formation in southwestern North Dakota is a regressive barrier-island system dominated by two environments: (1) lagoon and (2) barrier-beach complex. The barrier islands formed along an east-west line in Golden Valley, Billings, and Stark Counties. Thickening eastward (5...
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—A. Lithologic analysis of gamma-ray logs based on deflection from shale base. B. Vertical sequence of strata and interpretation of possible delta environments. Both logs are from well in Osnaburg Twp., Stark Co., Ohio.
Published: 01 July 1969
Fig. 12. —A. Lithologic analysis of gamma-ray logs based on deflection from shale base. B. Vertical sequence of strata and interpretation of possible delta environments. Both logs are from well in Osnaburg Twp., Stark Co., Ohio.
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Planar, uniformly laminated dolostone in upper part of Stark Formation, Tochatwi Bay. The basal planar, uniformly laminated dolostone is overlain by brecciated uniformly laminated dolostone in a red shale matrix that is overlain by more planar, uniformly laminated dolostone.
Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 8 Planar, uniformly laminated dolostone in upper part of Stark Formation, Tochatwi Bay. The basal planar, uniformly laminated dolostone is overlain by brecciated uniformly laminated dolostone in a red shale matrix that is overlain by more planar, uniformly laminated dolostone.
...-bearing, nodular limestone and fissile shale. The patchy distribution of this facies indicates differential warping of the platform rather than purely eustatic causes. The basin received a starvation diet of siliciclastic and carbonate mud with minor silty turbidites and carbonate debris flows. At the end...