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Oligocene
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
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Renova Formation (1)
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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Cretaceous
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Dakota Formation (2)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian
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Aptian
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Hosston Formation (1)
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McMurray Formation (5)
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Mowry Shale (1)
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Pebble Shale (1)
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Sligo Formation (2)
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Macae Formation (1)
-
Mancos Shale (4)
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Natih Formation (3)
-
Nenjiang Formation (2)
-
Qingshankou Formation (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (2)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Campanian
-
upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (2)
-
upper Cenomanian (2)
-
-
Codell Sandstone Member (1)
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (2)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (3)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (7)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (2)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
La Luna Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (3)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (6)
-
Ojo Alamo Sandstone (1)
-
Prince Creek Formation (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (4)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (2)
-
Jurassic
-
Bazhenov Formation (1)
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Heather Formation (1)
-
Kingak Shale (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Nordegg Member (2)
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
Toarcian (2)
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Callovian (2)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Oxfordian (3)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Schuler Formation (1)
-
Tithonian (2)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Triassic
-
Fremouw Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
Griesbachian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
Smithian (2)
-
Spathian (2)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Doig Formation (2)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (3)
-
Montney Formation (7)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Chinle Formation (2)
-
Mercia Mudstone (1)
-
Petrified Forest Member (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (5)
-
Yanshanian (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Brigham Group (2)
-
Kanmantoo Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Poleta Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (1)
-
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Copper Ridge Dolomite (1)
-
Eau Claire Formation (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
Steptoean (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Benxi Formation (1)
-
Jackfork Group (2)
-
Johns Valley Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (3)
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Lodgepole Formation (4)
-
Osagian (1)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (3)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (1)
-
Fayetteville Formation (2)
-
Meramecian (2)
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Hermosa Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan (2)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (3)
-
-
Desmoinesian
-
Wewoka Formation (1)
-
-
Moscovian (2)
-
Paradox Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Cisco Group (1)
-
Gzhelian (2)
-
Kasimovian (2)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
-
Virgilian (2)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (3)
-
Wahoo Limestone (1)
-
-
Chattanooga Shale (2)
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (1)
-
Givetian (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Traverse Group (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Chemung Formation (1)
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (4)
-
Kanayut Conglomerate (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
Lisburne Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Rose Run Sandstone (2)
-
-
New Albany Shale (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (2)
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Everton Formation (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Katian (1)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (3)
-
-
Utica Shale (3)
-
Womble Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitanian (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (3)
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (4)
-
Asselian (1)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (2)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
-
Leonardian
-
Bone Spring Limestone (1)
-
-
Wolfcampian (4)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (2)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Park City Formation (3)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Shihezi Formation (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
Zechstein (2)
-
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
Yeso Formation (1)
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (2)
-
Wenlock (3)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (3)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow
-
Gorstian (1)
-
Ludfordian (1)
-
-
Pridoli (1)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (10)
-
Fountain Formation (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (2)
-
-
Woodford Shale (5)
-
-
Phanerozoic (9)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (2)
-
Neoarchean
-
Sargur Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
Warrawoona Group (1)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (5)
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Cuddapah System (1)
-
Hamersley Group (4)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (7)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Dengying Formation (3)
-
Ediacaran (7)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Sturtian (2)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Wollaston Group (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (2)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (3)
-
-
-
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (1)
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
kimberlite (4)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (1)
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
-
lamprophyres (2)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (3)
-
syenites
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
-
glasses
-
pitchstone (1)
-
-
komatiite (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
tuff (3)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metabentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (1)
-
eclogite (1)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
suevite (1)
-
-
-
marbles (2)
-
metasedimentary rocks (8)
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
skarn (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (1)
-
migmatites (1)
-
mylonites (2)
-
quartzites (1)
-
schists (1)
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
turbidite (29)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites (1)
-
-
minerals
-
amosite (1)
-
carbonates
-
calcite (5)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (2)
-
siderite (2)
-
sphaerosiderite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (2)
-
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
iodates (1)
-
iron minerals (2)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metabentonite (1)
-
minerals (3)
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
-
oxides
-
armalcolite (1)
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
corundum (1)
-
ferropseudobrookite (1)
-
goethite (2)
-
hematite (3)
-
ilmenite (1)
-
iron oxides (4)
-
maghemite (1)
-
magnetite (3)
-
rutile (1)
-
sapphire (1)
-
spinel group (1)
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (6)
-
monazite (6)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
asbestos (2)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
crocidolite (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (1)
-
-
feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
jasper (1)
-
moganite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz (3)
-
-
zeolite group
-
erionite (1)
-
offretite (1)
-
-
-
iron silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
dumortierite (1)
-
ellenbergerite (1)
-
garnet group
-
majorite (1)
-
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (31)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (1)
-
tanzanite (1)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (3)
-
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (11)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
nontronite (1)
-
smectite (11)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
illite (7)
-
mica group
-
biotite (3)
-
glauconite (2)
-
muscovite (2)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (1)
-
chrysotile (2)
-
-
stilpnomelane (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alum (1)
-
alunite (1)
-
anhydrite (2)
-
barite (3)
-
celestine (1)
-
gypsum (2)
-
jarosite (1)
-
polyhalite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
chalcopyrite (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
covellite (1)
-
greigite (1)
-
iron sulfides (2)
-
mackinawite (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
pyrite (9)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (41)
-
Africa
-
Blue Nile (1)
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (5)
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Congo (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Equatorial Guinea (1)
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Congo Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Kenya
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Natron (1)
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Tanzania (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Tanganyika (1)
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Madagascar (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Atlas Mountains
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Egypt
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-
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Morocco
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Tunisia (1)
-
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Nubian Shield (1)
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Southern Africa
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Kaapvaal Craton (3)
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Karoo Basin (3)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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Cape fold belt (1)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (2)
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Free State South Africa (1)
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Transvaal region (2)
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West Africa
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Sierra Leone (1)
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Antarctica
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East Antarctica (1)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Queen Maud Range (1)
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Victoria Land
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-
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Arctic Ocean
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Arctic region
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asbestos deposits (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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Borneo
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Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
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Japan
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India
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associations (2)
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atmosphere (4)
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Carboniferous
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Taiyuan Formation (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Stark Shale
Paleosalinity proxies (B/Ga and δ 11 B) of the Stark Shale at (A) Iowa Rive... Available to Purchase
Chemostratigraphy of Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shales from ... Open Access
Boron proxies record paleosalinity variation in the North American Midcontinent Sea in response to Carboniferous glacio-eustasy Available to Purchase
Trace-metal covariation as a guide to water-mass conditions in ancient anoxic marine environments Open Access
New Pennsylvanian coleoids (Cephalopoda) from Nebraska and Iowa, USA Available to Purchase
Orientation data for study units. (A) Location map for Upper Pennsylvanian ... Open Access
Generalized map of Nebraska and Iowa showing the approximate locations of t... Available to Purchase
Debris-flow conglomerates of bedded breccia unit in Stark Formation directl... Available to Purchase
Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations,... Available to Purchase
Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations,... Available to Purchase
—Photomicrograph (×10) of sand, shale, and dolomite from Misener sandstone ... Available to Purchase
Giant sediment-wave field and supercritical flows in a distally steepened ramp, Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), Kentucky–Tennessee, U.S.A. Available to Purchase
Prediction of the gas-generating characteristics of the Qiongzhusi and Longmaxi Formations, Yangtze Platform, southern China, using analogues Available to Purchase
Well A. Track 3, horizontal and vertical triaxial resistivity and R ... Available to Purchase
Importance of Shelf to Trough Black Phosphatic Shales in Mid-Continent: ABSTRACT Free
Tampico-Misantla: A premier super basin in waiting Available to Purchase
Depositional Environments of Tyler Formation in Fryburg and Rocky Ridge Area, North Dakota: ABSTRACT Free
—A. Lithologic analysis of gamma-ray logs based on deflection from shale ba... Available to Purchase
Planar, uniformly laminated dolostone in upper part of Stark Formation, Toc... Available to Purchase
Triassic Evolution of the Yangtze Platform in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China Available to Purchase
Deposition of shallow-water carbonates on the vast Yangtze Platform of south China spanned the late Proterozoic through Middle Triassic, accumulating as much as 4000 m during the Early and Middle Triassic. Deeper-water carbonates and silici-clastics accumulated to comparable thickness in the Nanpanjiang Basin southeast of the platform. After the demise of the platform, an additional 2500 m of mostly silici-clastics spread across the platform in Late Triassic. Deposition of platform carbonates was also widespread in the Permian of south China, but a transgression in perhaps the last 2 m.y. of the Permian combined with differential subsidence to reconfigure the Yangtze Platform in the Triassic. The margin retreated ∼100 km northward in the Guiyang (eastern) sector, and a low-relief ramp developed over the flat top of the Permian platform, whereas the Early Triassic margin mimicked the Permian location in the Zhenfeng sector to the southwest. Nevertheless, deposition was essentially continuous from the Permian into the Triassic in most localities in Guizhou. Triassic deposition began with widespread terrigenous mud bearing thin-shelled bivalves or ammonoids. Renewed carbonate deposition within the Induan produced thin-bedded, laminated, dark-gray lime mudstone with planktonic biota in the basin interspersed with carbonate breccias. Thin-bedded lime mudstones with prominent burrows formed farther updip to the north and west. Thick intervals of oolite and of shallow-water lime mudstone interbedded with terrigenous clastic wedges that thicken and merge to the west mark the updip limit of deposition on a carbonate ramp. Platform-interior carbonates are more than three times as thick as their basinal equivalents. The ramp configuration evolved into a flat-topped platform with a slight rim in the Olenekian, recorded by peritidal carbonate cycles at the platform margin and subtidal lagoonal muds and ultimately evaporites in the interior. Carbonate deposition spread farther westward to cover the terrigenous siliciclastics of the Induan. A major deepening event within the Olenekian is marked by black, ammonoid-bearing, nodular limestone and fissile shale. The patchy distribution of this facies indicates differential warping of the platform rather than purely eustatic causes. The basin received a starvation diet of siliciclastic and carbonate mud with minor silty turbidites and carbonate debris flows. At the end of Early Triassic, platform-interior deposits averaged 1175 m thick and basinal equivalents only 250 m. Acidic volcanic ash spread across the Yangtze Platform at the Olenekian-Anisian transition. Anisian deposits in the Nanpanjiang Basin are dominantly siliciclastics that thicken dramatically in southwestern Guizhou and adjacent Guangxi. Biogenic frame-stones constructed by organisms of questionable origins, Tubiphytes and Plexoramea , assisted by sponges, arborescent corals, skeletal stromatolites, and copious encrusters, rimmed the Anisian platform. This rim collapsed along most of the Guiyang sector to form a basin-margin wedge 175 km long deposited by turbidity currents, debris flows, and rock fall. Collapse led to retreat of the margin by ∼2.7 km; exceptionally by 10 km. In contrast the reef margin advanced slightly in parts of the Zhenfeng sector. Mud-dominated peritidal cycles formed in the lee of the reefs. Deposition in the platform interior was entirely subtidal with alternating episodes of normal marine water, hypersalinity, and siliciclastic influx. An increase in siliciclastic content eastward throughout the Middle Triassic signals the emergence of the Jiangnan Massif, which had been covered throughout the Permian and at least the Induan. Platform sedimentation in the Ladinian features peritidal cycles that extended far into the interior to define a flat-topped platform. High depositional energy is reflected in grainstones and packstones composed of grapestone, bioclasts, and ooids. Barriers other than sand shoals appear to have been absent. Biogenic facies are confined to small outcrops of Tubiphytes and coral boundstone, interpreted as patch reefs. Tepee structures cap many cycles or disrupt successive cycles, indicating extended subaerial exposure. At the beginning of the Ladinian, the platform margin of the Guiyang sector prograded at least 0.6 km. In the Zhenfeng sector the margin retreated slightly, further indication of more rapid subsidence of the western part of the platform. The Nanpanjiang Basin apparently starved early in the Ladinian, but filled to overflowing with siliciclastic turbidites and mud in the later Ladinian or the early Carnian. Transport direction of the very fine sand of the turbidites was from the east, pointing to the Jiangnan Massif as a continued source of sediment, both by land onto the platform and by sea into the basin. East and west sectors of the Yangtze Platform in Guizhou present stark contrasts during the Carnian and Norian. Shallow-water carbonate deposition continued into the Carnian in the Guiyang sector, but tongues of terrigenous mud and sand from the northeast reached to the platform margin and damped out carbonate deposition by the end of the Carnian. Erosion prevailed in the Norian, truncating formations toward the north down to the level of the Anisian. Shallow-water carbonate deposition ended dramatically with the beginning of the Carnian in the Zhenfeng sector. Nodular-bedded, dark-gray lime mudstone with ammonoids overlies peritidal deposits, documenting the drowning of the Yangtze Platform. A very condensed sequence of black shale with concentrations of manganese, reduced iron, and organic carbon followed. Siliciclastic flysch and shallow-water sandstone totaling 1265 m thick filled the accommodation space resulting from the drowning by the end of the Carnian. Norian deposits are cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates that form thinning- and fining-upward cycles attributed to braided streams that encroached on coastal swamps represented by commercial coal and by mudrocks containing fresh-water, brackish, or marine fossils. The braided streams were rejuvenated and apparently reversed in the Rhaetian to form a coarse-grained clastic wedge that thins and fines toward the north and east across an erosion surface that cuts as deep as Anisian rocks in northern Guizhou. Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks overlie the Rhaetian rocks concordantly, contradicting prevalent interpretations of a major orogeny (Indosinian) in the Late Triassic in Guizhou. The angular unconformity underlying Upper Cretaceous conglomerates dates major deformation in Guizhou as mid-Cretaceous.