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Stark Formation

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Journal Article

Paleoproterozoic Stark Formation, Athapuscow Basin, Northwest Canada: Record of Cratonic-Scale Salinity Crisis Available to Purchase

Michael C. Pope, John P. Grotzinger
Published: 01 March 2003
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2003) 73 (2): 280–295.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/091302730280
...Michael C. Pope; John P. Grotzinger Abstract The Paleoproterozoic Stark Formation, a thick breccia unit, formed during the transition from marine to non-marine foreland basin fill in the Athapuscow Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Four types of breccia occur in the Stark Formation: (1) bedded...
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View PDF for article title, Paleoproterozoic <span class="search-highlight">Stark</span> <span class="search-highlight">Formation</span>, Athapuscow Basin, Northwest Canada: Record of Cratonic-Scale Salinity Crisis
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Journal Article

Paleomagnetism of the Great Slave Supergroup, Northwest Territories, Canada: the Stark Formation Free

D. K. Bingham, M. E. Evans
Published: 01 April 1976
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (1976) 13 (4): 563–578.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e76-060
...D. K. Bingham; M. E. Evans Abstract Paleomagnetic results from 55 sampling sites throughout the Stark Formation are reported. The known stratigraphic sequence of these sites enables the behaviour of the geomagnetic field in these remote times (1750 m.y.) to be elucidated. Two polarity reversals...
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Mudstone and siltstone breccia in Stark Formation, Stark Lake. Mudcracks in siltstone clasts are indicated by arrows.

Mudstone and siltstone breccia in Stark Formation, Stark Lake. Mudcracks in... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 6 Mudstone and siltstone breccia in Stark Formation, Stark Lake. Mudcracks in siltstone clasts are indicated by arrows.
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Debris-flow conglomerates of bedded breccia unit in Stark Formation directly overlying basinal facies of Pethei Group at Stark Lake. A) Thin discontinuous beds (white bands) of carbonate conglomerate within red laminated shale. Hammer for scale. B) Close-up of graded conglomerate bed.

Debris-flow conglomerates of bedded breccia unit in Stark Formation directl... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 4 Debris-flow conglomerates of bedded breccia unit in Stark Formation directly overlying basinal facies of Pethei Group at Stark Lake. A) Thin discontinuous beds (white bands) of carbonate conglomerate within red laminated shale. Hammer for scale. B) Close-up of graded conglomerate bed.
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Chaotic breccia of Stark Formation. A) Laminated dolostone clasts in clast-supported breccia near Belle Island. B) Matrix-supported breccia with rounded light-colored carbonate clasts and red-brown mudstone clasts (black arrows) floating in a brecciated matrix of dark brown to red shale and siltstone near Tochatwi Bay.

Chaotic breccia of Stark Formation. A) Laminated dolostone clasts in clas... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 5 Chaotic breccia of Stark Formation. A) Laminated dolostone clasts in clast-supported breccia near Belle Island. B ) Matrix-supported breccia with rounded light-colored carbonate clasts and red-brown mudstone clasts (black arrows) floating in a brecciated matrix of dark brown to red
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Laminar Accretionary Breccia (LAB) from upper part of Stark Formation, Tochatwi Bay. A) Hand sample photograph of LAB showing laminated micrite clasts oriented upward, perpendicular to bedding. Scale bar is ∼ 2 cm. B, C) Photomicrographs of upright LAB clasts in laminated matrix. Clasts are typically massive to faintly laminated. Note the flat bases of clasts and domal upper surfaces. The matrix contains rare silicified halite casts. Scale bars are ∼ 0.5 mm.

Laminar Accretionary Breccia (LAB) from upper part of Stark Formation, Toch... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 7 Laminar Accretionary Breccia (LAB) from upper part of Stark Formation, Tochatwi Bay. A) Hand sample photograph of LAB showing laminated micrite clasts oriented upward, perpendicular to bedding. Scale bar is ∼ 2 cm. B, C) Photomicrographs of upright LAB clasts in laminated matrix
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Planar, uniformly laminated dolostone in upper part of Stark Formation, Tochatwi Bay. The basal planar, uniformly laminated dolostone is overlain by brecciated uniformly laminated dolostone in a red shale matrix that is overlain by more planar, uniformly laminated dolostone.

Planar, uniformly laminated dolostone in upper part of Stark Formation, Toc... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 8 Planar, uniformly laminated dolostone in upper part of Stark Formation, Tochatwi Bay. The basal planar, uniformly laminated dolostone is overlain by brecciated uniformly laminated dolostone in a red shale matrix that is overlain by more planar, uniformly laminated dolostone.
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Halite pseudomorphs of the Stark Formation. A) Dolomite-filled cubic casts standing out in relief above the siltstone and shale matrix, near Pte a Tuer. B) Close-up of displacive, unfilled cubic casts in siltstone and shale, Blanchet Island. C) Pagoda halite (indicated by arrows) with successive growth of halite occurs from the corners of the initial crystal, southwestern end of Blanchet Island. D) Photomicrograph of cubic casts filled with coarse dolomite in siliciclastic mudstone matrix, Blanchet Island. Scale bar is ∼ 0.5 mm.

Halite pseudomorphs of the Stark Formation. A) Dolomite-filled cubic cast... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 9 Halite pseudomorphs of the Stark Formation. A) Dolomite-filled cubic casts standing out in relief above the siltstone and shale matrix, near Pte a Tuer. B) Close-up of displacive, unfilled cubic casts in siltstone and shale, Blanchet Island. C) Pagoda halite (indicated by arrows
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Petitot Islands diatreme dyke (A−C) in Simpson Islands block (Fig. 2) and contact metamorphism (D) related to a Compton laccolith intrusion. (A) Petitot Islands breccia dyke (Fig. 2): clasts of basement grandiorite set in a chloritic matrix of comminuted rock debris. The pen (circled) is 15 cm long. Shattered country rock (Archean paragneiss) is in the lower part of the image. (B) Petitot Islands breccia dyke with subrounded clasts (dashed outlines) of pinkish dolostone breccia characteristic of Stark Formation. (C) Reddish siltstone clast from within Petitot Island breccia dyke with hopper-shaped halite casts characteristic of the Stark Formation. The presence of the Stark Formation and the absence of Kahochella or Pethei Group clasts favour upward clast displacement. This implies that the Simpson Islands block is allochthonous and was thrust over the Stark Formation megabreccia. (D) Tremolite marble in the upper Pethei Group (Pekanatui Point Formation) in the metamorphic aureole of Compton laccolith on Blanchet Island. All images by author PFH.

Petitot Islands diatreme dyke (A−C) in Simpson Islands block ( Fig. 2 ) and... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 May 2023
) is 15 cm long. Shattered country rock (Archean paragneiss) is in the lower part of the image. (B) Petitot Islands breccia dyke with subrounded clasts (dashed outlines) of pinkish dolostone breccia characteristic of Stark Formation. (C) Reddish siltstone clast from within Petitot Island breccia dyke
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Generalized regional cross section of the uppermost Pethei Group, and overlying Stark and Tochatwi formations (modified from Hoffman 1968, 1974; Sami and James 1996). The uppermost facies of the Pethei Group has correlative inner-platform and outer-platform facies (right-hand and left-hand sides, respectively). The four breccia types (bedded, chaotic, siltstone and mudstone, LAB) of the Stark Formation are shown in their relative positions.

Generalized regional cross section of the uppermost Pethei Group, and overl... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 2 Generalized regional cross section of the uppermost Pethei Group, and overlying Stark and Tochatwi formations (modified from Hoffman 1968 , 1974 ; Sami and James 1996 ). The uppermost facies of the Pethei Group has correlative inner-platform and outer-platform facies (right-hand
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Probable(?) gypsum pseudomorphs indicated by elongate lenticular casts in recrystallized dolomudstone, outer ramp position of Pekanatui Point Formation, ∼ 30 cm below contact with Stark Formation, Belle Island. Scale is in centimeters.

Probable(?) gypsum pseudomorphs indicated by elongate lenticular casts in r... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 11 Probable(?) gypsum pseudomorphs indicated by elongate lenticular casts in recrystallized dolomudstone, outer ramp position of Pekanatui Point Formation, ∼ 30 cm below contact with Stark Formation, Belle Island. Scale is in centimeters.
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Regional cross section of the Paleoproterozoic Pethei carbonate platform and overlying Stark Formation evaporite-collapse breccia. Isopachously laminated stromatolites described here occur in the uppermost Pethei (gray shading) immediately preceding the evaporites.

Regional cross section of the Paleoproterozoic Pethei carbonate platform an... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2000
Figure 3 Regional cross section of the Paleoproterozoic Pethei carbonate platform and overlying Stark Formation evaporite-collapse breccia. Isopachously laminated stromatolites described here occur in the uppermost Pethei (gray shading) immediately preceding the evaporites.
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Plan-view photo of slab of silicified halite casts from uppermost Pekanatui Point Formation immediately below (∼ 10 cm) the contact with the Stark Formation. Sample from outcrop at the south end of Blanchet Bay. The elongate crystal form in the lower center is interpreted to be a chain of halite that joined in the water column then settled into the basinal mud (e.g., Arthurton 1973). Scale is in centimeters.

Plan-view photo of slab of silicified halite casts from uppermost Pekanatui... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 3 Plan-view photo of slab of silicified halite casts from uppermost Pekanatui Point Formation immediately below (∼ 10 cm) the contact with the Stark Formation. Sample from outcrop at the south end of Blanchet Bay. The elongate crystal form in the lower center is interpreted to be a chain
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A) Location map showing the Archean Slave craton surrounded by three synchronous Paleoproterozoic basins: Wopmay Orogen, Kilihigok Basin, and the Athapuscow Basin of the Great Slave Lake area (inset map). GBL = Great Bear Lake; CG = Coronation Gulf; BI = Bathurst Inlet. B) Simplified geologic map, Athapuscow Basin, East Arm of Great Slave Lake (modified from Hoffman 1988). The Great Slave Lake Supergroup crops out in a gently south-plunging synclinorium with shallow dips on the northwest limb and steep, in many places overturned, and thrusted limbs, on the southeast limb. Areas of uppermost Pethei Group and Stark Formation outcrops studied are shown in black. BI, Blanchet Island; ET, Et-then Island; PT, Pte a Tuer; PP, Pethei Peninsula; TB, Tochatwi Bay; SL, Stark Lake; BL, Belle Island; CI, Caribou Islands. The Blanchet Bay area is outlined by the irregular rectangle. C) Generalized stratigraphic column in the upper right shows the inferred correlation of units and phases of basin development in the Wopmay Orgogen, the Kilihigok Basin, and the Athapuscow Basin (modified from Hoffman 1988; Hoffman and Grotzinger 1993; Bowring and Grotzinger 1992).

A) Location map showing the Archean Slave craton surrounded by three synch... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
of uppermost Pethei Group and Stark Formation outcrops studied are shown in black. BI, Blanchet Island; ET, Et-then Island; PT, Pte a Tuer; PP, Pethei Peninsula; TB, Tochatwi Bay; SL, Stark Lake; BL, Belle Island; CI, Caribou Islands. The Blanchet Bay area is outlined by the irregular rectangle. C
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Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations, Athapuscow Basin. A) Latest Pethei deposition. Uniform, isopachously laminated stromatolites in inner ramp. Neptunian dikes filled with herringbone calcite formed along the edge of the carbonate platform. Halite was deposited in deep basinal settings and is interbedded with rhythmites. B) Early Stark deposition. Ooid grainstone and stromatolites interbedded with red mudstone and siltstone and halite in inner-ramp settings. Debris flows moved downslope and were deposited in the basin. Continued deposition of halite in basinal settings. C) Late Stark deposition. Increased siliciclastic input from the southwest with abundant halite deposition. Stromatolites interbedded with evaporites, siltstone, shale, and fine sandstone. D) Latest Stark deposition. Large-scale dissolution of evaporites, producing widespread breccia and LAB. The marine-to-nonmarine transition likely occurred during this phase of deposition. E) Early Tochatwi deposition. Fine-grained siliciclastics of the Tochatwi Formation prograded across the foreland basin infilling irregular topography produced by dissolution of Stark evaporites.

Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations,... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 12 Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations, Athapuscow Basin. A) Latest Pethei deposition. Uniform, isopachously laminated stromatolites in inner ramp. Neptunian dikes filled with herringbone calcite formed along the edge of the carbonate platform
Image
Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations, Athapuscow Basin. A) Latest Pethei deposition. Uniform, isopachously laminated stromatolites in inner ramp. Neptunian dikes filled with herringbone calcite formed along the edge of the carbonate platform. Halite was deposited in deep basinal settings and is interbedded with rhythmites. B) Early Stark deposition. Ooid grainstone and stromatolites interbedded with red mudstone and siltstone and halite in inner-ramp settings. Debris flows moved downslope and were deposited in the basin. Continued deposition of halite in basinal settings. C) Late Stark deposition. Increased siliciclastic input from the southwest with abundant halite deposition. Stromatolites interbedded with evaporites, siltstone, shale, and fine sandstone. D) Latest Stark deposition. Large-scale dissolution of evaporites, producing widespread breccia and LAB. The marine-to-nonmarine transition likely occurred during this phase of deposition. E) Early Tochatwi deposition. Fine-grained siliciclastics of the Tochatwi Formation prograded across the foreland basin infilling irregular topography produced by dissolution of Stark evaporites.

Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations,... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2003
Figure 12 Inferred development of latest Pethei Group, Stark and Tochatwi Formations, Athapuscow Basin. A) Latest Pethei deposition. Uniform, isopachously laminated stromatolites in inner ramp. Neptunian dikes filled with herringbone calcite formed along the edge of the carbonate platform
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Vertical total bitumen content (TBC) profiles showing spectral bitumen content estimation results and Dean–Stark analysis data for the Grand Rapids Formation core in the (A) calibration dataset and (B) the validation dataset. “Sample number” along the y axis refers to Dean–Stark sample number.

Vertical total bitumen content (TBC) profiles showing spectral bitumen cont... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2018
Figure 8. Vertical total bitumen content (TBC) profiles showing spectral bitumen content estimation results and Dean–Stark analysis data for the Grand Rapids Formation core in the (A) calibration dataset and (B) the validation dataset. “Sample number” along the y axis refers to Dean–Stark
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Calculated salinity plotted against the volume of formation water extracted. There is about 0.1 cc of uncertainty in the Dean Stark process used to extract this water.

Calculated salinity plotted against the volume of formation water extracted... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 2010
Figure 6. Calculated salinity plotted against the volume of formation water extracted. There is about 0.1 cc of uncertainty in the Dean Stark process used to extract this water.
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Comparison of mean Grand Rapids and McMurray Formation (Fm.) oil sands spectra by grade. Each spectrum is the average of all Dean–Stark samples for the given grade as per Table 2.

Comparison of mean Grand Rapids and McMurray Formation (Fm.) oil sands spec... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2018
Figure 5. Comparison of mean Grand Rapids and McMurray Formation (Fm.) oil sands spectra by grade. Each spectrum is the average of all Dean–Stark samples for the given grade as per Table 2 .
Journal Article

Giant sediment-wave field and supercritical flows in a distally steepened ramp, Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), Kentucky–Tennessee, U.S.A. Available to Purchase

C. Robertson Handford
Published: 31 July 2024
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2024) 94 (4): 414–447.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2024.032
... conditions associated with sediment gravity flows and density cascades. Few sediment waves of this type have been observed in the ancient rock record. This study reports the discovery of a giant (> 20,000 km 2 ) sediment-wave field in Lower Mississippian carbonates and shales of the Fort Payne Formation...
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View PDF for article title, Giant sediment-wave field and supercritical flows in a distally steepened ramp, Fort Payne <span class="search-highlight">Formation</span> (Lower Mississippian), Kentucky–Tennessee, U.S.A.
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