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![The lithifying siliceous sponge Spheciospongia vesparium from the Great Bahama Bank. A) Locality map with sampling area. The sampled specimens are from the strip of abundant sponge bioherms, as illustrated by Wiedenmayer (1978; his fig. 2). B)Spheciospongia vesparium from photo taken directly on board ship. The specimen displays the common three-part vertical zonation into fresh, agglutinating, and lithifying portions to which histological and geochemical analyses refer (Figs. 3–5, 8; see also Neuweiler and Burdige 2005).]()
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![Spheciospongia vesparium from around the sediment–water interface (sample "agglutinating"). A) Microtomed section of unstained Spheciospongia showing coloration that closely matches the natural pigmentation. At the sponge–sediment interface, there are abundant adhered particles. The outer tissue layer (ectosome) displays a distinct pigmentation that is due to abundant unicellular cyanobacteria. Agglutinated particles (= Ag) reach entirely into the sponge and are enclosed in former ectosomal tissue. Colonial cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa) are present around the agglutinated particles in association with the former ectosomal tissue (= A-1) but could also cluster deeper inside the sponge (= A-2) around sponge-spicule tracts (= S). This phenomenon expresses the capability of the siliceous spicules to conduct light. B, C) SEM micrographs displaying the situation of a newly agglutinated particle. The particle (= Ag) is encapsulated by ectosomal tissue (= Ecto) that is rich in collagen (= C) and tangentially oriented spicules (= S). D) Detail of part C to demonstrate the abundance of freshly formed collagen tissue (= C) that literally glues around the agglutinated particles (= Ag). The tissue around the agglutinated particles is also rich in Aphanocapsa (= A) and sponge spicules (compare with A-1 in microtomed section of part A). E) Assumed front of agglutination, displaying the direct contact between collagen (= C1) and a sediment particle (= Ag). Abundant sponge spicules (= S) and collagen tissue (= C2) indicate the ectosomal character of this portion of the sponge tissue. Individual cells that secrete collagen (= Ccell) are present near sites of agglutination. Scalloped surface of the sediment particle is due to etching during excavation by Spheciospongia.]()
![Spheciospongia vesparium from the sponge–water interface (sample "fresh"). A) Microtomed section of Spheciospongia stained in a mixture of methylene blue and azure II. At the surface, there are some adhered particles. The outer tissue layer (ectosome) displays numerous unicellular cyanobacteria (= B, putatively ascribed to Synechococcus) and some colonial cyanobacteria that are common farther below towards the subdermal cavity system (= A-1, putatively ascribed to Aphanocapsa). Other accumulations of Aphanocapsa (= A-2) relate to illuminated portions next to sponge canals (= Ca) and plumose tracts of siliceous sponge spicules (= S); choanocyte chambers (= Ch). B) SEM micrograph of the ectosome (= ecto) of Spheciospongia: External cell layer with pinacocytes (P); ectosome with unicellular cyanobacteria (= B), siliceous sponge spicules (= S), and abundant collagen tissue (= C). In the lower part of the micrograph, the subdermal cavity system is visible hosting colonial cyanobacteria (= A, putative Aphanocapsa). C) Details of putative Aphanocapsa (= A) embedded within collagen tissue (bundles and networks); some Aphanocapsa display a broken encapsulation due to shrinkage during sample preparation to display the individual bacteria. D) Pristine collagen tissue (= C) typically displays smooth surfaces. Note small remnant of a bacterial surface film (= sB) that is locally present lining the sponge–water interface (see also Fig. 8). Choanocyte chambers (= Cc) and some Aphanocapsa (= A) are visible.]()
![Spheciospongia vesparium from deeper parts of the sediment (sample "lithifying"). A) Microtomed section of Spheciospongia (unstained for direct comparison with Fig. 4A). The outer tissue layer (ectosome) is severely bleached due to the loss of unicellular photosymbionts. At the surface, only some adhered particles are present, but the agglutinated particles (Ag) are completely enclosed with tissue and reach well into the sponge. At this site the agglutination process seems to have stopped. Some pigmented Aphanocapsa occurs around the agglutinated particles (= A-1) and along sponge-spicule tracts (= A-2), but most of them are bleached (= bA-1; bA-2) and more randomly distributed (necrosis). B) SEM micrograph displaying a situation similar to that in part A with agglutinated particles (= Ag) that are totally enclosed in ectosomal tissue (= ecto) and abundant collagen (= C). This general context of Spheciospongia soft-tissue alteration correlates with the occurrence of authigenic aragonite crystals (= XX, and Figs. 6, 7 below).]()
![Degradative calcification of sponge connective tissue. A, B: Schematic comparison of calcification styles (red) in Bahamian siliceous sponges (Neuweiler et al., 2007) and Bahamian microbial mats (Reid et al., 2000). A: Spheciospongia vesparium is a semi-infaunal demosponge. At surface (zone 1) it hosts abundant cyanobacteria. Within sediment (zone 2), sponge encapsulates particles in newly formed dermal tissue rich in collagen. Deeper in the sediment (zone 3), sponge undergoes local tissue die-off and partial calcification. Result is patchy, labyrinthine lithification of sediment with high potential to create secondary voids. B: Bahamian microbial mats display microbial calcification near surface (zone 1) and within sediment (zone 2). Result is fairly regular, subcentimetric, biolaminated texture that characterizes stromatolites (hv = light radiation). C, D: Scanning electron micrographs of calcifying Spheciospongia. C: Clusters of newly formed aragonite (xx) that precipitated on degrading extracellular collagenous matrix. D: Details of intimate relationship between authigenic aragonite (xx) and dismantled string of collagen (coll). E–G: Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra of aqueous extracts from modern and ancient calcifying and/or calcified sponges.]()
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Image
The lithifying siliceous sponge Spheciospongia vesparium from the Great B... Available to Purchase
in Degradative Calcification of a Modern Siliceous Sponge from the Great Bahama Bank, The Bahamas: A Guide for Interpretation of Ancient Sponge-Bearing Limestones
> Journal of Sedimentary Research
Published: 01 July 2007
Figure 2 The lithifying siliceous sponge Spheciospongia vesparium from the Great Bahama Bank. A) Locality map with sampling area. The sampled specimens are from the strip of abundant sponge bioherms, as illustrated by Wiedenmayer ( 1978 ; his fig. 2). B) Spheciospongia vesparium from photo
Journal Article
Degradative Calcification of a Modern Siliceous Sponge from the Great Bahama Bank, The Bahamas: A Guide for Interpretation of Ancient Sponge-Bearing Limestones Available to Purchase
Journal: Journal of Sedimentary Research
Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 July 2007
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2007) 77 (7): 552–563.
...Figure 2 The lithifying siliceous sponge Spheciospongia vesparium from the Great Bahama Bank. A) Locality map with sampling area. The sampled specimens are from the strip of abundant sponge bioherms, as illustrated by Wiedenmayer ( 1978 ; his fig. 2). B) Spheciospongia vesparium from photo...
FIGURES
Image
Spheciospongia vesparium from around the sediment–water interface (sample ... Available to Purchase
in Degradative Calcification of a Modern Siliceous Sponge from the Great Bahama Bank, The Bahamas: A Guide for Interpretation of Ancient Sponge-Bearing Limestones
> Journal of Sedimentary Research
Published: 01 July 2007
Figure 4 Spheciospongia vesparium from around the sediment–water interface (sample "agglutinating"). A) Microtomed section of unstained Spheciospongia showing coloration that closely matches the natural pigmentation. At the sponge–sediment interface, there are abundant adhered particles
Image
Spheciospongia vesparium from the sponge–water interface (sample "fresh").... Available to Purchase
in Degradative Calcification of a Modern Siliceous Sponge from the Great Bahama Bank, The Bahamas: A Guide for Interpretation of Ancient Sponge-Bearing Limestones
> Journal of Sedimentary Research
Published: 01 July 2007
Figure 3 Spheciospongia vesparium from the sponge–water interface (sample "fresh"). A) Microtomed section of Spheciospongia stained in a mixture of methylene blue and azure II. At the surface, there are some adhered particles. The outer tissue layer (ectosome) displays numerous unicellular
Image
Spheciospongia vesparium from deeper parts of the sediment (sample "lithif... Available to Purchase
in Degradative Calcification of a Modern Siliceous Sponge from the Great Bahama Bank, The Bahamas: A Guide for Interpretation of Ancient Sponge-Bearing Limestones
> Journal of Sedimentary Research
Published: 01 July 2007
Figure 5 Spheciospongia vesparium from deeper parts of the sediment (sample "lithifying"). A) Microtomed section of Spheciospongia (unstained for direct comparison with Fig. 4A ). The outer tissue layer (ectosome) is severely bleached due to the loss of unicellular photosymbionts
Image
Degradative calcification of sponge connective tissue. A, B: Schematic comp... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 2. Degradative calcification of sponge connective tissue. A, B: Schematic comparison of calcification styles (red) in Bahamian siliceous sponges ( Neuweiler et al., 2007 ) and Bahamian microbial mats ( Reid et al., 2000 ). A: Spheciospongia vesparium is a semi-infaunal demosponge
Journal Article
Early Neoproterozoic origin of the metazoan clade recorded in carbonate rock texture Available to Purchase
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 May 2009
Geology (2009) 37 (5): 475–478.
...Figure 2. Degradative calcification of sponge connective tissue. A, B: Schematic comparison of calcification styles (red) in Bahamian siliceous sponges ( Neuweiler et al., 2007 ) and Bahamian microbial mats ( Reid et al., 2000 ). A: Spheciospongia vesparium is a semi-infaunal demosponge...
FIGURES
Journal Article
FOSSIL PSAMMOBIONTIC SPONGES AND THEIR FORAMINIFERAL RESIDENTS, CENTRAL APENNINES, ITALY Available to Purchase
Journal: PALAIOS
Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 September 2013
PALAIOS (2013) 28 (9): 614–622.
... example of sponge lithification that explains well the origin of the Burdigalian sponge fossils is the calcification during life of the clionaid sponge Spheciospongia vesparium (Demospongea, Hadromerida) from the Great Bahama Bank ( Wiedenmayer, 1978 ; Neuweiler and Burdige, 2005 ; Neuweiler et al...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Diagenetic Versus Biotic Accretionary Mechanisms of Bryozoan–Sponge Buildups (Lower Silurian, Anticosti Island, Canada) Available to Purchase
Journal: Journal of Sedimentary Research
Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 July 2007
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2007) 77 (7): 564–571.
... Alps (Arzo, Switzerland): calcite mineral authigenesis and syneresis-type deformation : International Journal of Earth Sciences , v. 94 , p. 130 – 146 . Neuweiler , F. , and Burdige , D.J. , 2005 , The modern calcifying sponge Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815), Great Bahama...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Accretionary Mechanisms and Temporal Sequence of Formation of the Boda Limestone Mud-Mounds (Upper Ordovician), Siljan District, Sweden Available to Purchase
Journal: Journal of Sedimentary Research
Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 April 2016
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2016) 86 (4): 363–379.
....
2005 ,
The modern calcifying sponge Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck 1815), Great Bahama Bank: implications for ancient sponge mud-mounds :
Sedimentary Geology , v.
175 , p.
89 –
98 .
Nielsen
A.T.
2011...
FIGURES
Journal Article
THE REENGINEERING OF REEF HABITATS DURING THE GREAT ORDOVICIAN BIODIVERSIFICATION EVENT Available to Purchase
Journal: PALAIOS
Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
Published: 01 September 2017
PALAIOS (2017) 32 (9): 584–599.
... .
Neuweiler,
F. and
Burdige,
D.J.,
2005 ,
The modern calcifying sponge Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815), Great Bahama Bank: implications for ancient sponge mud-mounds :
Sedimentary Geology ,
v .
175 ,
p...
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