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Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field

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Journal Article

Early incubation and prolonged maturation of large ignimbrite magma bodies: Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado, USA

Peter W. Lipman, Matthew J. Zimmerer, Amy K. Gilmer
Journal: Geology
Published: 09 May 2022
Geology (2022) 50 (8): 944–948.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/G49964.1
...Peter W. Lipman; Matthew J. Zimmerer; Amy K. Gilmer Abstract Clusters of early central volcanoes in the mid-Cenozoic Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF; southwestern Colorado, USA) record sites of initial magmatic focusing that led to assembly of sizable upper-crustal magma bodies...
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View PDF for article title, Early incubation and prolonged maturation of large ignimbrite magma bodies: Evidence from the <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>, Colorado, USA
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Journal Article

Postcaldera intrusive magmatism at the Platoro caldera complex, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado, USA

Amy K. Gilmer, Ren A. Thompson, Peter W. Lipman, Jorge A. Vazquez, A. Kate Souders
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 02 April 2021
Geosphere (2021) 17 (3): 898–931.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02242.1
... and hydrothermal alteration (e.g., Smith, 1960 ; Lipman, 1984 ; Kennedy et al., 2012 ; Zimmerer and McIntosh, 2012 ; Colgan et al., 2018 ; Tomek et al., 2017 ). Several Oligocene calderas of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) ( Fig. 1 ) include exposed intrusions inferred to reflect...
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View PDF for article title, Postcaldera intrusive magmatism at the Platoro caldera complex, <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>, Colorado, USA
Add to Citation Manager for Postcaldera intrusive magmatism at the Platoro caldera complex, <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>, Colorado, USA
Journal Article

An ignimbrite caldera from the bottom up: Exhumed floor and fill of the resurgent Bonanza caldera, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado

Peter W. Lipman, Matthew J. Zimmerer, William C. McIntosh
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 01 December 2015
Geosphere (2015) 11 (6): 1902–1947.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01184.1
...Peter W. Lipman; Matthew J. Zimmerer; William C. McIntosh Abstract Among large ignimbrites, the Bonanza Tuff and its source caldera in the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field display diverse depositional and structural features that provide special insights concerning eruptive processes...
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View PDF for article title, An ignimbrite caldera from the bottom up: Exhumed floor and fill of the resurgent Bonanza caldera, <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>, Colorado
Add to Citation Manager for An ignimbrite caldera from the bottom up: Exhumed floor and fill of the resurgent Bonanza caldera, <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>, Colorado
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Journal Article

Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers: Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field

Peter W. Lipman
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 01 February 2007
Geosphere (2007) 3 (1): 42–70.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00061.1
... evidence for shallow magma bodies comparable to the largest granitic plutons. As exemplified by the composite Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (here summarized comprehensively for the first time), which is comparable in areal extent, magma composition, eruptive volume, and duration to continental...
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View PDF for article title, Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers: Evidence from the <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>
Add to Citation Manager for Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers: Evidence from the <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountain</span> <span class="search-highlight">volcanic</span> <span class="search-highlight">field</span>
Image
Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing locations of early intermediate-composition volcanoes along the eastern flank of San Juan Mountains and southern Sawatch Range (larger purple symbols—main eastern volcanoes discussed; black symbols—eruptive centers inferred from thick proximal lava sections). Numbers in black (1–8) reference locations of dated samples listed in Table 3. Volcanoes: BC—Baughman; BL—Blue Creek; BLVC—Biedell-Lime volcanic complex; BT—Barret Creek; CC—Cow Creek; CV—Cimarron; DN—Del Norte; GC—Grays Creek; JC—Jacks Creek; L—Larsen; MT—Matterhorn; NC—Needle Creek; SA—Sargents Mesa; SC—Summer Coon; SK—Sky City; ST—Sawtooth; TV—Tracy volcano. Graben asymmetry and boundary-fault geometry reverse from east-dipping in the San Luis Valley segment to west-dipping in the Sawatch Range–Upper Arkansas segment to the north. Blue dashed lines—major bounding faults of asymmetrical rift grabens. A diffuse structural-transition boundary, demarking termination of the Sawatch structural and magmatic locus as well as transition from San Luis to Upper Arkansas basins (half-grabens) along the Rio Grande rift, lies south and east of the Bonanza area (green dashed line). Arrows indicate trend of Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary (Laramide) intrusions of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Calderas: Bz—Bonanza; B—Bachelor; C—Cochetopa Park; Cr—Creede; GP—Grizzly Peak; LGn—La Garita, north segment; LGs—La Garita, south segment; M—Marshall; MA—Mount Aetna; NP—North Pass; Pl—Platoro; S—Silverton; SL—San Luis complex; SR—South River. Geographic locations: BP—-Buffalo Peaks; SLH—San Luis Hills; WMT—distal Wall Mountain Tuff, on High Plains. Figure is modified from Lipman and Zimmerer (2019).

Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing locations of early i...

Published: 20 December 2023
Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing locations of early intermediate-composition volcanoes along the eastern flank of San Juan Mountains and southern Sawatch Range (larger purple symbols—main eastern volcanoes discussed; black symbols—eruptive centers inferred from
Image
Generalized map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (USA), showing geochemical estimates of paleocrustal thickness. Calderas and intrusions: Bz—Bonanza; Cr— Creede; CMB—Colorado Mineral Belt; LGn and LGs—La Garita (N and S segments); NP—North Pass; Pl—Platoro. Pre-caldera volcanoes: B—Baughman Creek; B-L—Biedell-Lime; JC—Jacks Creek; SC—Summer Coon; TR—Tracy. WMT—Wall Mountain Tuff. Green-dashed line—southern margin of Sawatch structural block. Tick marks—location of section (Fig. 3). Crustal thickness values are from normalized La/Yb and La/Y values (Table S1 [see footnote 1]).

Generalized map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (USA), showin...

Published: 03 June 2021
Figure 1. Generalized map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (USA), showing geochemical estimates of paleocrustal thickness. Calderas and intrusions: Bz—Bonanza; Cr— Creede; CMB—Colorado Mineral Belt; LGn and LGs—La Garita (N and S segments); NP—North Pass; Pl—Platoro. Pre-caldera
Image
Correlation of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) compositions in relation to geophysically determined crustal thickness for young volcanic arcs (Profeta et al., 2015; trend lines from Chapman et al., 2020); hbl— hornblende. (A) La-Yb plot for subareas of the SRMVF. (B) La-Y plot for subareas of the SRMVF. (C) La-Y plot for pre-caldera volcanoes of the eastern San Juan region. Excluded from plots are post-caldera alkalic rocks from Miocene systems (Questa [New Mexico], Lake City [Colorado]) emplaced concurrently with inception of Rio Grande rift.

Correlation of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) compositions ...

Published: 03 June 2021
Figure 2. Correlation of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) compositions in relation to geophysically determined crustal thickness for young volcanic arcs ( Profeta et al., 2015 ; trend lines from Chapman et al., 2020 ); hbl— hornblende. (A) La-Yb plot for subareas of the SRMVF. (B
Image
(A) Map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing erosional remnants of mid-Cenozoic volcanic rocks (in peach), ignimbrite calderas, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and mid-Cenozoic andesite and dacite dikes. The San Juan volcanic locus was active from 35 to 23 Ma and generated 23 large-volume ignimbrites from multiple calderas (Steven and Lipman, 1976; Lipman, 2007; Lipman and Bachmann, 2015). The Platoro caldera complex is denoted by the blue rectangle. Modified after Lipman et al. (2015). (B) Generalized geologic map of the Platoro caldera complex, showing preserved remnants of successive topographic walls related to eruptions of the La Jara Canyon and Chiquito Peak Tuffs. The Platoro caldera complex sourced seven major ignimbrites dated between 30.1 and 28.8 Ma including the last and largest, the Chiquito Peak Tuff. Modified from Lipman et al. (1996).

(A) Map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing erosional re...

Published: 02 April 2021
Figure 1. (A) Map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing erosional remnants of mid-Cenozoic volcanic rocks (in peach), ignimbrite calderas, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and mid-Cenozoic andesite and dacite dikes. The San Juan volcanic locus was active from 35 to 23 Ma
Image
Map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) and Rio Grande rift in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico (USA). Large rectangle, location of study area for the Platoro-Dulce dike swarm (Fig. 2); smaller rectangle, Platoro caldera map area (Fig. 3). Also shown are other ignimbrite calderas of the SRMVF, major erosional remnants and inferred original extent of mid-Cenozoic volcanic cover (Steven, 1975), caldera-related granitic intrusions (Tweto, 1979; Lipman, 2007), and later sedimentary fill in asymmetric grabens of the Rio Grande rift. Rift graben asymmetry and boundary-fault geometry reverse from east-dipping in the San Luis Valley segment to west-dipping in the Sawatch Range–upper Arkansas River valley segment to the north. Blue-dashed lines, major bounding faults of asymmetrical rift grabens. Arrows indicate the trend of Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic (Laramide) intrusions of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Calderas: B—Bachelor; Bz—Bonanza; C—Cochetopa Park; Cr—Creede; GP—Grizzly Peak; LGn—La Garita, north segment; LGs—La Garita, south segment; M—Marshall; MA—Mount Aetna; NP—North Pass; Pl—Platoro; S—Silverton; SL—San Luis complex; SR—South River. Other features: BP—Buffalo Peak; SC—Summer Coon volcano. CO—Colorado; NM—New Mexico. Modified from McIntosh and Chapin (2004). Rge—Range; Mts.—Mountains.

Map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) and Rio Grande ri...

Published: 30 September 2019
Figure 1. Map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (SRMVF) and Rio Grande rift in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico (USA). Large rectangle, location of study area for the Platoro-Dulce dike swarm ( Fig. 2 ); smaller rectangle, Platoro caldera map area ( Fig. 3 ). Also shown
Image
Comparison between the schematized Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field batholith model (Lipman and Bachmann, 2015) (A), based on erupted products and gravity data, and the result of petrological inversion into density and viscosity (for dry conditions) from a global volcanic record (B). A significant decrease of FeOtot and an increase of SiO2 occurs between 1000 °C and 1100 °C, reducing the density and increasing the viscosity of intermediate magma (∼60–65 wt% of SiO2; Mg# ∼40) that are produced along this threshold. C: Percentage of phenocrysts, in equilibrium with their bulk-rock composition, remains broadly constant (∼40%–50%) over a large range of temperature and SiO2 content. Below 1050 °C, the proportion of equilibrium phenocrysts decreases, dropping to ∼20% at ∼900 °C. D: The relative proportion of rocks in total equilibrium with their crystal cargo (liquids) remains broadly constant (&lt;7%) with decreasing temperature until ∼900 °C ; beyond this threshold, it progressively increases.

Comparison between the schematized Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field b...

Published: 01 March 2018
Figure 3. Comparison between the schematized Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field batholith model ( Lipman and Bachmann, 2015 ) (A), based on erupted products and gravity data, and the result of petrological inversion into density and viscosity (for dry conditions) from a global volcanic record
Image
Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants and inferred original extent of mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later sedimentary fill in asymmetric grabens of the Rio Grande rift zone. Graben asymmetry and boundary-fault geometry reverse from east-dipping in the San Luis Valley segment to west-dipping in the Sawatch Range–Upper Arkansas segment to the north. Blue dashed lines, major bounding faults of asymmetrical rift grabens. A diffuse structural-transition boundary lies south and east of the Bonanza area (green dashed line). Arrows indicate trend of Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary (Laramide) intrusions of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Calderas: Bz—Bonanza; B—Bachelor; C—Cochetopa Park; Cr—Creede; GP—Grizzly Peak; LGn—La Garita north segment; LGs—La Garita, south segment; M—Marshall; MA—Mount Aetna; Pl—Platoro; S—Silverton; SL—San Luis complex; SR—South River. Geographic locations: BP—Buffalo Peaks; LO—Lookout Mountain; SK—Summer Coon volcano; SK—Storm King Mountain; WMT—distal Wall Mountain Tuff on High Plains. Location of Figure 2 indicated by rectangle. Modified from McIntosh and Chapin (2004); inferred original limit of volcanic rocks modified from Steven (1975); intrusions from Tweto (1979) and Lipman (1988, 2000).

Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing ignimbrite calderas,...

Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants and inferred original extent of mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later sedimentary fill in asymmetric grabens of the Rio Grande rift zone. Graben
Image

IGNIMBRITES FROM THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN VOLCANIC FIELD ( LIPMAN, 2006 ...

Published: 01 February 2012
TABLE 1. IGNIMBRITES FROM THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN VOLCANIC FIELD ( LIPMAN, 2006 )
Image
Map of Southern Rocky Mountain Volcanic Field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants and inferred original extent of mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later sedimentary fill of the Rio Grande rift zone. Arrows indicate trend of late Cretaceous–early Tertiary (Laramide) intrusions of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Calderas: B—Bonanza; Ba—Bachelor; C—Cochetopa Park; Cr—Creede; LGn—La Garita north segment; LGs—La Garita, south segment; MC—Marshall Creek; Pl—Platoro; S—Silverton; SL—San Luis complex; SR—South River. Geographic locality: G—Gunnison. Modified from McIntosh and Chapin (2004); inferred original limit of volcanic rocks modified from Steven, 1975); intrusions from Tweto (1979) and Lipman (1988, 2000).

Map of Southern Rocky Mountain Volcanic Field, showing ignimbrite calderas,...

Published: 01 July 2008
Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain Volcanic Field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants and inferred original extent of mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later sedimentary fill of the Rio Grande rift zone. Arrows indicate trend of late
Image

SUMMARY FEATURES OF SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN VOLCANIC FIELD (SRMVF) IN COMPA...

Published: 01 July 2008
TABLE 4. SUMMARY FEATURES OF SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN VOLCANIC FIELD (SRMVF) IN COMPARISON WITH ALTIPLANO-PUNA VOLCANIC COMPLEX (APVC) *
Image
Figure 7. Age-volume plot for large Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field ignimbrites. Locations of ignimbrite sources are color-coded as on Figure 4. Overall magma production for ignimbrite eruptions was ∼1000 km3/m.y. from 37 to 22 Ma; peak production during eruptions from the central San Juan caldera complex exceeded 4000 km3/m.y. (Lipman et al., 1996). Peak production, dominated by eruption of the Fish Canyon Tuff at 27.8 Ma, was near mid-stage in evolution of the volcanic field, as is documented for several other volcanic regions dominated by ignimbrite eruptions (e.g., west-central New Mexico, McIntosh et al., 1991; SW Nevada, Sawyer et al., 1994; central Andes, de Silva et al., 2007).

Figure 7. Age-volume plot for large Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field ...

Published: 01 February 2007
Figure 7. Age-volume plot for large Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field ignimbrites. Locations of ignimbrite sources are color-coded as on Figure 4 . Overall magma production for ignimbrite eruptions was ∼1000 km 3 /m.y. from 37 to 22 Ma; peak production during eruptions from the central San
Image
Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants, and inferred original extent of once nearly continuous mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later Tertiary sedimentary fill of the Rio Grande rift zone. Arrows indicate trend of Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary (Laramide) intrusions of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Map was modified from McIntosh and Chapin (2004); inferred original limit of volcanic rocks from Steven (1975); and intrusions from Tweto (1979) and Lipman (1988, 2000).

Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing ignimbrite...

Published: 01 February 2007
Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants, and inferred original extent of once nearly continuous mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later Tertiary sedimentary fill of the Rio Grande rift zone
Journal Article

Eruptive and noneruptive calderas, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Where did the ignimbrites come from?

Peter W. Lipman, William C. McIntosh
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2008
GSA Bulletin (2008) 120 (7-8): 771–795.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/B26330.1
...Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain Volcanic Field, showing ignimbrite calderas, major erosional remnants and inferred original extent of mid-Tertiary volcanic cover, caldera-related granitic intrusions, and later sedimentary fill of the Rio Grande rift zone. Arrows indicate trend of late...
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Book Chapter

Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls

Author(s)
C. J. N. Wilson, D. M. Gravley, G. S. Leonard, J. V. Rowland
Book: Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker
Series: Special Publications of IAVCEI
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 01 January 2009
DOI: 10.1144/IAVCEl002.12
EISBN: 9781862396241
... field (29.4-26.9 Ma, 5km 3 kyr −1 ), where there is no clear record of smaller events. Magnitude-frequency relationships for large caldera-forming events in the central TVZ are broadly similar to those in the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field. However, the TVZ record since 61 ka shows magnitude...
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Abstract
View PDF for content titled, <span class="search-highlight">Volcanism</span> in the central Taupo <span class="search-highlight">Volcanic</span> Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls
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Abstract The central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) in New Zealand currently is the most frequently active and productive area of silicic (overwhelmingly rhyolitic) volcanism on Earth. From 1.6 Ma to present, 25 caldera-forming eruptions have occurred, largely represented by ignim-brites, of which 23 are of dacitic to rhyolitic composition ( c . 65-77% SiO 2 ). These eruptions together represent c . 6000 km 3 of magma, but this record is known to be incomplete. Other large (but as yet unquantified) eruptions are recorded in deep-sea cores and now-uplifted Pleistocene marine sediments, but correlations to mapped ignimbrite sheets are incomplete and volumes unknown. From 61 ka to present, a mostly complete sequence is known from exposed deposits and 68 eruptions, totalling 782 km 3 of magma, are catalogued here. In this time period, three eruptions (1.8 ka, 35 km 3 ; 26.5 ka, 530 km 3 ; 61 ka, 80 km 3 ) were rhyolitic caldera-forming events that represent 82% of the volume erupted. The remaining 65 eruptions (137 km 3 , magma) consist of three basaltic, eight dacitic to rhyodacitic and 54 rhyolitic (≥72% SiO 2 ) events ranging in volume from &lt;0.01 to 17.5 km 3 . Average central TVZ eruption rates from large caldera-forming events alone are 3.8km 3 kyr −1 , while since 61 ka the rate is 12.8 km 3 kyr −1 . The former value is similar to those for intracontinental silicic volcanic provinces like Yellowstone (2.1 Ma to present, 3.0 km 3 kyr −1 ) and the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (29.4-26.9 Ma, 5km 3 kyr −1 ), where there is no clear record of smaller events. Magnitude-frequency relationships for large caldera-forming events in the central TVZ are broadly similar to those in the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field. However, the TVZ record since 61 ka shows magnitude-frequency relationships that imply an order-of-magnitude greater frequency in this latest period of activity for events of a given size up to &gt;100 km 3 . TVZ eruptions are not evenly distributed in time, and clustering of events caused by interactions with tectonic processes are common.

Journal Article

Precursors to a continental-arc ignimbrite flare-up: Early central volcanoes of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA

P.W. Lipman, M.J. Zimmerer, A.K. Gilmer
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 20 December 2023
Geosphere (2024) 20 (1): 23–73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02691.1
...Figure 1. Map of Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, showing locations of early intermediate-composition volcanoes along the eastern flank of San Juan Mountains and southern Sawatch Range (larger purple symbols—main eastern volcanoes discussed; black symbols—eruptive centers inferred from...
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Journal Article

Raising the West: Mid-Cenozoic Colorado-plano related to subvolcanic batholith assembly in the Southern Rocky Mountains (USA)?

Peter W. Lipman
Journal: Geology
Published: 03 June 2021
Geology (2021) 49 (9): 1107–1111.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/G48963.1
...Figure 1. Generalized map of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (USA), showing geochemical estimates of paleocrustal thickness. Calderas and intrusions: Bz—Bonanza; Cr— Creede; CMB—Colorado Mineral Belt; LGn and LGs—La Garita (N and S segments); NP—North Pass; Pl—Platoro. Pre-caldera...
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View PDF for article title, Raising the West: Mid-Cenozoic Colorado-plano related to subvolcanic batholith assembly in the <span class="search-highlight">Southern</span> <span class="search-highlight">Rocky</span> <span class="search-highlight">Mountains</span> (USA)?
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