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![Model for development of the Sur-Nacimiento fault, modified after Jacobson et al. (2011). (A) Prior to shallow subduction (see footnote 1) showing magmatism in the western southern California batholith and deposition of Nacimiento Franciscan Group 1 and San Emigdio schist protoliths in the trench. (B) Onset of shallow subduction (see footnote 1) showing inboard migration of magmatism, upper plate thrusting and uplift, underplating of San Emigdio schist, and deposition of Nacimiento Franciscan Group 2 and Rand-type (includes Sierra de Salinas, Rand Mountains, Tehachapi Mountains, Portal Ridge, and Quartz Hill exposures) schist protoliths derived from farther-inboard sources. (C) Mature shallow subduction (see footnote 1) showing cessation of arc magmatism, intense upper plate contractile deformation including activity of the proto–San Gregorio–Hosgri fault, deposition and sequential underplating of Rand-type and later schists, and deposition of Nacimiento Group 3 and trench-slope basin deposits. (D) Waning shallow subduction (see footnote 1) and gravitational collapse and westward dispersal of upper-plate lithologies along the integrated southern Sierra detachment–Sur-Nacimiento fault system. Abbreviations: CRf—Coast Range fault; CRO—Coast Range Ophiolite; pSGHf—proto–San Gregorio–Hosgri fault; Nf—Nacimiento fault; NF—Nacimiento Franciscan; PO—Pelona and Orocopia schists; Rf—Rand fault; RS—Rand-type schists; SE—San Emigdio schist; SSD—southern Sierra detachment.]()
![Simplified geological map of the San Emigdio Mountains (modified from Chapman and Saleeby 2012), where we infer 11–9 kbar San Emigdio schist to represent deformed metasedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Cinco Lake arc trough caught between the pre-100 Ma high-grade base of the Cinco Lake arc and lower plate North America comprising megaslabs of Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Cenozoic faults, mainly related to compression adjacent to the San Andreas fault, are not shown as they appear to have little separation (Chapman and Saleeby 2012) and only limited effect on the regional tectonostratigraphy. Schematic section in upper left (a) illustrates the inferred geological relations. (b) Detrital zircon profiles illustrating the similarities of zircons in the Salt Creek pendant compared with a composite of sandstones in the Death Valley region to the east from Chapman et al (2012). (c) Subfigure in lower right shows cumulative distribution of detrital zircons from two samples of the San Emigdio schist replotted from Jacobson et al. (2011) and interpreted to represent metasedimentary fill of the Cinko Lake arc trough. Note the presence of sparse Precambrian zircons, which were probably derived from North America as opposed to open seafloor to the west of the arc. These relations all support our model for westward subduction of the leading edge of the North American craton and its Lower Cretaceous sedimentary cover beneath the 140–100 Ma Cinko arc. [Colour online.]]()
![Cartoon of connected burial of Swakane Gneiss and Pelona, Orocopia, Rand, Sierra de Salinas, and related schists (PORS) at ca. 75 Ma. Boxed numbers indicate range of maximum depositional ages and peak metamorphic temperature for metasedimentary rocks (Valley et al., 2003; Chapman, 2016). Gray dashed line indicates hypothetical Mojave-BC (British Columbia) fault zone. Gray arrow represents decreasing metamorphic grade and maximum depositional ages. BC—British Columbia; CPC—Coast Plutonic Complex; NC—North Cascades; O—Orocopia Schist; P—Pelona Schist; PRB—Peninsular Range batholith; R—Rand Schist; SdS—schist of Sierra de Salinas; SE—San Emigdio Schist; SWK—Swakane Gneiss.]()
![U-Pb detrital zircon age spectra, U/Th values, and representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images from San Emigdio Schist. Circles and ellipses in upper CL image indicate analyzed areas labeled with 206Pb/238U ages and δ18O values, respectively. Curves are composites of samples located <100 m (Fig. 1, samples 1, 2, and 3; image from sample 1) and >100 m (Fig. 1, samples 4 and 5; image from sample 5) from the Rand fault. Open circles (2σ error bars; connected by dashed lines) denote weighted averages of the three youngest detrital grains, excluding recrystallized domains, in each group. Sample 2 is from Grove et al. (2003), samples 3 and 4 are from Jacobson et al. (2011), and the remainder are from this study. RX—recrystallized. Isotopic data are provided in Table DR1 (see footnote 1).]()
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![Schematic subduction erosion and underplating explanation for age variation within a sheet of Nacimiento Franciscan and Rand-type schist. Modified after Jacobson et al. (2011). Abbreviations: CR—Cemetery Ridge; CS—Catalina Schist; PR—Portal Ridge; QH—Quartz Hill; RM—Rand Mountains; SE—San Emigdio Mountains; TC—Tehachapi Mountains.]()
![Geologic maps compiled by Chapman et al. (2011) showing southern California basement rocks (A) and sample locations (numbered stars) in the San Emigdio Mountains (B). Schist is shown in white in B. NV—Nevada; CA—California; AZ—Arizona; MX—Mexico; Mz—Mesozoic; N-Q—Neogene-Quaternary; LK—Late Cretaceous.]()
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![Pie diagrams of detrital zircon ages from the Pelona-Orocopia-Rand-Catalina schists plotted on the same palinspastic base as in Figure 2. The Nacimiento fault is indicated by a heavier line weight than the other faults. Present-day outcrops of Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists are shown in black. The Catalina Schist is inferred to restore beneath the northern Peninsular Ranges (Crouch and Suppe, 1993). Mesozoic magmatic rocks and associated wall rocks of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Ranges batholiths are shown by the plus pattern. Arc and wall rocks of the Mojave Desert and Salinian block are omitted for clarity. Dashed blue outlines delineate three of the four schist groupings used for plotting zircon results in Figure 5 (see also Fig. 3). The fourth group includes the spatially separated Catalina Schist and schist of the San Emigdio Mountains (see text). Paired numbers in parentheses indicate number of samples and number of zircon ages.]()
![Figure 1. A: Distribution of Pelona and related schists on schematic base showing rocks related to late Mesozoic–early Tertiary convergent-margin tectonics. Abbreviations: CH—Chocolate Mountains, CTR—central Transverse Ranges, ETR—eastern Transverse Ranges, GH—Gavilan Hills, OR—Orocopia Mountains, PR—Portal–Ritter Ridge, RA—Rand Mountains, SE—San Emigdio Mountains, SG—San Gabriel Mountains, SP—Sierra Pelona, SS—Sierra de Salinas, WTR—western Transverse Ranges, GF—Garlock fault, SAF—San Andreas fault, SNF—Sur-Nacimiento fault. Contacts modified from Page (1981), Champion et al. (1984), and Haxel and Dillon (1978). B: Sample locations and geochronologic data for schists shown on pre-San Andreas reconstruction (modified from Haxel and Dillon, 1978). Ages from Ehlig (1981), Silver and Nourse (1986), James and Mattinson (1988), and Jacobson (1990).]()
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![(A) Tectonic map of Figure 1 with Pliocene–Quaternary north-south shortening in the San Emigdio Mountains (Davis, 1983) removed and inferred allochthon (primed letters)-autochthon (corresponding letters) correlations and kinematic relations overlain. Correlations of Wood and Saleeby (1997) shown as black circles. Correlations of this study shown as white circles. Schist and allochthonous plate shear sense determinations from Nourse (1989), Wood and Saleeby (1997), and Chapman et al. (2010). Equal-area lower-hemisphere stereonets show lineation measurements from the Rand Schist (Postlethwaite and Jacobson, 1987), schist of Sierra de Salinas (Chapman et al., 2010), the southern Sierra detachment, and inferred transport directions of upper crustal fragments (Kamb contour interval 4σ; Table 5). Abbreviations, symbols, and map units as in Figures 1 and 2. (B) Map showing allochthonous regions of similar inferred paleogeographic affinity (shaded), correlative autochthonous areas (outlined with corresponding colors), and 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar cooling ages (Evernden and Kistler, 1970; Huffman, 1972; Ross, 1989; Kistler and Champion, 2001; Saleeby et al., 2007). An accompanying animation can be found in Movie SD1 in the Supplemental File (see footnote 1). Abbreviations, symbols, and map units as in Figures 1 and 2.]()
![(A) Tectonic map of Figure 1 with Pliocene–Quaternary north-south shortening in the San Emigdio Mountains (Davis, 1983) removed and inferred allochthon (primed letters)-autochthon (corresponding letters) correlations and kinematic relations overlain. Correlations of Wood and Saleeby (1997) shown as black circles. Correlations of this study shown as white circles. Schist and allochthonous plate shear sense determinations from Nourse (1989), Wood and Saleeby (1997), and Chapman et al. (2010). Equal-area lower-hemisphere stereonets show lineation measurements from the Rand Schist (Postlethwaite and Jacobson, 1987), schist of Sierra de Salinas (Chapman et al., 2010), the southern Sierra detachment, and inferred transport directions of upper crustal fragments (Kamb contour interval 4σ; Table 5). Abbreviations, symbols, and map units as in Figures 1 and 2. (B) Map showing allochthonous regions of similar inferred paleogeographic affinity (shaded), correlative autochthonous areas (outlined with corresponding colors), and 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar cooling ages (Evernden and Kistler, 1970; Huffman, 1972; Ross, 1989; Kistler and Champion, 2001; Saleeby et al., 2007). An accompanying animation can be found in Movie SD1 in the Supplemental File (see footnote 1). Abbreviations, symbols, and map units as in Figures 1 and 2.]()
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![Comparison of 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages and zircon U-Pb ages ≤100 Ma for the Pelona-Orocopia-Rand-Catalina schists plotted by area (see Figs. 1, 2, and 4 for locations). Zircon ages are from Barth et al. (2003), Grove et al. (2003, 2008), and this study. Argon ages are from Jacobson (1990), Jacobson et al. (2002, 2007), Barth et al. (2003), and Grove et al. (2003, 2008). The Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists are organized by the conventional northwest-southeast grouping, i.e., Rand Schists in the northwest Mojave Desert and environs, Pelona Schists in the central Transverse Ranges, and Orocopia Schists in southeastern California–southwestern Arizona. The exception is the Rand Schist of the San Emigdio Mountains, which we group with the Catalina Schist. Within the Pelona and Orocopia Schist groups, individual areas are ordered from northwest on the left to southeast on the right. Northwest-southeast position for the Rand Schists is not clear owing to potential rotation of the Sierran tail; these bodies were instead ordered from left to right by depositional and metamorphic age. Diagonally ruled box indicates time of most likely movement on the Nacimiento fault. Yellow band indicates the cycling interval, which, as discussed in the text, is not well constrained in the southeast. Also note that 40Ar/39Ar and zircon ages overlap for the Catalina Schist (the two types of ages have been separated slightly along the x-axis to clarify this relation). The low grade of metamorphism for this unit (Grove et al., 2008) suggests that the 40Ar/39Ar ages may be influenced by excess radiogenic argon or lack of complete recrystallization of detrital mica during metamorphism. Abbreviations for schist localities are same as in Figure 1. Other abbreviations are: bio—biotite; Camp—Campanian; Cen—Cenomanian; Eoc—Eocene; hbd—hornblende; Maast—Maastrichtian; Mio—Miocene; mus—muscovite; Olig—Oligocene; Pal—Paleocene; Sant—Santonian; Tur—Turonian.]()
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Journal Article
Slab flattening trigger for isotopic disturbance and magmatic flare-up in the southernmost Sierra Nevada batholith, California Available to Purchase
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2013
Geology (2013) 41 (9): 1007–1010.
...Alan D. Chapman; Jason B. Saleeby; John Eiler Abstract The San Emigdio Schist of Southern California permits examination of partial melting and devolatilization processes along a Late Cretaceous shallow subduction zone. Detrital and recrystallized zircon of the structurally highest portions...
FIGURES
Image
Model for development of the Sur-Nacimiento fault, modified after Jacobson... Open Access
in Assembling the world’s type shallow subduction complex: Detrital zircon geochronologic constraints on the origin of the Nacimiento block, central California Coast Ranges
> Geosphere
Published: 01 April 2016
Figure 11. Model for development of the Sur-Nacimiento fault, modified after Jacobson et al. (2011) . (A) Prior to shallow subduction (see footnote 1 ) showing magmatism in the western southern California batholith and deposition of Nacimiento Franciscan Group 1 and San Emigdio schist
Image
![Simplified geological map of the San Emigdio Mountains (modified from Chapman and Saleeby 2012), where we infer 11–9 kbar San Emigdio schist to represent deformed metasedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Cinco Lake arc trough caught between the pre-100 Ma high-grade base of the Cinco Lake arc and lower plate North America comprising megaslabs of Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Cenozoic faults, mainly related to compression adjacent to the San Andreas fault, are not shown as they appear to have little separation (Chapman and Saleeby 2012) and only limited effect on the regional tectonostratigraphy. Schematic section in upper left (a) illustrates the inferred geological relations. (b) Detrital zircon profiles illustrating the similarities of zircons in the Salt Creek pendant compared with a composite of sandstones in the Death Valley region to the east from Chapman et al (2012). (c) Subfigure in lower right shows cumulative distribution of detrital zircons from two samples of the San Emigdio schist replotted from Jacobson et al. (2011) and interpreted to represent metasedimentary fill of the Cinko Lake arc trough. Note the presence of sparse Precambrian zircons, which were probably derived from North America as opposed to open seafloor to the west of the arc. These relations all support our model for westward subduction of the leading edge of the North American craton and its Lower Cretaceous sedimentary cover beneath the 140–100 Ma Cinko arc. [Colour online.]](https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/cjes/58/8/10.1139_cjes-2020-0154/1/s_cjes-2020-0154f18.jpeg?Expires=2147483647&Signature=Zk7bsKYLfdtrU9cVzPzceTREWLtXJwWDVZATeUG2K5i4iNiU6iuPXHl1wwY~Lce1U-6dTliyIodLOWkuq7IjSkOqKSO0VG4PSD28UZRlIgmIh7ZWdCMZ4d7n~F5A7ui6gakqnxx3uiGv64kP5NyiLSJJzduoRWKxsx0~QE3f~dnBx28jtkSptacCtk66-TNntyulFtPff762aOgUKGaJZenvijcElmpvsoVdYa~dcgw9baGfR0ofw4HmMPBymymwscpm9bXigfidr2c1DfnPtOUXPbsk6JignxmVkiwh38sy5Bl-ONwo2LDhiu4yOPKZjSYOU1sFZ4s2~zS8K-f-zA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Simplified geological map of the San Emigdio Mountains (modified from Chap... Available to Purchase
in The mid-Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges orogeny: a new slant on Cordilleran tectonics? I: Mexico to Nevada
> Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Published: 22 February 2021
Fig. 18. Simplified geological map of the San Emigdio Mountains (modified from Chapman and Saleeby 2012 ), where we infer 11–9 kbar San Emigdio schist to represent deformed metasedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Cinco Lake arc trough caught between the pre-100 Ma high-grade base
Image
Cartoon of connected burial of Swakane Gneiss and Pelona, Orocopia, Rand, S... Available to Purchase
Published: 04 January 2019
batholith; R—Rand Schist; SdS—schist of Sierra de Salinas; SE—San Emigdio Schist; SWK—Swakane Gneiss.
Image
U-Pb detrital zircon age spectra, U/Th values, and representative cathodolu... Available to Purchase
in Slab flattening trigger for isotopic disturbance and magmatic flare-up in the southernmost Sierra Nevada batholith, California
> Geology
Published: 01 September 2013
Figure 2. U-Pb detrital zircon age spectra, U/Th values, and representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images from San Emigdio Schist. Circles and ellipses in upper CL image indicate analyzed areas labeled with 206 Pb/ 238 U ages and δ 18 O values, respectively. Curves are composites of samples
Journal Article
Assembling the world’s type shallow subduction complex: Detrital zircon geochronologic constraints on the origin of the Nacimiento block, central California Coast Ranges Open Access
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 April 2016
Geosphere (2016) 12 (2): 533–557.
...Figure 11. Model for development of the Sur-Nacimiento fault, modified after Jacobson et al. (2011) . (A) Prior to shallow subduction (see footnote 1 ) showing magmatism in the western southern California batholith and deposition of Nacimiento Franciscan Group 1 and San Emigdio schist...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
Image
Schematic subduction erosion and underplating explanation for age variation... Open Access
in Assembling the world’s type shallow subduction complex: Detrital zircon geochronologic constraints on the origin of the Nacimiento block, central California Coast Ranges
> Geosphere
Published: 01 April 2016
; SE—San Emigdio Mountains; TC—Tehachapi Mountains.
Image
Geologic maps compiled by Chapman et al. (2011) showing southern Californ... Available to Purchase
in Slab flattening trigger for isotopic disturbance and magmatic flare-up in the southernmost Sierra Nevada batholith, California
> Geology
Published: 01 September 2013
Figure 1. Geologic maps compiled by Chapman et al. (2011) showing southern California basement rocks (A) and sample locations (numbered stars) in the San Emigdio Mountains (B). Schist is shown in white in B. NV—Nevada; CA—California; AZ—Arizona; MX—Mexico; Mz—Mesozoic; N-Q—Neogene-Quaternary
Journal Article
Late Cretaceous gravitational collapse of the southern Sierra Nevada batholith, California Open Access
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 April 2012
Geosphere (2012) 8 (2): 314–341.
...-level batholithic upper plate ( Saleeby et al., 2007 ; Chapman et al., 2010 and references therein). The Rand, San Emigdio, and Sierra de Salinas schists (referred to in aggregate as “the schist”) and similar early Tertiary Pelona and Orocopiaschists of more southerly California crop out along...
FIGURES
Image
Pie diagrams of detrital zircon ages from the Pelona-Orocopia-Rand-Catalina... Available to Purchase
in Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern California margin inferred from provenance of trench and forearc sediments
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2011
block are omitted for clarity. Dashed blue outlines delineate three of the four schist groupings used for plotting zircon results in Figure 5 (see also Fig. 3 ). The fourth group includes the spatially separated Catalina Schist and schist of the San Emigdio Mountains (see text). Paired numbers
Image
Figure 1. A: Distribution of Pelona and related schists on schematic base s... Available to Purchase
in Late Cretaceous protolith age and provenance of the Pelona and Orocopia Schists, southern California: Implications for evolution of the Cordilleran margin
> Geology
Published: 01 March 2000
, PR—Portal–Ritter Ridge, RA—Rand Mountains, SE—San Emigdio Mountains, SG—San Gabriel Mountains, SP—Sierra Pelona, SS—Sierra de Salinas, WTR—western Transverse Ranges, GF—Garlock fault, SAF—San Andreas fault, SNF—Sur-Nacimiento fault. Contacts modified from Page (1981) , Champion et al. (1984
Journal Article
The mid-Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges orogeny: a new slant on Cordilleran tectonics? I: Mexico to Nevada Available to Purchase
Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 22 February 2021
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2021) 58 (8): 670–696.
...Fig. 18. Simplified geological map of the San Emigdio Mountains (modified from Chapman and Saleeby 2012 ), where we infer 11–9 kbar San Emigdio schist to represent deformed metasedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Cinco Lake arc trough caught between the pre-100 Ma high-grade base...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Heavy-Mineral Data at the Southern End of San Joaquin Valley Available to Purchase
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Published: 01 April 1927
AAPG Bulletin (1927) 11 (4): 369–372.
... is associated with rock types ranging from granite to diorite and including schist and gneiss in irregular and subordinate masses. All types of rock are similar in that they contain much the same minerals, although in different proportions. In this sense, the San Emigdio Mountains may be described as being...
Journal Article
Shear heating not a cause of inverted metamorphism Available to Purchase
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 August 2013
Geology (2013) 41 (8): 899–902.
.... Saleeby J.B. Petersen S. , 2011 , Metamorphic evolution, partial melting and rapid exhumation above an ancient flat slab: Insights from the San Emigdio Schist, southern California : Journal of Metamorphic Geology , v. 29 , p. 601 – 626 , doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2011.00932.x . Cooper...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern California margin inferred from provenance of trench and forearc sediments Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 March 2011
GSA Bulletin (2011) 123 (3-4): 485–506.
... block are omitted for clarity. Dashed blue outlines delineate three of the four schist groupings used for plotting zircon results in Figure 5 (see also Fig. 3 ). The fourth group includes the spatially separated Catalina Schist and schist of the San Emigdio Mountains (see text). Paired numbers...
FIGURES
Image
(A) Tectonic map of Figure 1 with Pliocene–Quaternary north-south shorten... Open Access
in Late Cretaceous gravitational collapse of the southern Sierra Nevada batholith, California
> Geosphere
Published: 01 April 2012
Figure 12. (A) Tectonic map of Figure 1 with Pliocene–Quaternary north-south shortening in the San Emigdio Mountains ( Davis, 1983 ) removed and inferred allochthon (primed letters)-autochthon (corresponding letters) correlations and kinematic relations overlain. Correlations of Wood
Image
(A) Tectonic map of Figure 1 with Pliocene–Quaternary north-south shorten... Open Access
in Late Cretaceous gravitational collapse of the southern Sierra Nevada batholith, California
> Geosphere
Published: 01 April 2012
Figure 12. (A) Tectonic map of Figure 1 with Pliocene–Quaternary north-south shortening in the San Emigdio Mountains ( Davis, 1983 ) removed and inferred allochthon (primed letters)-autochthon (corresponding letters) correlations and kinematic relations overlain. Correlations of Wood
Journal Article
Middle Cenozoic Depositional, Tectonic, and Sea Level History of Southern San Joaquin Basin, California Available to Purchase
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Published: 01 November 1988
AAPG Bulletin (1988) 72 (11): 1297–1322.
...Peter G. Decelles ABSTRACT The Eocene to lower Miocene fill of the southern San Joaquin basin contains three complete depositional sequences—the Tejon, San Emigdio, and Pleito—each of which corresponds to a formal formation. The Tejon sequence (lower to middle Eocene) is marine and incorporates...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Geology of McKittrick Oil Field and Vicinity, Kern County, California Available to Purchase
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Published: 01 January 1933
AAPG Bulletin (1933) 17 (1): 1–15.
..., is composed of granitic rocks with schists and crystalline limestone inclusions, and, where exposed in the crest, the Tertiary strata lie directly on it. This granitic mass seems to be the northwesterly extension of the granitic magma making the cores of the Tehachapi and the San Emigdio mountains, probably...
FIGURES
Image
Comparison of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages and zircon U-Pb ages ≤100 Ma for t... Available to Purchase
in Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern California margin inferred from provenance of trench and forearc sediments
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2011
Transverse Ranges, and Orocopia Schists in southeastern California–southwestern Arizona. The exception is the Rand Schist of the San Emigdio Mountains, which we group with the Catalina Schist. Within the Pelona and Orocopia Schist groups, individual areas are ordered from northwest on the left to southeast
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