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Salar de Atacama

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Series: Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.251.01.02
EISBN: 9781862394995
... approximately 0.5–1 km below the present fan apex. Fig. 3. Holocene climate variation within the Salar de Atacama region. Grey zones indicate period of relatively higher rainfall (but, in most cases, still arid). Sources of information are indicated along the top of the diagram. The modern channels...
FIGURES | View All (13)
Journal Article
Published: 01 January 2003
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2003) 73 (1): 91–104.
...Tim K. Lowenstein; Matthew C. Hein; Andrew L. Bobst; Teresa E. Jordan; Teh-Lung Ku; Shangde Luo Abstract Dated subsurface cores, 40 m, 100 m, and 200 m in length, from the Salar de Atacama, Chile, record changes in climate and tectonics over the past 325 ka. These cores were used to assess...
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Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2002
GSA Bulletin (2002) 114 (3): 349–366.
... monsoons northern Chile paleoecology We focused our midden survey in the Calama and Salar de Atacama basins ( Figs. 1, 2 ), the midpoint of an ongoing study spanning the entire length of the Atacama Desert. The Calama and Salar de Atacama basins (lat 22– 24°S) lie 100–200 km north...
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Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 1993
GSA Bulletin (1993) 105 (5): 603–617.
...S. FLINT; P. TURNER; E. J. JOLLEY; A. J. HARTLEY Abstract The Salar de Atacama basin of northern Chile preserves stratigraphic evidence for the evolution of the Andean cycle. It has evolved from a non-arc-related rift, through back-arc and inter-arc stages, to a Neogene fore-arc basin. Accumulation...
Image
(A) False colour Landsat images north of the Salar de Atacama region with Pastos Grande (PG) caldera in the centre filled and surrounded by a 2.89 Ma ignimbrite (Kern et al 2016). Yellow colours: ignimbrites; dark brown, grey to black: young andesitic lavas and stratovolcanoes. Blue: snow on summits or salt in salar basins. Other colours: volcaniclastic sediments (violet) and older basement rocks (lighter brown). Well-known and/or active stratovolcanoes, some of which are mentioned in this issue, are labeled: Auc: Aucanquilcha; Oll: Ollague; SpSp: San Pedro–San Pablo; CD: Chao Dacite; Ut: Uturuncu. Landsat image, processing by K. Erpenstein, K. Hofmann, Geoinformatik, FU Berlin. (B) Slightly tilted and faulted ignimbrites (21–19 Ma) of the Oxaya Formation (Chile, 18°S), labelled “Ox”, overlying folded Jurassic marine back-arc sediments (Wörner et al. 2002; Van Zalinge et al. 2016). Height of section ∼1,500 m. (C) Puripicar Ignimbrite of the Altiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex (∼4 Ma) erupted from the Cerro Guacha Caldera (Salisbury et al. 2011). (D) Lauca Ignimbrite (2.7 Ma), labelled “L”, overlying 7 Ma to 3 Ma fluvial to evaporitic sediments on the Chilean Altiplano (Wörner et al. 2000b). Snow-capped Tacora stratovolcano at the border between Chile and Peru on the horizon. Photos: G. Wörner
Published: 01 August 2018
Figure 5 ( A ) False colour Landsat images north of the Salar de Atacama region with Pastos Grande (PG) caldera in the centre filled and surrounded by a 2.89 Ma ignimbrite ( Kern et al 2016 ). Yellow colours: ignimbrites; dark brown, grey to black: young andesitic lavas and stratovolcanoes. Blue
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Figure 15. (A) Regional location map for Salar de Atacama Basin in northern Chile; inset map shows location of regional map relative to South America. (B) to (G) Sequential cartoon cross sections X–Y illustrating the evolution of the Salar de Atacama Basin since the deformation that occurred at approximately the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. See Figure (A) for location of X–Y cross section. Strata in the same stratigraphic sequence as the age of the cross section are highlighted in gray. Evolution of the Salar de Atacama Basin is potentially analogous to the MMVB. (B) Paleocene sequence H fills the tectonic subsidence generated by Cretaceous–earliest Paleocene folding and thrusting (or reverse faulting) at the western margin of and within the Salar de Atacama Basin. (C) Eastward rotation and erosional truncation of sequence H. (D) Eocene sequence J represents sediment shed from tectonically active highlands located tens of kilometers west of the Salar de Atacama Basin. (E) Oligocene–early Miocene sequence K fills an extensional basin, whose western boundary was a set of east-facing normal faults. (F) Minor thrusting within the western sector of the Salar de Atacama Basin. The middle to upper Miocene sequence L fills remnant accommodation space that was modified by localized subsidence. (G) Accommodation space for sequence M accumulation is controlled by a complex combination of local deformation (e.g., SFS, Salar fault system) and basin-wide remnant accommodation. The evolution depicted by Figures (E) to (G) is contemporaneous with segregation of the interior Altiplano basin from the exterior sub-Andean foreland basin, to the east of the Salar de Atacama basin. See text for further discussion. Figure courtesy of Jordan, T.E., Mpodozi, C., Muñoz, N., Blanco, N., Pananont, P., and Gurdewes, M.
Published: 01 May 2005
Figure 15. (A) Regional location map for Salar de Atacama Basin in northern Chile; inset map shows location of regional map relative to South America. (B) to (G) Sequential cartoon cross sections X–Y illustrating the evolution of the Salar de Atacama Basin since the deformation that occurred
... with the distribution of mapped active fault scarps. The Salar de Atacama crust is seismically active at depths up to ~40 km. Thick lithosphere is present beneath the forearc, and the longitudinal axis of thickest lithosphere is deflected to the east at the latitude of the Salar de Atacama. To the east, the Puna...
Journal Article
Published: 01 September 1990
Journal of the Geological Society (1990) 147 (5): 769–784.
...E. J. JOLLEY; P. TURNER; G. D. WILLIAMS; A. J. HARTLEY; S. FLINT Abstract The Llano de la Paciencia is a thrust sheet top basin in which the sedimentological and topographic evolution can be linked to thrust tip propagation. It is an elongate gravel plain which borders the Salar de Atacama, a major...
Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 1969
GSA Bulletin (1969) 80 (3): 337–362.
...JOHN EDWARD GUEST Abstract During the Pliocene and upper Miocene periods, uplift of the Puna block was associated with extensive ignimbritic eruptions covering much of the Andes of northern Chile, southern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina. Part of this field to the north of the Salar de Atacama...
Image
Satellite imagery of the Salars de Atacama (A), Olaroz (B), and Hombre Muerto (C) showing their main surface zones and mean brine density contours for the upper 30 to 40 m of the host aquifer. Inset plot shows relationship between total dissolved solids concentration and density for the Salar de Olaroz.
Published: 01 November 2011
Fig. 5 Satellite imagery of the Salars de Atacama (A), Olaroz (B), and Hombre Muerto (C) showing their main surface zones and mean brine density contours for the upper 30 to 40 m of the host aquifer. Inset plot shows relationship between total dissolved solids concentration and density
Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 November 2002
GSA Bulletin (2002) 114 (11): 1406–1421.
...T.E. Jordan; N. Muñoz; M. Hein; T. Lowenstein; L. Godfrey; J. Yu Abstract The Salar de Atacama in northern Chile accumulated halite during the Pliocene and Quaternary under conditions that alternated between a saline lake and a dry salt flat. Hidden beneath its uninterrupted flat surface...
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Series: Reviews in Economic Geology
Published: 01 January 2016
DOI: 10.5382/Rev.18.14
EISBN: 9781629490922
... lithium sources; and (6) sufficient time to concentrate brine. Two detailed case studies of Li-rich brines are presented; one on the longest produced lithium brine at Clayton Valley, Nevada, and the other on the world’s largest producing lithium brine at the Salar de Atacama, Chile. Introduction...
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Published: 01 January 1991
DOI: 10.1130/SPE265-p179
... The Precordillera of the Cordón de Lila/Sierra Almeida area south of the Salar de Atacama (25°S68°W) was the center of continuous magmatic activity from Early Ordovician to Early Permian time. Various plutonic units form a basement that is overlain by Paleozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary...
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Figure 1. Morphotectonic subdivisions of Central Andes. AFZ—Atacama fault zone, AWFFS—Argomedo–West Fissure fault system, SA—Salar de Atacama, FDT—Frontal Domeyko thrust, Anto.—Antofagasta, M.P.—Mejillones Peninsula, P.A.D.—Preandean depression.
Published: 01 April 2000
Figure 1. Morphotectonic subdivisions of Central Andes. AFZ—Atacama fault zone, AWFFS—Argomedo–West Fissure fault system, SA—Salar de Atacama, FDT—Frontal Domeyko thrust, Anto.—Antofagasta, M.P.—Mejillones Peninsula, P.A.D.—Preandean depression.
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Figure 1. Digital elevation model (DEM) of the Andes Mountains and flanking lowlands, high-resolution DEM of Salar de Atacama in the Andean forearc, and drainage basin map. (A) Shaded elevation model of northern Chile, northwest Argentina, southern Peru, and southwest Bolivia, constructed from GTOPO5 data. The international border of Chile with Bolivia and Argentina approximates the position of the Andean volcanic arc. (B) Surface geology and drainage basin of Salar de Atacama, showing that the principal surface  streams feeding the salar enter from the north and east. Geologic units from Ramírez and Gardeweg (1982). (C) A shaded DEM constructed  from radar interferograms from successive passes of the European Space Agency radar satellite. Topographic scarps at margins of Cordillera Domeyko, Cordillera de la Sal, and Cordón de Lila are clearly defined, but no similar feature is visible within the desiccated salar. Gray scale is displayed such that very minor “ripples” are visible in the salar area and the seams between adjacent scenes are visible, to enhance even the slightest topographic features (“ripples” are due to contrasting atmospheric conditions between the two days of radar data acquisition). S—dark areas that are brine pools of SQM Corporation; L—brine pools of Sociedad Chilena de Litio Corpo ration; LP—Llano de la Paciencia; Tilo.—Tilocalar Valley. Also marked is the location of the petroleum exploration well (“X”) that penetrated through the full halite unit, and three shallow boreholes (dots) studied in detail by Lowenstein et al. (2002) and Bobst et al. (2001).
Published: 01 November 2002
Figure 1. Digital elevation model (DEM) of the Andes Mountains and flanking lowlands, high-resolution DEM of Salar de Atacama in the Andean forearc, and drainage basin map. (A) Shaded elevation model of northern Chile, northwest Argentina, southern Peru, and southwest Bolivia, constructed from
Image
A) Photograph of the Rio San Pedro saline mudflat, Atacama basin. Backpack in foreground for scale. B) Photograph of newly formed efflorescent halite on edges of expansion-cracked polygons of saline pan crust, near Aguas Blancas in the Atacama basin. C) Photograph of buckled subaerial halite crust from the subaerial halite nucleus of the Salar de Atacama. Relief of crust varies from 0.5 to 1 m.
Published: 01 January 2003
subaerial halite crust from the subaerial halite nucleus of the Salar de Atacama. Relief of crust varies from 0.5 to 1 m.
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Evaporation relations for the salars (modified from Houston, 2006). A) shows the typical increase in evaporation as the water table comes close to the surface—note the difference in evaporation rates between dilute waters and brine. B) shows the influence of water table depth and brine for the marginal zones of salars. C) shows a satellite image (bands 5, 4, 7 as RGB) of the Salar de Atacama, processed to reveal the main evaporating zone around the eastern margin.
Published: 01 November 2011
for the marginal zones of salars. C) shows a satellite image (bands 5, 4, 7 as RGB) of the Salar de Atacama, processed to reveal the main evaporating zone around the eastern margin.
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Topographic map of western South America (approximately 10° to 34° S), and the location of Salar de Atacama. Higher elevations are shown in progressively lighter gray tones. The topographic base is the 1-km DEM of the Defense Mapping Agency. Note the deflection of the Andes Mountains around the Atacama basin. Inset map shows study area.
Published: 01 January 2003
Figure 1 Topographic map of western South America (approximately 10° to 34° S), and the location of Salar de Atacama. Higher elevations are shown in progressively lighter gray tones. The topographic base is the 1-km DEM of the Defense Mapping Agency. Note the deflection of the Andes Mountains
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Photographs of modern subaerial halite crust from the subaerial halite nucleus of the Salar de Atacama, showing A) efflorescent halite crystals and dissolution vugs, and B) pinnacles, ridges, and bowl-shaped depressions.
Published: 01 January 2003
Figure 4 Photographs of modern subaerial halite crust from the subaerial halite nucleus of the Salar de Atacama, showing A) efflorescent halite crystals and dissolution vugs, and B) pinnacles, ridges, and bowl-shaped depressions.
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 Summary Late Cenozoic stratigraphic columns from the Central Depression (CD)(after Hartley & Chong 2002) and the Cordillera de la Sal (CS)/western margin of the Salar de Atacama (SA) (after Hartley et al. 2000).
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 2.  Summary Late Cenozoic stratigraphic columns from the Central Depression (CD)(after Hartley & Chong 2002 ) and the Cordillera de la Sal (CS)/western margin of the Salar de Atacama (SA) (after Hartley et al. 2000 ).