- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Asia
-
Popigay Structure (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario
-
Elgin County Ontario (1)
-
Oak Ridges Moraine (4)
-
Simcoe County Ontario (2)
-
Wellington County Ontario
-
Guelph Ontario (1)
-
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Mackenzie Mountains (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (1)
-
British Columbia (1)
-
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Popigay Structure (1)
-
-
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Austria (1)
-
-
-
Illinois River (1)
-
Indian Ocean (1)
-
Lake Nipissing (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Appalachian Plateau (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Superior Province (1)
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Erie (2)
-
Lake Huron (2)
-
Lake Michigan (4)
-
-
Great Lakes region (5)
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Michigan Basin (3)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Northern Rocky Mountains (1)
-
-
Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
-
-
United States
-
Carolina Bays (1)
-
Illinois
-
Champaign County Illinois (1)
-
Ford County Illinois (1)
-
Iroquois County Illinois (1)
-
Livingston County Illinois (1)
-
McHenry County Illinois (1)
-
McLean County Illinois (1)
-
Sangamon River (1)
-
Vermilion County Illinois (1)
-
White County Illinois (1)
-
-
Indiana
-
Lagrange County Indiana (1)
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
-
Arenac County Michigan (1)
-
Bay County Michigan (1)
-
Calhoun County Michigan (1)
-
Eaton County Michigan (1)
-
Huron County Michigan (1)
-
Ionia County Michigan (1)
-
Jackson County Michigan (1)
-
Lapeer County Michigan (1)
-
Livingston County Michigan (1)
-
Midland County Michigan (1)
-
Saginaw County Michigan (2)
-
Washtenaw County Michigan (1)
-
-
-
New York
-
Finger Lakes
-
Onondaga Lake (1)
-
-
Onondaga County New York
-
Onondaga Lake (1)
-
-
-
Ohio (1)
-
Texas (1)
-
Wabash Valley (2)
-
Wisconsin (1)
-
-
-
commodities
-
brines (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-14 (8)
-
-
halogens
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (1)
-
-
-
isotope ratios (2)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (8)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia (1)
-
-
-
-
microfossils (3)
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Tasmanites (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Dryas (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
optically stimulated luminescence (4)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (2)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Champlain Sea (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (1)
-
Lake Algonquin (1)
-
Lake Chicago (1)
-
Lake Maumee (1)
-
middle Pleistocene (2)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (3)
-
Woodfordian (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Laurentide ice sheet (14)
-
Mesozoic
-
Jurassic (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian (2)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Silurian (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
halides
-
chlorides (1)
-
-
silicates
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (1)
-
smectite (1)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
illite (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (5)
-
Asia
-
Popigay Structure (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
-
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario
-
Elgin County Ontario (1)
-
Oak Ridges Moraine (4)
-
Simcoe County Ontario (2)
-
Wellington County Ontario
-
Guelph Ontario (1)
-
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Mackenzie Mountains (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (1)
-
British Columbia (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-14 (8)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (2)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Champlain Sea (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (1)
-
Lake Algonquin (1)
-
Lake Chicago (1)
-
Lake Maumee (1)
-
middle Pleistocene (2)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (3)
-
Woodfordian (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia (1)
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (3)
-
crust (1)
-
dams (1)
-
data processing (1)
-
deformation (3)
-
diagenesis (1)
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Austria (1)
-
-
-
geochemistry (1)
-
geochronology (4)
-
geomorphology (8)
-
geophysical methods (7)
-
glacial geology (21)
-
ground water (5)
-
hydrogeology (1)
-
hydrology (1)
-
Indian Ocean (1)
-
isostasy (1)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (8)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
maps (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Jurassic (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Appalachian Plateau (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Superior Province (1)
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Erie (2)
-
Lake Huron (2)
-
Lake Michigan (4)
-
-
Great Lakes region (5)
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Michigan Basin (3)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Northern Rocky Mountains (1)
-
-
Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
paleoclimatology (2)
-
paleoecology (1)
-
paleogeography (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian (2)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Silurian (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
permafrost (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
petrology (2)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Tasmanites (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Dryas (1)
-
-
-
-
-
reefs (1)
-
remote sensing (4)
-
sedimentary petrology (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
dolostone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (2)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
mudstone (1)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (2)
-
siltstone (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (8)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
clay (1)
-
diamicton (1)
-
drift (2)
-
loess (1)
-
outwash (2)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (2)
-
silt (1)
-
till (14)
-
-
-
shorelines (1)
-
stratigraphy (6)
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (1)
-
-
tektites (1)
-
United States
-
Carolina Bays (1)
-
Illinois
-
Champaign County Illinois (1)
-
Ford County Illinois (1)
-
Iroquois County Illinois (1)
-
Livingston County Illinois (1)
-
McHenry County Illinois (1)
-
McLean County Illinois (1)
-
Sangamon River (1)
-
Vermilion County Illinois (1)
-
White County Illinois (1)
-
-
Indiana
-
Lagrange County Indiana (1)
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
-
Arenac County Michigan (1)
-
Bay County Michigan (1)
-
Calhoun County Michigan (1)
-
Eaton County Michigan (1)
-
Huron County Michigan (1)
-
Ionia County Michigan (1)
-
Jackson County Michigan (1)
-
Lapeer County Michigan (1)
-
Livingston County Michigan (1)
-
Midland County Michigan (1)
-
Saginaw County Michigan (2)
-
Washtenaw County Michigan (1)
-
-
-
New York
-
Finger Lakes
-
Onondaga Lake (1)
-
-
Onondaga County New York
-
Onondaga Lake (1)
-
-
-
Ohio (1)
-
Texas (1)
-
Wabash Valley (2)
-
Wisconsin (1)
-
-
X-ray analysis (1)
-
-
rock formations
-
Scarborough Formation (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
dolostone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (2)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
mudstone (1)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (2)
-
siltstone (1)
-
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
channels (2)
-
sedimentary structures
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
clay (1)
-
diamicton (1)
-
drift (2)
-
loess (1)
-
outwash (2)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (2)
-
silt (1)
-
till (14)
-
-
-
Saginaw Lobe
ABSTRACT Lobes, or ice streams, of the southern Laurentide ice sheet readvanced periodically during their overall retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum in the Great Lakes region. The Saginaw Lobe readvanced around 20 ka to form a prominent moraine, the Sturgis moraine, near the Michigan-Indiana border. Detailed mapping of nineteen 7½ min quadrangles at a scale of 1:24,000 in and adjacent to Calhoun County, Michigan, supports the interpretation that a large drumlin field behind the moraine was formed at this time, when the basal drainage of the glacier was distributed with high basal pore pressure. During retreat, after moraine construction, the drainage mode switched to a conduit-type system, in which meltwater drained to recessional ice-marginal positions through tunnel valleys. We mapped at least three discontinuous ice-marginal positions on the basis of coarse-grained, subaerial fans beginning at the ends of the tunnel valleys. There is a close association of kames with the tunnel valleys at these locations, suggesting that supraglacial meltwater contributed to the subglacial drainage. Our results support a model in which the drumlins were produced by deformation of the basal diamicton during ice advance prior to the formation of the tunnel valleys during ice retreat. This hypothesis rebuts a previously proposed model for this area in which the drumlins and tunnel valleys, along with boulder gravel deposits, were attributed to formation during a single, catastrophic subglacial sheetflood.
Late Wisconsinan drift stratigraphy of the Saginaw Ice Lobe in south-central Michigan
Contrasting terrains of the Lake Michigan and Saginaw lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern Michigan
ABSTRACT Recent mapping in southwestern Michigan conducted through U.S. Geological Survey STATEMAP, EDMAP, and Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition projects has produced new interpretations of the origin of the landforms and sediments of the Lake Michigan and Saginaw lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the dynamics of these lobes. The Lake Michigan lobe advanced southeastward into a proglacial lake at least as far east as the Kalamazoo moraine. During its advance, the lobe extensively deformed the lacustrine sediments it overrode. These structures will be discussed in several pits. When ice backed away from the Kalamazoo moraine, it formed a series of proglacial lakes, several of which were described for the first time in the studies upon which this guidebook is based. As the ice retreated, lowland areas between morainal uplands were utilized by meltwater drainage events, some of them probably catastrophic in nature. The Saginaw lobe stagnated over a broad marginal area as it retreated northeastward toward Saginaw Bay. The resulting stagnant marginal zone is coincident with the subcrop of the Marshall Sandstone. Enhanced basal drainage into the underlying sandstone may have played a role in the dynamics of the lobe. High-relief, supraglacial landforms such as hummocky topography and ice-walled lake plains overprint subglacial landforms in this region, which include large tunnel valleys with inset eskers. Better understanding of the glacial geology of this region is critical to economic development, management of water resources, and exploration for aggregates and other resources.
CORRELATION OF WISCONSIN DRIFTS IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA, MICHIGAN, AND OHIO
Aeolian activity during Late Glacial time, with an example from Mongo, Indiana, USA
Late Wisconsinan ice-flow reconstruction for the central Great Lakes region
PEBBLE AND SAND LITHOLOGY OF THE MAJOR WISCONSIN GLACIAL LOBES OF THE CENTRAL LOWLAND
Differentiation of surficial glacial drift in southeastern Michigan from 7-Å/10-Å X-ray diffraction ratios of clays
Deglacial Kankakee Torrent, source to sink
ABSTRACT The last-glacial megaflood Kankakee Torrent streamlined hills and the remarkably straight backslope of the Kalamazoo moraine (Lake Michigan lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet) in southwestern Michigan. Flooding ensued as proglacial Lake Dowagiac overflowed across remnants of the Lake Michigan lobe at the position of the inner margin of the Kalamazoo moraine as glacial debris and ablating ice were pinned against Portage Prairie. Proglacial Lake Dowagiac developed in the Dowagiac River valley as the lobe retreated to form the Valparaiso moraine. A minimum age of the Kankakee Torrent (18.7 ± 0.6 k.y. B.P) is indicated by the weighted mean value of six optically stimulated luminescence ages determined from quartz sand in glaciofluvial sediment on the Kalamazoo moraine (Lake Michigan and Saginaw lobes). This value is consistent with tighter age control based on radiocarbon ages of tundra plants within silty sediment forming ice-walled lake plains and in a torrent-scoured lake basin (Oswego channel) in Illinois. Crosscutting relationships of well-dated moraines indicate the Kankakee Torrent occurred sometime between 19.7 and 18.9 calibrated (cal.) k.y. B.P. as it skirted the south margin of the Valparaiso Morainic System.
Abstract This guidebook volume is a compilation of field excursions offered at the 47th annual meeting of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America, held in Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 2013. These field trips examine a wide range of geological time intervals and topics, from Silurian salt, to Cretaceous cosmic impact, to newly interpreted Mississippian–Pennsylvanian Michigan stratigraphy, to Quaternary glacial landscape formation, sand dune development, and present-day coastal bluff stability/erosion issues. Trips geographically range throughout southern Michigan and northern Indiana from Detroit, Michigan, in the east to the Kentland Quarry in Indiana to the west. Early depositional events within the Michigan Basin are examined deep underground in the Detroit Salt Mine (trip leaders: W.B. Harrison III and E.Z. Manos [onsite leader]). This salt mine has been in operation for more than 100 years, and extends for miles beneath the city of Detroit. Kentland Quarry, located in northwest Indiana, is the site of a Cretaceous-aged meteorite impact (trip leader: J.C. Weber). This site allows for surface examination of a similar style impact event that occurred in now buried Ordovician-age (Trenton) rocks located in Cass County, (southwest) Michigan. Mississippian-aged fluvial deposits have been traditionally classified as the youngest bedrock exposed in Michigan. These rocks crop out in the center of the Michigan Basin near Grand Ledge, Michigan (trip leaders: N.B.H. Venable, D.A. Barnes, D.B. Westjohn, and P.J. Voice). Younger, more recently identified, Pennsylvanian rocks will be the subject of a related core workshop at the Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education (MGRRE) in Kalamazoo (workshop leaders: S. Towne, W.B. Harrison, and D.B. Westjohn). The regional, surficial geology of southwest Michigan is highlighted by three field trips. The first trip details the glacial landforms and sedimentary features formed by the differing dynamics of the Michigan and Saginaw lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (trip leaders: A.E. Kehew, A.L. Kozlowski, B.C. Bird, and J.M. Esch). The two other trips follow along the Lake Michigan eastern shoreline and examine development of sand dune complexes (trip leader: E. Hansen) and present-day, coastal bluff stability and erosion issues (trip leaders: R.B. Chase and J.P. Selegean).
Using Glacial Terrain Models to Characterize Aquifer System Structure, Heterogeneity and Boundaries in an Interlobate Basin, Northeastern Indiana
Abstract Aquifers and confining units in glaciated basins commonly exhibit a remarkable array of geometries, internal discontinuities and changes in physical and chemical properties at a variety of scales. These heterogeneities commonly control the distributions, both locally and regionally, of productive zones in an aquifer system as well as the locations of preferred pathways for contaminant migration. Glacial terrain models emphasize the nature of variation within individual sediment bodies as well as between entire depositional sequences; thus, they provide a useful sedimentologic framework for interpreting hydrostratigraphic complexity at both local and regional scales. The usefulness of these models is illustrated by the Huntertown aquifer system of northern Allen County, which consists of several distinct proglacial, supraglacial and glaciolacustrine hydrogeologic facies tracts whose distribution and internal variability reflect the interaction of the Saginaw Lobe and its meltwaters with contrasting morphologic regions of the depositional surface. Aquifer system properties, such as hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, and the character of internal and regional system-bounding confining units vary systematically across the depositional basin in response to changes in sedimentaiy architecture. The development of a glacial terrain model for the depositional systems of northern Allen County provides the essential regional context necessary for interpreting, depicting and forecasting the nature and hydraulic significance of heterogeneities that characterize different parts of this aquifer system and its confining units.
ABSTRACT This thesis embraces and expands upon a century of research into disparate geological enigmas, offering a unifying catastrophic explanation for events occurring during the enigmatic mid-Pleistocene transition. Billions of tons of “Australasian tektites” were dispatched as distal ejecta from a target mass of continental sediments during a cosmic impact occurring ca. 788 ka. The accepted signatures of a hypervelocity impact encompass an excavated astrobleme and attendant proximal, medial, and distal ejecta distributions. Enigmatically, the distal tektites remain the only accepted evidence of this impact’s reality. A protracted 50 yr search fixated on impact sites in Southeast Asia—the location of the tektites—has failed to identify the requisite additional impact signatures. We postulate the missing astrobleme and proximal/medial ejecta signatures are instead located antipodal to Southeast Asia. A review of the gradualistic theories for the genesis and age of the “Carolina bay” landforms of North America finds those models incapable of addressing all the facts we observe. Research into 57,000 of those oriented basins informs our speculation that they represent cavitation-derived ovoid basins within energetically delivered geophysical mass surge flows emanating from a cosmic impact. Those flows are seen as repaving regions of North America under blankets of hydrated impact regolith. Our precisely measured Carolina bay orientations indicate an impact site within the Laurentide ice sheet. There, we invoke a grazing regime impact into hydrated early Mesozoic to late Paleozoic continental sediments, similar in composition to the expected Australasian tektites’ parent target. We observe that continental ice shielded the target at ca. 788 ka, a scenario understood to produce anomalous astroblemes. The ensuing excavation allowed the Saginaw glacial lobe’s distinctive and unique passage through the Marshall Sandstone cuesta, which encircles and elsewhere protects the central region of the intracratonic Michigan Basin. Subsequent erosion by multiple ice-age transgressions has obfuscated impact evidence, forming Michigan’s “Thumb” as an enduring event signature. Comprehensive suborbital modeling supports the distribution of distal ejecta to the Australasian tektite strewn field from Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. The mid-Pleistocene transition impact hypothesis unifies the Carolina bays with those tektites as products of an impact into the Saginaw Bay area of Lake Huron, USA. The hypothesis will be falsified if cosmogenic nuclide burial dating of Carolina bay subjacent stratigraphic contacts disallows a coeval regolith emplacement ca. 788 ka across North America. We offer observations, interdisciplinary insights, and informed speculations fitting for an embryonic concept involving a planetary-scale extraterrestrial impact.
Systematic variation in the clay-mineral composition of till sheets; Evidence for the Erie Interstade in the Lake Michigan basin
X-ray diffraction analyses of till samples collected from multi-till exposures along the Lake Michigan shoreline in Michigan and Wisconsin show a systematic variation in the clay-mineral composition of successive till sheets. A general increase in the relative amount of 10Â clay occurs within a succession of till sheets, beginning with early or middle Wisconsinan Glenn Shores till and continuing through late Wisconsinan (Woodfordian) Ganges–New Berlin till and Saugatuck–Oak Creek till. A significant decrease in the relative amount of 10Â clay, however, occurs within the post–Mackinaw Interstade (late Woodfordian) Ozaukee-Haven and Two Rivers tills. These changes in clay-mineral composition are apparently related to major ice-margin fluctuations since a significant retreat of the Lake Michigan Lobe has been recognized between deposition of each of the above till sheets. Morphostratigraphic correlation of the Powell Moraine of the Erie Lobe with moraines of the Saginaw and Lake Michigan Lobes, as well as correlation between till units of the Saginaw and Lake Michigan Lobes, indicates that the retreat recorded between deposition of Ganges–New Berlin and Saugatuck–Oak Creek tills of the Lake Michigan Lobe is correlative with the Erie Interstade.