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Riversleigh fold zone
Basin inversion and supercontinent assembly as drivers of sediment-hosted Pb–Zn mineralization in the Mount Isa region, northern Australia
Fluid Flow during Deformation Associated with Structural Closure of the Isa Superbasin at 1575 Ma in the Central and Northern Lawn Hill Platform, Northern Australia
The Teena Zn-Pb Deposit (McArthur Basin, Australia). Part I: Syndiagenetic Base Metal Sulfide Mineralization Related to Dynamic Subbasin Evolution
Antipodean fugitive terranes in southern Laurentia: How Proterozoic Australia built the American West
Zinc Deposits and Related Mineralization of the Burketown Mineral Field, Including the World-Class Century Deposit, Northern Australia: Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Evidence for Basin Fluid Sources
Ammonium Nitrate-Sulfide Reactivity at the Century Zn-Pb-Ag Mine, Northwest Queensland, Australia
Correlation of Olary and Broken Hill Domains, Curnamona Province: Possible Relationship to Mount Isa and Other North Australian Pb-Zn-Ag-Bearing Successions
Sandstone Diagenesis in the Mount Isa Basin: An Isotopic and Fluid Inclusion Perspective in Relationship to District-Wide Zn, Pb, and Cu Mineralization
A very unconventional hydrocarbon play: The Mesoproterozoic Velkerri Formation of northern Australia
Abstract The strata-bound Century zinc-lead-silver deposit is located approximately 250 km north-northwest of Mount Isa in northwestern Queensland, Australia. High-grade mineralization at Century occurs mostly in black shales of the Middle Proterozoic Lawn Hill Formation, dominantly as fine-grained sphalerite and galena lamellae with siderite and minor pyrite. An intricate network of associated, but paragenetically later, strata-bound microfractures overprints these lamellae, mineralized with progressively more discordant sphalerite, galena, and siderite. The black shale units are separated by less mineralized, siderite-rich, silt-stone horizons. The deposit is unmetamorphosed, only weakly deformed, and displays excellent lateral stratigraphic and grade continuity apart from small-scale fault dislocations. Century lies within a 20-km-diam cluster of relatively small quartz-siderite-galena-sphalerite veins. These lodes are for the most part confined to a distinctive stratigraphic interval in the lower to middle Lawn Hill Formation, several hundred meters beneath the mineralized strata at Century. The lodes formed relatively late in the deformational and mineralization history of the district but have a strong kinship to the earlier, deep-level diagenetic mineralization at Century. A major strata-bound district-scale siderite-ferroan dolomite-ankerite-illite alteration system partly overlaps the major vein cluster and is roughly centered on the Century deposit. The deposit, the regional lodes, and the strata-bound alteration are genetically linked and were products of a single district-scale fluid system. The Century ores were emplaced in the relatively early stages of the system and correlate with the first-stage basin inversion event (D 1 ). The regional lodes are the products of continuing but less voluminous fluid migration during a regional D 2 fold event. The regional alteration has textural aspects suggestive of both early- and late-stage burial diagenesis and per-haps developed intermittently throughout the entire life of the system in subtly changing lithostructural environments that were not conducive to sulfide mineral deposition. The discovery and subsequent development of an economic resource at Century is the result of explo-ration persistence and conceptual flexibility in an area with a greater than 100-yr history of exploration and mining. The Century orebody was discovered by drilling a zinc, lead, and silver soil geochemical anomaly. Surface expression of mineralization was visually subtle. Only a small part of the mineralization had an out-crop expression because of the synclinal structure of the orebody and later postmineral Cambrian lime-stone cover. These outcrops lacked a classic iron-rich gossan profile because of the low iron sulfide content of the ore. The soil anomaly was not drill tested for 3 yr because of its unpromising visual appearance and lack of a conductive geophysical response. Key concerns that remain unresolved at Century include the absolute timing of different phases of the system, detailed controls on sulfide-rich versus sulfide-deficient alteration assemblages, the geometry of major fluid conduits, and the definition of boundary conditions for ore fluid compositions. A better under-standing of these characteristics will provide critical insights for the generation of new targets in alternative stratigraphic and/or structural positions.
Geological site designation under the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention
Abstract The World Heritage Convention, 1972, which aims to promote and support the conservation of the world's cultural and natural heritage, can be considered one of the world's most successful international treaties as it has been adopted by 184 states. However, for very many states it is primarily a way in which places that they consider to be their most important heritage sites and monuments can gain additional international recognition through inscription on the World Heritage List. Though geological interest is one of the major criteria for inscription on the World Heritage List, in practice relatively few sites have been inscribed wholly or partly because of their geological or geomorphological importance, (just 72 out of the current 851 World Heritage sites). Further, the present list of geological inscriptions is very uneven and unrepresentative of geological periods and Earth processes, and localities of key significance in the history of geology are almost absent. One weakness is that, although there is some professional geological advice through the World Conservation Union (one of the two official advisory bodies to the World Heritage Committee) there is no mechanism through which international geological science or history of geology organizations can contribute to the development of world heritage policies and the evaluation of nominations to the World Heritage List. However, the greatest problem is that most countries are not evaluating and nominating their national geological heritage. The geological community needs to become much more active in promoting geological conservation and nominations to the World Heritage Committee at the national level.