Abstract The predictions from a numerical time-variant distributed groundwater model are used to assess the spatial and temporal impacts of groundwater abstraction for an unconfined and layered, moderate diffusivity aquifer; the West Midlands–Worfe Permo-Triassic Sandstone in the UK. These impacts have been determined by comparing a recent actual baseline predictive simulation with simulations where groundwater abstractions are switched off, including a ‘naturalized’ simulation. By reference to the historic simulation, the predictive model results are compared against observed groundwater levels. The predictive simulations demonstrate that observed groundwater levels could be an indicator of groundwater abstraction impacts on surface water flows where widespread stream disconnection has occurred due to high rates of abstraction. This relationship also depends on the aquifer hydraulic characteristics, the interaction between groundwater levels and the surface drainage network and other artificial flow influences. Abstraction impacts on groundwater levels are large for the West Midlands–Worfe aquifer, but can be obscured by the climatic recharge signal in observed groundwater level records. This is a consequence of the moderate diffusivity and the main groundwater abstraction development preceding systematic monitoring. The groundwater model can be used to identify which observation boreholes have negligible abstraction impacts; this may be valuable for identifying groundwater level records that are useful for climate change analysis.

Abstract Regional groundwater resource models are often built to improve confidence in predicted groundwater abstraction impacts on river flows and groundwater levels. By explicitly representing the aquifer system geometry, properties and boundaries, together with transient recharge and abstraction pressures, such models provide a robust platform to support abstraction impact assessment, alongside evidence from field data and investigations. Regulatory drivers include the European Union Habitats and Water Framework Directives and other abstraction licensing decisions. This paper presents examples of the spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater abstraction impacts predicted by several models. A variety of presentation formats are used to illustrate the simulated flow impacts of abstractions both individually, and in combination with other surface water abstractions and discharges. Model predictions from a range of abstraction, aquifer, and river settings are often more complex than would be suggested by simpler tools and approaches. In many cases, absolute low-flow impacts are less than long-term groundwater abstraction rates. The ‘real world’ hydrogeological mechanisms behind these impact patterns are discussed. The paper also recommends a protocol for using regional models to assess individual licensed groundwater abstraction impacts across the full range of historic climate conditions (typically, as monitored since 1970) and in the context of other operational artificial influences.

Abstract The last quarter of the 20th century has seen the most rapid development of hydrogeology in terms of both the depth of understanding of hydrogeological processes and of the hydrogeology of Britain, with an associated rapid growth in the number of people employed as professional hydrogeologists in the UK. The four main influences that brought about these developments are changes in the structure of the UK water industry and environmental regulators, particularly in England and Wales; influences of EC directives on UK environmental regulation; a growing public awareness of environmental issues and the pressure they applied on successive governments; and developments in computing power, software development and electronic instrumentation. The paper examines the fields in which hydrogeologists have worked during the last three decades and concludes that it has been the richest period for hydrogeological achievement in the history of the science.

Abstract The National Groundwater Modelling System (NGMS) is a map-based, client–server system for holding groundwater models and supporting documentation. Models can be run, new ‘what-if’ scenarios created, and time series and spatial data rapidly viewed and exported. Use of the system will result in greater standardization of data formats, model codes and methods used by the Environment Agency without stifling technological progress. NGMS enables a wider audience of water resource staff to access groundwater models. The system is being used to improve representation of groundwater in Catchment Abstraction Management Strategies and to forecast the potential impacts of climate change upon water resources. However, the day-to-day, operational use of groundwater models by the Environment Agency remains a challenge that requires engagement with other specialists (e.g. hydrologists and IT systems specialists). Considerable effort is required to roll out the system, train people and adapt operational decision-making processes to bring NGMS into regular and safe use.

Abstract The Water Resources Board was formed in 1964, an outcome of the Water Resources Act of 1963. Its remit was to advise the Government and the new river authorities on ‘the proper use of water resources in England and Wales’. It made three major regional studies of water resources and, in 1973, advocated a national water strategy. The Water Resources Board was disbanded in 1974 following the reorganization of the water industry under the Water Act of 1973 which created the regional water authorities. In the 1970s, a decline in the rate of population growth together with an economic recession reduced the demand for water and the Board’s proposals were not fully implemented. After 1974 the Central Water Planning Unit continued the Water Resources Board’s role until it too was disbanded in 1979.

Abstract Over the last 10 years there has been a unique regulator-led programme involving extensive development of regional groundwater models across England and Wales for water resources purposes by the Environment Agency for England and Wales. Eight regionally managed programmes are underpinned by a framework, which has allowed a coordinated national approach. The main uses of the models are for catchment abstraction management and licensing. Models have also assisted in monitoring network design, investigating groundwater quality and implementing groundwater source protection zones. A five-yearly review of the programmes recognized the importance of benefit realization and stakeholder involvement as well as technical good practice. The programme already delivered provides a solid foundation for supporting the management decisions required in areas such as climate change mitigation and integrated catchment management using appropriate tools at a time of rapid organization change and financial uncertainty.