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Rhynie Chert

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Journal Article
Published: 01 April 2004
Scottish Journal of Geology (2004) 40 (1): 73–81.
...Nigel H. Trewin; Elizabeth Wilson Synopsis Three sequences of the Early Devonian Rhynie Cherts Unit intersected by cored boreholes at the Rhynie SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) are compared on the basis of both lithology and plant content. It is shown that over the 45–65 m distance...
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Journal Article
Published: 26 February 2024
Geological Magazine (2023) 160 (10): 1946–1952.
...Sean McMahon; Corentin C. Loron; Laura M. Cooper; Alexander J. Hetherington; Michael Krings Abstract The ∼407-myr-old Rhynie chert of Scotland contains exquisite body fossils of land plants, animals and microorganisms, which provide our earliest reasonably complete snapshot of a Phanerozoic...
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Journal Article
Published: 29 September 2023
Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis (2023) 23 (3): geochem2023-028.
...J. Parnell; J. G. T. Armstrong Abstract The Lower Devonian plant-bearing Rhynie Chert, Aberdeenshire, UK, consists of sinters deposited by a hot spring system. Like many modern hot springs, the Rhynie geothermal system was lithium-rich, and its silica deposits are richer in lithium than other...
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Journal Article
Published: 18 July 2019
Geological Magazine (2020) 157 (1): 47–64.
... to this understanding – and featuring in one of the Geological Magazine publications – is the Devonian Rhynie chert Konservat-Lagerstätte located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Here we provide a review of the work on this important early terrestrial deposit to date. We begin by highlighting contributions of note...
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Journal Article
Published: 21 August 2015
Scottish Journal of Geology (2015) 51 (2): 131–139.
...Michael Krings; Thomas N. Taylor Abstract The Early Devonian Rhynie chert has yielded the oldest evidence of hyphal investments (= mantles) in fungal reproductive units, with four different investment morphologies documented to date. This paper describes an unusual fungal reproductive unit from...
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First thumbnail for: A fungal reproductive unit from the Lower Devonian...
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Journal Article
Published: 24 May 2013
Journal of the Geological Society (2013) 170 (4): 703–706.
... isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA–ID–TIMS) U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte presented by Parry et al . (2011) and also to make some further observations of our own. We begin by briefly providing some context for the benefit of the wider readership...
Journal Article
Published: 24 May 2013
Journal of the Geological Society (2013) 170 (4): 701–703.
... was linked to an andesitic magma chamber at depth, which powered the hydrothermal system. This remains speculation. Accepting the uncertainty in the stratigraphic position and by asserting a maximum thickness of sediment between the andesite and the Rhynie Cherts and a conservative deposition rate, Parry...
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First thumbnail for: Discussion on ‘A high-precision U–Pb age constrain...
Journal Article
Published: 01 March 2012
Journal of Paleontology (2012) 86 (2): 358–367.
...Michael Krings; Thomas N. Taylor; Edith L. Taylor; Hans Kerp; Hagen Hass; Nora Dotzler; Carla J. Harper Abstract A conspicuous silicified microfossil, Frankbaronia polyspora n. gen. n. sp., occurs in plant litter and as an inhabitant of microbial mats from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 July 2011
Journal of the Geological Society (2011) 168 (4): 863–872.
...S.F. Parry; S.R. Noble; Q.G. Crowley; C.H. Wellman Abstract: An isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon age of 411.5 ± 1.3 Ma obtained from an andesitic lava occurring within the Lower Devonian Rhynie Outlier (Aberdeenshire, NE Scotland) effectively dates the Rhynie Chert...
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Series: Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.180.01.23
EISBN: 9781862394285
... Abstract A cored borehole through the Early Devonian Rhynie cherts at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, NE Scotland, has revealed 53 chert beds in 35.41 m of core. The cherts originated as sinters deposited by hot-spring activity. Chert comprises 4.20 m of the cored succession, with the thickest bed...
Journal Article
Published: 01 March 2002
Journal of the Geological Society (2002) 159 (2): 203–214.
...C. M. RICE; N. H. TREWIN; L. I. ANDERSON Abstract Abstract: The drilling of nine cored boreholes, including a deep hole (233 m) to a gabbroic basement, in the vicinity of the Rhynie chert locality has resulted in a major revision of the structure and stratigraphy of the area. The main new...
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Clay in chert samples. (a) Polished surface of Rhynie Chert showing patches of silicified plant remains, and intervening sediment rich in clays and micas. (b) Scanning electron micrograph of clay showing oxide precipitates which have adsorbed trace elements (bright), and may also be the residence of the lithium.
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 6. Clay in chert samples. ( a ) Polished surface of Rhynie Chert showing patches of silicified plant remains, and intervening sediment rich in clays and micas. ( b ) Scanning electron micrograph of clay showing oxide precipitates which have adsorbed trace elements (bright), and may also
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Eoentophysalissp. in the Rhynie chert (a) Nested photomicrographs showing silicified fenestra between clay- and organic-rich laminae, with location of Eoentophysalis formation highlighted. Note diffuse brown colour surrounding cells. (b) Stipple drawing of colony. (c) Confocal laser-scanning micrograph of Eoentophysalis colonies. Arrow shows a region where fluorescing organic material (likely the remains of the actual cells, perhaps augmented by residues of pigment) is consistently oriented on one side of the cell units, creating a ‘fish-scale’ pattern. (d) Close-up showing colony boundaries (arrowed) interpreted as mucilaginous; these appear dark in photomicrographs (left) and bright in confocal laser-scanning micrographs (right). (e–h) Dyads, possible tetrads and dividing cells in shared and in part stratified envelopes suggestive of encapsulation. Dark intracellular inclusions in (f) and (h) suggest contraction of the actual cells during decay. Scale bars: 25 μm (a,b), 20 μm (c,d), 10 μm (e) and 5 μm (f–h).
Published: 26 February 2024
Figure 1. Eoentophysalis sp . in the Rhynie chert (a) Nested photomicrographs showing silicified fenestra between clay- and organic-rich laminae, with location of Eoentophysalis formation highlighted. Note diffuse brown colour surrounding cells. (b) Stipple drawing of colony. (c) Confocal
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Location of Rhynie Chert, and pegmatites rich in rare elements, along Caledonides suture between Laurentia, Gondwana and Baltica. Map modified from Dokken et al. (2018).
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 1. Location of Rhynie Chert, and pegmatites rich in rare elements, along Caledonides suture between Laurentia, Gondwana and Baltica. Map modified from Dokken et al. (2018) .
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Section of Rhynie Chert exposed in trench 03/T1, recording lithium contents in individual numbered chert beds and detached blocks in the underlying float. Section after Trewin and Fayers (2015).
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 3. Section of Rhynie Chert exposed in trench 03/T1, recording lithium contents in individual numbered chert beds and detached blocks in the underlying float. Section after Trewin and Fayers (2015) .
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Lithium contents of Rhynie Chert samples, compared to mean values for modern and fossil sinters. Data sources in text. Rhynie Chert has consistently higher content. Contents capped at 400 ppm Li for clarity, but extend to over 600 ppm Li.
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 4. Lithium contents of Rhynie Chert samples, compared to mean values for modern and fossil sinters. Data sources in text. Rhynie Chert has consistently higher content. Contents capped at 400 ppm Li for clarity, but extend to over 600 ppm Li.
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Mean lithium content (ppm) of Rhynie Chert samples, compared to mean values for other rocks in NE Scotland, and upper crustal average. Data from Nicholson (1987), Nicholson and Anderton (1989), Plant et al. (1980), Read and Haq (1963), Rice and Mark (2020) and this study. Data ranges show standard deviations for each rock type. Data for Mount Battock granite show full range, as reported by Gould (2001). Global upper crustal mean (20 ppm Li) from McLennan (2001).
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 5. Mean lithium content (ppm) of Rhynie Chert samples, compared to mean values for other rocks in NE Scotland, and upper crustal average. Data from Nicholson (1987) , Nicholson and Anderton (1989) , Plant et al. (1980) , Read and Haq (1963) , Rice and Mark (2020) and this study. Data
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Cross-plot of Li and Al for 20 Rhynie Chert samples, showing a broad positive correlation, which implies residence of Li in clays/micas.
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 7. Cross-plot of Li and Al for 20 Rhynie Chert samples, showing a broad positive correlation, which implies residence of Li in clays/micas.
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Cross-plot of Mg/Li and Nb/Ta ratios for Rhynie Chert samples and selected Late Caledonian granites. Rhynie Chert samples plot in field of Mg/Li &lt;10 and Nb/Ta &lt;8 commonly used to indicate granite ‘fertility’ for rare elements, including lithium.
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 8. Cross-plot of Mg/Li and Nb/Ta ratios for Rhynie Chert samples and selected Late Caledonian granites. Rhynie Chert samples plot in field of Mg/Li <10 and Nb/Ta <8 commonly used to indicate granite ‘fertility’ for rare elements, including lithium.
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Cross-plot of Nb/Ta ratio and Ta content for Rhynie Chert samples and selected Late Caledonian granites. Compositions define a fractionation curve as magmatic processes transition to hydrothermal processes. Rhynie Chert samples mostly have Nb/Ta &lt;5, typical of the hydrothermal stage. Granite samples typically have higher Ta contents.
Published: 29 September 2023
Fig. 9. Cross-plot of Nb/Ta ratio and Ta content for Rhynie Chert samples and selected Late Caledonian granites. Compositions define a fractionation curve as magmatic processes transition to hydrothermal processes. Rhynie Chert samples mostly have Nb/Ta <5, typical of the hydrothermal stage