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Journal Article

Monitoring Icequakes in East Antarctica with the Raspberry Shake Available to Purchase

Kate Winter, Denis Lombardi, Alejandro Diaz‐Moreno, Rupert Bainbridge
Published: 07 April 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2021) 92 (5): 2736–2747.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200483
...Kate Winter; Denis Lombardi; Alejandro Diaz‐Moreno; Rupert Bainbridge Abstract We evaluate the performance of the low‐cost seismic sensor Raspberry Shake (RS) to identify and monitor icequakes (which occur when glacial ice experiences brittle deformation) in extreme environments. In January 2020...
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Journal Article

Follow the Trace: Becoming a Seismo‐Detective with a Campus‐Based Raspberry Shake Seismometer Available to Purchase

Eric Löberich, Maureen D. Long
Published: 28 May 2024
Seismological Research Letters (2024) 95 (4): 2538–2553.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230365
... and relevant. Data from research‐grade broadband seismometers enable us to record time series of vibrations at a broad range of frequencies; however, these sensors are costly and are often deployed in remote places. Participation in the Raspberry Shake citizen science network enables seismology educators...
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View PDF for article title, Follow the Trace: Becoming a Seismo‐Detective with a Campus‐Based <span class="search-highlight">Raspberry</span> <span class="search-highlight">Shake</span> Seismometer
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(a) USGS aftershock seismic stations (green triangles) and Raspberry Shakes (magenta triangles) that recorded local Oklahoma and Kansas earthquakes (blue circles) between 1 January 2017 and 1 April 2018. Histograms of the misfit between individual, vertical component station local magnitude (ML) estimates compared with the reported National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) ML are shown for both the (b) USGS aftershock deployment stations and (c) Raspberry Shakes as well as the standard deviation (st. dev.) of the misfits.

(a) USGS aftershock seismic stations (green triangles) and Raspberry Shakes... Available to Purchase

Published: 14 November 2018
Figure 6. (a) USGS aftershock seismic stations (green triangles) and Raspberry Shakes (magenta triangles) that recorded local Oklahoma and Kansas earthquakes (blue circles) between 1 January 2017 and 1 April 2018. Histograms of the misfit between individual, vertical component station local
Journal Article

Do Low‐Cost Seismographs Perform Well Enough for Your Network? An Overview of Laboratory Tests and Field Observations of the OSOP Raspberry Shake 4D Available to Purchase

Robert E. Anthony, Adam T. Ringler, David C. Wilson, Emily Wolin
Published: 14 November 2018
Seismological Research Letters (2019) 90 (1): 219–228.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180251
...Figure 6. (a) USGS aftershock seismic stations (green triangles) and Raspberry Shakes (magenta triangles) that recorded local Oklahoma and Kansas earthquakes (blue circles) between 1 January 2017 and 1 April 2018. Histograms of the misfit between individual, vertical component station local...
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View PDF for article title, Do Low‐Cost Seismographs Perform Well Enough for Your Network? An Overview of Laboratory Tests and Field Observations of the OSOP <span class="search-highlight">Raspberry</span> <span class="search-highlight">Shake</span> 4D
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Journal Article

Raspberry Shake Instruments Provide Initial Ground‐Motion Assessment of the Induced Seismicity at the United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project in Cornwall, United Kingdom Open Access

Joanna M. Holmgren, Maximilian J. Werner
Published: 13 May 2021
The Seismic Record (2021) 1 (1): 27–34.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0320210010
...Joanna M. Holmgren; Maximilian J. Werner Abstract Raspberry Shake (RS) seismographs offer the potential for affordable and citizen‐led seismic monitoring in areas with few publicly available seismometers, especially in previously quiescent regions experiencing induced seismicity. However...
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View PDF for article title, <span class="search-highlight">Raspberry</span> <span class="search-highlight">Shake</span> Instruments Provide Initial Ground‐Motion Assessment of the Induced Seismicity at the United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project in Cornwall, United Kingdom
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Photos of the Yale Raspberry Shake (R3547) installation. (a) The RS3D sensor is built upon a Raspberry Pi computer (visible at left) that is connected to power and ethernet, with attached geophones of different alignment (north–south, east–west, Z, visible at right). (b) R3547 installed on the concrete floor in the sub‐basement of the Kline Geology Laboratory (KGL). (c) Unfiltered “live‐stream” in (top) time and (bottom) frequency domains embedded from the Raspberry Shake Station View, displayed on the rotating informational screen in the lobby of KGL.

Photos of the Yale Raspberry Shake (R3547) installation. (a) The RS3D senso... Available to Purchase

Published: 28 May 2024
Figure 1. Photos of the Yale Raspberry Shake (R3547) installation. (a) The RS3D sensor is built upon a Raspberry Pi computer (visible at left) that is connected to power and ethernet, with attached geophones of different alignment (north–south, east–west, Z, visible at right). (b) R3547 installed
Image
Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations (Raspberry Shake, 2016) on the Manu‘a Islands—the first two local seismic stations installed in American Samoa. (a–c) The left column shows station AM.RAA63 on Olosega Island and the right column shows station AM.R3112 on northeastern Ta‘ū Island. (a) Photos of deployed RS4D stations. (b) Example EQTransformer‐detected event (Mousavi et al., 2020) at RS4D station, at a time matching that of a felt report within 5 min (Table 1, report number 35). The title displays the start time (UTC) of the 60 s window. 60 s (6000 sample) event waveform and spectrogram are shown for the vertical‐component seismometer, with P (cyan) and S (purple) picks, along with EQTransformer output probability scores (thresholds in Table S1) for event detection (green), P phase pick (blue), S phase pick (red). In this example, the S–P time was 3.30 s at AM.RAA63 and 1.64 s at AM.R3112. (c) Histogram of S–P times at the RS4D station for all EQTransformer‐detected events from 13 to 20 August 2022 (gray), and an early subset of EQTransformer‐detected events from 13 to 15 August 2022 (blue)—first two days after installation. The rectangles show S–P time ranges for selecting swarm events at each station: 2–4 s (yellow) at AM.RAA63, 1–3 s (pink) at AM.R3112. (d,e) Map of Manu‘a Islands (red box in Fig. 3c), with locations of RS4D stations (red triangles) and villages (black squares) contributing felt reports in Table 1. The yellow ring around AM.RAA63, and pink ring around AM.R3112, show possible range of swarm locations from each station, given their respective S–P time ranges and resulting distance ranges (Section S3), assuming (d) shallow swarm depth z = 0 km, and (e) deeper swarm depth z = 15 km. The yellow solid and red circles correspond to peak S–P times from histograms in panel (c): 3 s at AM.RAA63, and 2 s at AM.R3112, respectively. The swarm origin is localized to where the yellow and red rings intersect: directly under, or offshore either north or south of, Ta‘ū Island; Vailulu‘u Seamount is too farther away to be a possible source of the swarm.

Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations ( R... Open Access

Published: 14 February 2025
Figure 4. Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations ( Raspberry Shake, 2016 ) on the Manu‘a Islands—the first two local seismic stations installed in American Samoa. (a–c) The left column shows station AM.RAA63 on Olosega Island and the right column shows station
Image
Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations (Raspberry Shake, 2016) on the Manu‘a Islands—the first two local seismic stations installed in American Samoa. (a–c) The left column shows station AM.RAA63 on Olosega Island and the right column shows station AM.R3112 on northeastern Ta‘ū Island. (a) Photos of deployed RS4D stations. (b) Example EQTransformer‐detected event (Mousavi et al., 2020) at RS4D station, at a time matching that of a felt report within 5 min (Table 1, report number 35). The title displays the start time (UTC) of the 60 s window. 60 s (6000 sample) event waveform and spectrogram are shown for the vertical‐component seismometer, with P (cyan) and S (purple) picks, along with EQTransformer output probability scores (thresholds in Table S1) for event detection (green), P phase pick (blue), S phase pick (red). In this example, the S–P time was 3.30 s at AM.RAA63 and 1.64 s at AM.R3112. (c) Histogram of S–P times at the RS4D station for all EQTransformer‐detected events from 13 to 20 August 2022 (gray), and an early subset of EQTransformer‐detected events from 13 to 15 August 2022 (blue)—first two days after installation. The rectangles show S–P time ranges for selecting swarm events at each station: 2–4 s (yellow) at AM.RAA63, 1–3 s (pink) at AM.R3112. (d,e) Map of Manu‘a Islands (red box in Fig. 3c), with locations of RS4D stations (red triangles) and villages (black squares) contributing felt reports in Table 1. The yellow ring around AM.RAA63, and pink ring around AM.R3112, show possible range of swarm locations from each station, given their respective S–P time ranges and resulting distance ranges (Section S3), assuming (d) shallow swarm depth z = 0 km, and (e) deeper swarm depth z = 15 km. The yellow solid and red circles correspond to peak S–P times from histograms in panel (c): 3 s at AM.RAA63, and 2 s at AM.R3112, respectively. The swarm origin is localized to where the yellow and red rings intersect: directly under, or offshore either north or south of, Ta‘ū Island; Vailulu‘u Seamount is too farther away to be a possible source of the swarm.

Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations ( R... Open Access

Published: 14 February 2025
Figure 4. Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations ( Raspberry Shake, 2016 ) on the Manu‘a Islands—the first two local seismic stations installed in American Samoa. (a–c) The left column shows station AM.RAA63 on Olosega Island and the right column shows station
Image
Overview on earthquakes recorded by the Yale Raspberry Shake (R3547) between 19 September 2022 and 19 July 2023. (a) Map of events in and around North, Central, and northern South America detected by R3547 (magenta triangle). Earthquakes are shown with focal mechanism plots as defined by their centroid moment tensor (CMT); size scales with magnitude, and color represents depth (see scale bar; black: &gt;50 km). Events without CMT solutions are shown by a star. Plate boundaries of Bird (2003) are overlain on topography from ETOPO1 (colored according to scale bar). (b) Zoom on Mexico’s Pacific coast showing the locations of an Mw 7.7 mainshock and its Mw 6.7 aftershock within the Cocos subduction zone. Slab‐depth contours are taken from the Slab2 model (Hayes et al., 2018) shown on high‐resolution topography (all Generic Mapping Tools [GMT] map data sets are referenced in Data and Resources). (c) R3547 time series of displacements (Disp; 1e‐07 = 1 × 10−7) for each component (after preprocessing and filtering), indicating similar body‐ and surface‐wave phase arrivals for the mainshock (orange) and aftershock (maroon). The vertical scale for each earthquake is represented by the respective y axis (as indicated by colors) and differs between the two events.

Overview on earthquakes recorded by the Yale Raspberry Shake (R3547) betwee... Available to Purchase

Published: 28 May 2024
Figure 2. Overview on earthquakes recorded by the Yale Raspberry Shake (R3547) between 19 September 2022 and 19 July 2023. (a) Map of events in and around North, Central, and northern South America detected by R3547 (magenta triangle). Earthquakes are shown with focal mechanism plots as defined
Image
Raspberry Shake (RS) installation site, on a 1.5‐km‐long blue ice area (BIA) west of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica (PEA) research station. (a) Location map (from Landsat 8 satellite imagery, acquired in January 2020) showing the main features of the study site where we highlight the location of the three RS devices (brown squares), and in particular RS2 on the BIA, as well as the PEA research station (red star), the automatic weather station (AWS, green triangle), and the local broadband (BB) seismic station (yellow circle). (b) Map shows the location of the field area on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is also annotated for reference. (c) Photograph of the RS setup: RS leveled directly on the ice and connected to an insulated battery box through a power invertor. Note that the wooden box (drilled into the ice) was used to provide protection from blowing snow. (d) Field photograph showing RS2 (in wooden box) with a red flag to mark its location.

Raspberry Shake (RS) installation site, on a 1.5‐km‐long blue ice area (BIA... Available to Purchase

Published: 07 April 2021
Figure 1. Raspberry Shake (RS) installation site, on a 1.5‐km‐long blue ice area (BIA) west of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica (PEA) research station. (a) Location map (from Landsat 8 satellite imagery, acquired in January 2020) showing the main features of the study site where we highlight
Image
A Raspberry Shake 4D (RS‐4D) (upper‐left inset) compared to the equipment used in a typical U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aftershock deployment. Both systems incorporate a seismometer, three‐component accelerometer, 24‐bit digitizer, and timing information. However, the RS‐4D is more than an order of magnitude less expensive.

A Raspberry Shake 4D (RS‐4D) (upper‐left inset) compared to the equipment u... Available to Purchase

Published: 14 November 2018
Figure 1. A Raspberry Shake 4D (RS‐4D) (upper‐left inset) compared to the equipment used in a typical U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aftershock deployment. Both systems incorporate a seismometer, three‐component accelerometer, 24‐bit digitizer, and timing information. However, the RS‐4D is more
Journal Article

A Community Seismic Network for the Early Detection of Seismic Activity Close to Active Volcanoes in Western El Salvador Available to Purchase

Thomas H. W. Goebel, Navin Thapa, Sadia Marium Rinty, Susana Delgado Andino, Adonay Martinez‐Coto, Jaqueline Rivera, Benancio Henriquez‐Miranda
Published: 12 March 2025
Seismological Research Letters (2025)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220240343
.... Nevertheless, the high cost of broadband networks limits the number of volcanoes that are actively monitored. Here, we test the capability of a network of raspberry shake (RS) seismographs to monitor volcanoes in El Salvador and characterize associated seismicity sequences in real time. We deployed seven three...
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Journal Article

Remote Single‐Station Seismic Monitoring of the July–October 2022 Earthquake Swarm at Ta‘ū Volcano, American Samoa Open Access

Clara E. Yoon, Robert J. Skoumal, Andrew J. Michael, Arthur D. Jolly, Andria P. Ellis, Drew T. Downs, Peter J. Dotray, Natalia I. Deligne, Jefferson C. Chang, Ninfa Bennington, Aaron Wech, Matthew Haney, Alicia J. Hotovec‐Ellis, Elinor Lutu‐McMoore, Marcus Langkilde
Published: 14 February 2025
The Seismic Record (2025) 5 (1): 83–96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0320240040
...Figure 4. Deep‐learning event localization with two Raspberry Shake RS4D stations ( Raspberry Shake, 2016 ) on the Manu‘a Islands—the first two local seismic stations installed in American Samoa. (a–c) The left column shows station AM.RAA63 on Olosega Island and the right column shows station...
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Journal Article

Monitoring of Local Earthquakes in Haiti Using Low‐Cost, Citizen‐Hosted Seismometers and Regional Broadband Stations Available to Purchase

Sylvert Paul, Tony Monfret, Françoise Courboulex, Jérôme Chèze, Eric Calais, Steeve Julien Symithe, Anne Deschamps, Fabrice Peix, David Ambrois, Xavier Martin, Sadrac St Fleur, Dominique Boisson
Published: 06 September 2023
Seismological Research Letters (2023) 94 (6): 2725–2739.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230059
... et al. , 2022 ). The inverted open triangles are Raspberry Shake (RS) stations of the HY network. Those with blue color are used in this study. Other stations installed in Haiti are not used in this study (gray squares). The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition...
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View PDF for article title, Monitoring of Local Earthquakes in Haiti Using Low‐Cost, Citizen‐Hosted Seismometers and Regional Broadband Stations
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Rupture Segmentation of the 14 August 2021 M w 7.2 Nippes, Haiti, Earthquake Using Aftershock Relocation from a Local Seismic Deployment Available to Purchase

Roby Douilly, Sylvert Paul, Tony Monfret, Anne Deschamps, David Ambrois, Steeve J. Symithe, Sadrac St Fleur, Françoise Courboulex, Eric Calais, Dominique Boisson, Bernard Mercier de Lépinay, Yvonne Font, Jérôme Chèze
Published: 13 October 2022
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2023) 113 (1): 58–72.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120220128
... are too diffuse to precisely delineate the segments that participated in this rupture. A few days after the mainshocks, we installed 12 broadband stations in the epicentral area. Here, we use data from those stations in combination with four local Raspberry Shakes stations that were already in place...
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View PDF for article title, Rupture Segmentation of the 14 August 2021 M w 7.2 Nippes, Haiti, Earthquake Using Aftershock Relocation from a Local Seismic Deployment
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Journal Article

The Oklahoma Geological Survey Statewide Seismic Network Available to Purchase

Jacob I. Walter, Paul Ogwari, Andrew Thiel, Fernando Ferrer, Isaac Woelfel, Jefferson C. Chang, Amberlee P. Darold, Austin A. Holland
Published: 13 November 2019
Seismological Research Letters (2020) 91 (2A): 611–621.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190211
..., educational seismometer program by installing Raspberry Shake geophones throughout the state at local schools, museums, libraries, and state parks. The seismic hazard of the state portends a continued need for expansion and densification of seismic monitoring throughout Oklahoma. The underlying...
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(a) Overview map of Samoa (west of International Date Line) and American Samoa (red box). Tectonic features are labeled in white, island names in black, and Vailulu‘u seamount in yellow. Mechanisms for 2009 tsunamigenic doublet earthquakes (Mw 8.1 on outer‐rise normal‐fault, then two Mw 7.8 reverse‐fault events on subduction interface) from Lay et al. (2010) and location of station IU.AFI (black triangle) are shown. The Inset map (top right) has the location of American Samoa in the South Pacific. Zoomed‐in maps of (b) American Samoa (red solid box, panel a), and (c) Manu‘a Islands (red dashed box, panel b), labeled with island names and their approximate populations, and locations of broadband (black triangles) and Raspberry Shake RS4D (red triangles; Raspberry Shake, 2016) stations. ComCat (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], Earthquake Hazards Program, 2017) earthquake locations from 20 August to 6 October 2022—in (c) map view, (d) depth cross‐section A–A′ (south–north), (e) depth cross‐section B–B′ (west–east)—are shown as circles, colored by time and sized by magnitude, with gray error bars indicating location uncertainties. The black dashed circle in panel (c) shows the approximate location of 1866 submarine eruption southeast of Olosega Island. In all maps, elevations (bathymetry and topography) are from Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) 6.0 Global Earth Relief Grids (Tozer et al., 2019).

(a) Overview map of Samoa (west of International Date Line) and American Sa... Open Access

Published: 14 February 2025
a), and (c) Manu‘a Islands (red dashed box, panel b), labeled with island names and their approximate populations, and locations of broadband (black triangles) and Raspberry Shake RS4D (red triangles; Raspberry Shake, 2016 ) stations. ComCat ( U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], Earthquake Hazards Program, 2017
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Median signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) for USGS aftershock deployments and Raspberry Shakes as a function of NEIC local magnitude estimates. Station distances of 20–40 km (large triangles) and 80–100 km (smaller triangles) from the event epicenters are plotted. An SNR of 2 (black line) is assumed to be required to record the ground motion with high fidelity.

Median signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) for USGS aftershock deployments and Ra... Available to Purchase

Published: 14 November 2018
Figure 7. Median signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) for USGS aftershock deployments and Raspberry Shakes as a function of NEIC local magnitude estimates. Station distances of 20–40 km (large triangles) and 80–100 km (smaller triangles) from the event epicenters are plotted. An SNR of 2 (black line
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(a,b) Displacement, (c,d) velocity, and (e,f) acceleration amplitude and phase responses of a variety of instruments that recorded the Marlboro, New Jersey, earthquake in 2020. The Nyquist frequency of each instrument is indicated by the dashed vertical line at 50 Hz. Note that the amplitude responses to velocity of the Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120s seismometers and the Raspberry Shake 3D are flat, as is the response to acceleration of the Titan 1g accelerometer.

(a,b) Displacement, (c,d) velocity, and (e,f) acceleration amplitude and ph... Available to Purchase

Published: 04 August 2021
that the amplitude responses to velocity of the Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120s seismometers and the Raspberry Shake 3D are flat, as is the response to acceleration of the Titan 1 g accelerometer.
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(a–d) The seismograms of Figure 2 after band‐pass filtering between 0.2 and 10 Hz and removing the instrument response to convert the records to velocity. Note that the amplitude of motion recorded on each instrument is approximately equal. The first motions, corresponding to the P‐wave arrival, recorded by each instrument are emphasized in the zoomed‐in sections. Perhaps surprisingly, the Raspberry Shake 3D in (a) has the least pre‐event noise of all of the instruments shown. Annotations in the inset panels provide the arrival time and amplitude of the maximum of the first arriving pulse, marked by a filled circle.

(a–d) The seismograms of Figure  2 after band‐pass filtering between 0.2 a... Available to Purchase

Published: 04 August 2021
‐wave arrival, recorded by each instrument are emphasized in the zoomed‐in sections. Perhaps surprisingly, the Raspberry Shake 3D in (a) has the least pre‐event noise of all of the instruments shown. Annotations in the inset panels provide the arrival time and amplitude of the maximum of the first