... chron C5C. The uppermost breccias of the Pickhandle Formation are younger than 19.3 m.y. and are likely older than 16.3 m.y., the age of the Rak Tuff that locally caps the Owl Conglomerate Member. The middle member of the Barstow Formation lies stratigraphically above the Owl Conglomerate Member...

... conventional 40 K- 40 Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar single-crystal laser-fusion methods. Multiple analyses on minerals from 5 superposed tuffs yielded the following mean 40 K- 40 Ar ages: Rak Tuff at 16.3 ± 0.3 m.y., Oreodont Tuff at 15.9 ± 0.2 m.y., Dated Tuff at 14.8 ± 0.2 m.y., Hemicyon Tuff at 14.0 ± 0.1 m.y...

... the U-Pb systematics of Cenozoic nearsurface deposits including organicrich peat (Rowe et al., 1997), speleothem calcite ( Richards et al., 1998 ), secondary silica ( Neymark et al., 2000 , 2002 ), and coral aragonite ( Getty et al., 2001 ). The Rak Tuff lies at the base of the middle member...

... provided a basis for geochronology ( Woodburne et al . 1990 ). The base of the ‘Middle' Member is locally defined by the Rak Tuff (16.3 ± 0.3 Ma). The concretions that bear ostracodes with soft tissues occur 62.5 m above the Rak Tuff, and approximately halfway between it and the Oreodont Tuff (15.8 ± 0.3...

... ), globally correlated to the international Middle Ordovician Darriwilian Stage ( Fortey et al . 2000 ). The Llanfallteg Formation contains siliciclastic and volcaniclastic sediments interbedded with welded lapilli-tuffs. The siliciclastic units comprise massive lenticular or discontinuously laminated...

... subducted beneath the Iranian plate (Stöcklin 1968, Alavi 1994). The regional stratigraphy ( Fig. 1 ) involves: (1) Eocene volcanosedimentary rocks, consisting of intercalated tuff, rhyolite, and limestone; (2) Miocene granitoids (diorite-quartz diorite and granodiorite); and (3) nummulite-bearing Upper...

.... The total thickness of the Kada Hadar Member is 20 m along the Ounda Gona and Kada Gona and ∼30 m to the southwest, along the Dana Aouli, Busidima/Asbole drainages. The base of the lower Kada Hadar Member is marked by the Kada Hadar Tuff, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dated at 3.18 Ma ( Walter, 1994 ). The Kada Hadar Tuff...

..., containing the Red division fauna of fossil mammals ( Woodburne et al., 1990 ). The middle comprises coarse-grained fluvial and flood deposits from sources to the south and southwest. It contains fossil mammals of the Rak Division Fauna and Green Hills Fauna ( Woodburne et al., 1990 ). The nodules containing...

... and welded lapilli-tuffs. Volcaniclastic material likely derives from the rhyolitic arc volcanoes of Eastern Avalonia (Brenchley et al. 2006 ). The Cat's Hole Quarry biota is dominated by graptolites, particularly Didymograptus artus , and includes expansograptids...

... metavolcanics within the shear zone such as the chlorite schists and chlorite-biotite-muscovite schists 'Vhich are considered to be related to the Dhanjori lavas (and tuffs). The primary source of uranium is uncertain. It may have been partly derivec through the partial melting of the granitic rocks at depth...

... (Rasouli et al. 2012 ; Chen et al. 2018 ). Clinoptilolite, as a natural zeolite, has many advantages for industrial and environmental applications. It is abundant and occurs in high-purity tuffs, it possesses inherent inorganic binders which impart suitable mechanical properties, and it is amenable...

... Ma in both Minbu and Chindwin sub-basins. The Paleocene slope environment Paunggyi Formation, which overlies the Kabaw Formation, mainly consists of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and tuff beds in the Minbu sub-basin. In contrast, the Paunggyi Formation in the Chindwin sub-basin is composed...

... Mtelela et al. (2017) informally divided into a basal member A and overlying member B ( Fig. 2 ). Generally, member A of the LLB unit comprises a basal quartz-rich conglomerate, an intermediate interval of tuffaceous conglomerates, bentonitic mudstones and tuffs, and an upper part of quartz-rich...

...., 2014 ). The Karazhirik horizon is represented by green-colored various-grained sandstones, siltstones, argillites, shales, bluish-gray ashy tuffs, and lens-like layers of light reef-related limestones of very uneven thickness. The total thickness of the Karazhirik horizon ranges from 500 to 2,400 m...

... dated through biostratigraphy ( Woodburne et al. 1990 ; Pagnac 2009 ), magnetostratigraphy ( MacFadden et al. 1990 ; Woodburne 1996 ), and radiometric dating of airfall tuffs ( Woodburne et al. 1990 ; Miller et al. 2010 ; Miller et al. 2013 ). In the Mud Hills, the Barstow Formation ranges in age...

... on the moonstone was carried out using a Micromass MM-5400 spectrometry at CUGB. The J factor was estimated by repeated analyses of Fish Canyon Tuff sanidine, with an age of 27.55 ± 0.08 Ma and of the ZBH biotite, a Chinese standard with an age of 133.3 ± 0.24 Ma ( Wang et al. 2011 and references therein), with 1...

... reply by highlighting distinct welded tuffs in Otter Point conglomerates—lithologies not present in the Klamath Mountains ( Bourgeois and Dott, 1987 ). Additionally, the reply addresses limitations of using conglomerate clast compositions in regional provenance studies, as well as flaws...

... ; McQuarrie and DeCelles, 2001 ; McQuarrie, 2002 ; Elger et al., 2005 ; Arriagada et al., 2006 ; Ege et al., 2007 ; Barnes et al., 2008 ; Pearson et al., 2013 ; DeCelles et al., 2015a ; Eichelberger et al., 2015 ; Anderson et al., 2017 , 2018 ; Rak et al., 2017 ; Henriquez et al., 2019 , 2020...

... of rhyolitic centers at least 400 m thick: the Insertu formation. The Insertu formation overlies the lower Miocene Birkitu basalt formation. The Insertu formation intrudes and is overlain by further ignimbrite and tuff units of the Shewa Robit formation (Fig. 10) . The western side of Profile F–F...