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Figure9—A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. 1a, 1b, 2?,Protoentactinia minuta s.l. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996, Morphotype 2. 1a, GSC-125533 (GP26B-49), (33.3). 1b, Most of outer branches are not fused, (12.5). 2, GSC-125534 (GP26B-48), (28.5). 3, 6, 7,Protoentactinia transformis s.s. n. sp., Morphotype 1. 3, Holotype, GSC-125535 (SP30C-10), (28.5). 6, GSC-125536 (BS64A-19), (25). 7, GSC-125537 (BS64A-5), (28.5). 4a, 4b,Protentactinia transformis s.l. n. sp., Morphotype 2, GSC-125538 (SP30A-6), (25, 12.5), trifurcated outermost branches can be recognized. 5a, 5b,Protoentactinia? sp. A, GSC-125539 (BS64B-j), (22.2), shows no branching structure, but inner structure is characteristic protoentactiniid spicule system. 8, 9,Echidnina? immanis n. sp. 8, Holotype, GSC-125540 (GP25I-8), (25). 9, GSC-125541 (BS61-18), (25). 10–13,Protoentactinia minuta s.s. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996, Morphotype 1. 10, GSC-125542 (GP26B-45), (28.5). 11, GSC-125543 (GP26B-25), (22.2). 12a, 12b, GSC-125544 (BS64A-18), (25). 13, GSC-125545 (GP26E-1), (25). 14?–16,Protoentactinia gracilispinosa s.l. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996. 14, GSC-125546 (SP30A-9), (28.5), outer spines present and most branches are delicate, as in P. minuta Morphotype 1, but no spherical inner framework, as in P. gracilispinosa, is formed. 15, GSC-125547 (SP30C-8), (33.3), with outer spines. 16, GSC-125548 (BPN78-2), (28.5), note outer spines

Figure 9 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the len...

Published: 01 May 2005
Figure 9 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. 1a, 1b, 2?, Protoentactinia minuta s.l. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996 , Morphotype 2. 1a, GSC-125533 (GP26B-49), (33.3). 1b, Most of outer branches are not fused, (12.5). 2
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Figure10—A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. 1–5,Protoentactinia primigena s.s. n. sp., Morphotype 1, with or without spinulets on the branches. 1, Holotype, GSC-125549 (GP25E-6), (25). 2, GSC-125550 (SP10-1), (40). 3, GSC-125551 (GP25E-2), (40). 4, GSC-125552 (BS62-5), (50). 5, GSC-125553 (GP26B-26), (50). 6–9,Protoentactinia primigena s.l. n. sp., Morphotype 2, with thorns on the branches. 6, GSC-125554 (BS61-2), (43.5). 7, GSC-125555 (BS82-4-3), (40). 8, GSC-125556 (GP26D-17), (40). 9, GSC-125557 (BS64B-36), (25). 10, 11a, 11b,Protoentactinia gracilispinosa s.l. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996, showing numerous thorns on the branches. 10, GSC-125558 (BS61-1), (50). 11, GSC-125559 (BS61-5), (50, 12.5), branches are fused where they cross one another (arrow). 12, 16,Protoentactinia kozuriana s.s. n. sp., Morphotype 1, in which outer spines are the extension of the rays of the spicule. 12, GSC-125560 (GP25B2-34), (33.3). 16, GSC-125561 (GP25B2-4), (33.3). 13–15,Protoentactinia deformis n. sp. 13, GSC-125562 (GP26B-30), (28.5). 14, holotype, GSC-125563 (GP26B-31), (28.5). 15, GSC-125564 (GP26B-5), (28.5). 17–19,Palaeospiculum neofurcatum n. sp. 17, GSC-125565 (BS64E-1), (25). 18, Holotype, GSC-125566 (MP42E-3), (50). 19, GSC-125567 (MP42E-2), (50)

Figure 10 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the le...

Published: 01 May 2005
Figure 10 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. 1–5, Protoentactinia primigena s.s. n. sp., Morphotype 1, with or without spinulets on the branches. 1, Holotype, GSC-125549 (GP25E-6), (25). 2, GSC-125550 (SP10-1), (40). 3
Journal Article

EARLIEST ORDOVICIAN (EARLY TO MIDDLE TREMADOCIAN) RADIOLARIAN FAUNAS OF THE COW HEAD GROUP, WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND

MUN-ZU WON, WILLIAM J. IAMS, KATHERINE REED
Published: 01 May 2005
Journal of Paleontology (2005) 79 (3): 433–459.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0433:EOETMT>2.0.CO;2
...Figure 9 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. 1a, 1b, 2?, Protoentactinia minuta s.l. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996 , Morphotype 2. 1a, GSC-125533 (GP26B-49), (33.3). 1b, Most of outer branches are not fused, (12.5). 2...
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Figure8—A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. Note the similarity among Protoentactinia kozuriana n. sp., P. gracilispinosaKozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996, and P. minutaKozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996. 1, 2, 16a, 16b,Protoentactinia kozuriana s.l. n. sp., Morphotype 2. 1, GSC-125517 (GP25B2-17), (40). 2, GSC-125518 (GP25B-2-14), (40). 16a, GSC-125519 (GP25B2-13), (33.3), the thickness between the inner and outer branches is similar. 16b, (12.5); note the fusion between the outer branches (see arrow). 3a, 3b, 4, 14, 15,Protoentactinia kozuriana s.s. n. sp. 3a, GSC-125520 (GP25C-1), (33.3). 3b, Underside of 3a, showing the long median bar positioned eccentrically in the spherical inner space. 4, GSC-125521 (GP25B2-23), (40). 14, GSC-125522 (GP26B-33), (28.5). 15, Holotype, GSC-125523 (GP25E-4), (28.5). 5a, 5b–10,Protoentactinia gracilispinosa s.s. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996. 5, GSC-125524 (GP25B2-14), (40, 16.6), the large size difference between the branches is as in P. latospinosa, and the nonspherical inner framework is as in P. gracilispinosa, the tips of the outermost branches are rarely fused (arrow on 5b). 6, GSC-125525 (GP26D-19), (33.3). 7, GSC-125526 (GP25D-9), (40). 8, GSC-125527 (BS78-2-2), (40). 9, GSC-125528 (GP26E-22), (40). 10, GSC-125529 (GP26E-23), (40), most of the branches are short and fine, like those of P. minuta, but still loosely interlocked and do not form a spherical inner framework of the shell wall as in P. gracilispinosa. 11a, 11b,Protoentactinia minuta s.l. Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996, Morphotype 2, GSC-125530 (BS78-2-1), (28.5, 14.2), outermost branches are partly fused (see arrow on 11b). 12, 13,Protoenactinia kozuriana s.s. n. sp., Morphotype 1. 12, GSC-125531 (GP26B-32), (28.5), most of the very thin branches have not been preserved, but the size differences between the inner and outer branches are not great and the shell wall is not as stout. The inner branches, however, form a definite spherical inner framework that is typical of P. kozuriana. 13, GSC-125532 (BS64B-16), (20), two outer spines

Figure 8 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the len...

Published: 01 May 2005
Figure 8 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to the length (in μm) noted in the parentheses. Note the similarity among Protoentactinia kozuriana n. sp., P. gracilispinosa Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996 , and P. minuta Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996 . 1, 2, 16a
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Scanning electron micrographs of radiolarians extracted from limestones from the Piccadilly Quarry, Newfoundland, Canada. Scale bar = 100 μm. (1) Protoentactinia sp.; PD05; (2, 4, 5) Ramuspiculum laxum n. sp.; (2) PD13; (4, 5) PD02; (3, 6, 7, 9) Sphaeroentactinia robusta Won; (3) PD13; (6, 7, 9) PD05; (8, 13) Varispiculum ectospiculatum Won and Iams; PD13; (10, 11) Ramuspiculum sp.; PD05; (12) Echidnina sp. aff. E. conexa Won, Iams, and Reed; PD02.

Scanning electron micrographs of radiolarians extracted from limestones fro...

Published: 01 September 2021
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of radiolarians extracted from limestones from the Piccadilly Quarry, Newfoundland, Canada. Scale bar = 100 μm. ( 1 ) Protoentactinia sp.; PD05; ( 2, 4, 5 ) Ramuspiculum laxum n. sp.; ( 2 ) PD13; ( 4, 5 ) PD02; ( 3 , 6, 7, 9 ) Sphaeroentactinia
Journal Article

Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland

Mun-Zu Won, William J. Iams
Published: 01 January 2011
Journal of Paleontology (2011) 85 (1): 156–177.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1666/10-102.1
....; 9, GSC 130988; 10, GSC 130989; 11, GSC 130990; 12, GSC 130992; 13, GSC 131992; 14, Protoentactinia primigena s.l. Won et al., 2005 , GSC 131993; 15–18, Protospongentactinia spongiosa Won et al., 2007 : 15, GSC 131994; 16, GSC 131995; 17, GSC 131996; 18, GSC 131997...
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Journal Article

PALAEOSCENIDIIDAE (RADIOLARIA) FROM THE LOWER SILURIAN OF THE CAPE PHILLIPS FORMATION, CORNWALLIS ISLAND, NUNAVUT, CANADA

EUGENE W. MacDONALD
Published: 01 February 2004
Journal of Paleontology (2004) 78 (2): 257–0274.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0257:PRFTLS>2.0.CO;2
... the restriction on ray number to accommodate the emended diagnosis of Palaeodecaradium Goodbody, 1986 . In keeping with De Wever et al. (2001) , Protoentactinia Kozur, Mostler, and Repetski, 1996 is included with the Palaeoscenidiidae. Kozur et al. (1996) placed this genus and the genus Noblella Kozur...
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Figure4—A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to a length of 50 μm unless otherwise noted in the parenthesis without a measuring unit. 1–4, Raumuspiculum multiramosum n. sp.; 1, GSC-121934(BPS4-14), (55.5); 2, GSC-121935(BPS1′-2), (55.5); 3, holotype, GSC-121936(BPS4-11); 4, GSC-121937(BPS4-6), (43.4). 5–7, Raumuspiculum curvatum n. sp.; 5, GSC-121938(BPS8-12); 6, holotype, GSC-121939(BPS8-11); 7, GSC-121940(BPS8-9), (33.3). 8–10, Ramuspiculum trifurcatum n. sp.; 8, GSC-121941(BPS8-19); 9, holotype, GSC-121942(BPS3′-44), (40); 10, View from a differing angle than that in 9. 11–13, Protoentactinia gracilisponosa s.l. n. sp., note variable length of the median bar; 11, holotype, GSC-121943(GP3-25), (40); 12, GSC-121944(BPS4-5); 13, GSC-121945(GP3-27), (40). 14–16, Protoentactinia gracilispinosa s.s. Kozur et al., 1996; 14, GSC-121946(BPS4-20), (28.5), one ray is hidden and one other ray is broken; 15, GSC-121947(BPS6-20), (32.2); 16, GSC-121948(BPS4-27), (40). 17–20, Grosmorneus globosus n. sp.; 17, GSC-121949(BPS6′-2), arrow indicates a median bar and the shell wall is broken away; 18, holotype, GSC-121950(BPS3′-15); 19–20, GSC-121951(BPS2′-4), (50, 28.5), the spinules are radially distributed and the proximal first-order spinule set (arrow) is the largest

Figure 4 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to a lengt...

Published: 01 January 2002
a differing angle than that in 9. 11–13 , Protoentactinia gracilisponosa s.l. n. sp., note variable length of the median bar; 11, holotype, GSC-121943(GP3-25), (40); 12, GSC-121944(BPS4-5); 13, GSC-121945(GP3-27), (40). 14–16 , Protoentactinia gracilispinosa s.s. Kozur et al., 1996 ; 14, GSC
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Figure 7. Scale bar equals 50 µm. 1–4, Parechidnina aff. P. aspinosa Won in Won and Below 1999: 1, GSC 130980; 2, GSC 130981; 3, GSC 130982; 4, GSC 130983; 5–8, Neoaspiculum? laxum n. sp.; 5, GSC 130984; 6, holotype, GSC 130985; 7, GSC 130986; 8, GSC 130987; 9–13a, b, Aspiculum jamesi parajamesi n. ssp.; 9, GSC 130988; 10, GSC 130989; 11, GSC 130990; 12, GSC 130992; 13, GSC 131992; 14, Protoentactinia primigena s.l. Won et al., 2005, GSC 131993; 15–18, Protospongentactinia spongiosaWon et al., 2007: 15, GSC 131994; 16, GSC 131995; 17, GSC 131996; 18, GSC 131997.

Figure 7. Scale bar equals 50 µm. 1–4, Parechidnina aff. P. aspinosa Wo...

Published: 01 January 2011
, Aspiculum jamesi parajamesi n. ssp.; 9, GSC 130988; 10, GSC 130989; 11, GSC 130990; 12, GSC 130992; 13, GSC 131992; 14, Protoentactinia primigena s.l. Won et al., 2005 , GSC 131993; 15–18, Protospongentactinia spongiosa Won et al., 2007 : 15, GSC 131994; 16, GSC 131995; 17, GSC 131996
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Figure5—All scale bars 50 μm. 1–4, Palaeoephippium radicesGoodbody, 1986; 1, three apical and three basal rays, GSC 124771; 2, two apical and four basal rays, GSC 124772; 3, two apical and four basal rays, some basal ray branches link, GSC 124773; 4, four apical and four basal rays, apical rays oriented out of page, GSC 124774. 5, 6, Palaeoephippium spinosumGoodbody, 1986; 5, three apical and three basal rays, apical rays oriented out of page, GSC 124780; 6, two apical and four basal rays, GSC 124781. 7, Palaeopyramidium spinosumGoodbody, 1986, GSC 124786. 8, Protoentactinia tricorne (Goodbody, 1986), GSC 124788.

Figure 5 —All scale bars 50 μm. 1 – 4 , Palaeoephippium radices Goodbod...

Published: 01 February 2004
, Protoentactinia tricorne ( Goodbody, 1986 ), GSC 124788.
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Table 1 —Abundance of latest Cambrian and early and middle Tremadocian tax...

Published: 01 May 2005
., Palaeospiculum ; Proto ., Protoentactinia ; Parech ., Parechidnina ; M1, M2, M7, Morphotype 1, Morphotype 2, Morphotype 7; p-type, pylomate form; TRA, Tremadocian radiolarian assemblage; L. Camb., latest Cambrian; Assem., assemblage; C. p ., Cordylodus proavus ; R. m ., Rossodus manitouensis
Journal Article

LATE CAMBRIAN RADIOLARIAN FAUNAS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE COW HEAD GROUP, WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND

MUN-ZU WON, WILLIAM J. IAMS
Published: 01 January 2002
Journal of Paleontology (2002) 76 (1): 1–33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0001:LCRFAB>2.0.CO;2
... a differing angle than that in 9. 11–13 , Protoentactinia gracilisponosa s.l. n. sp., note variable length of the median bar; 11, holotype, GSC-121943(GP3-25), (40); 12, GSC-121944(BPS4-5); 13, GSC-121945(GP3-27), (40). 14–16 , Protoentactinia gracilispinosa s.s. Kozur et al., 1996 ; 14, GSC...
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Figure3—A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to a length of 40 μm unless otherwise noted in the parenthesis without a measuring unit. 1–3, Palaeospiculum greenpointensis n. sp.; 1, GSC-121917(GP3-36), (48); 2, holotype, GSC-121918(GP3-17), (48); 3, GSC-121919(GP3-16), (48). 4–5, Palaeospiculum martinpointensis n. sp.; 4, GSC-121920(GP2-40), (48); 5, holotype, GSC-121921(GP3-18). 6–8, Variants of Palaeospiculum martinpointensis n. sp.; 6–7, GSC-121922(GP2-26), (43.4, 20), rays are meeting point-centered; 8, GSC-121923(GP2-40), rays are median bar-centered. 9–11, Palaeospiculum hexaradiatum n. sp.; 9, holotype, GSC-121924(BPS6-36); 10, GSC-121925(BPS1′-7); 11, GSC-121926(BPS1′-3). 12–14, Palaeospiculum grosmornensis n. sp.; 12, holotype, GSC-121927(GP2-4), (66.6); 13–14, GSC-121928(MP5-3), (40, 20). 15–18, Palaeospiculum tetraradiatum n. sp.; 15, GSC-121929(BPS4-7); 16, GSC-121930(BPS4-1); 17–18, holotype, GSC-121931(BPS4-26), (66.6, 16.6), arrows (black) indicate the points where the first-order spinule set arises on each ray, and an arrow (white) points to the central point of the four-rayed spicule. 19, Grosmorneus sp. A, GSC-121932(BPS4-24), (66.6). 20, Protoentactinia sp. cf. P. gracilispinosaKozur et al., 1996, GSC-121933(BPS4-18), arrow indicates the meeting point where six rays meet.

Figure 3 —A distance of 6 mm on these photographs is equivalent to a lengt...

Published: 01 January 2002
sp. A, GSC-121932(BPS4-24), (66.6). 20 , Protoentactinia sp. cf. P. gracilispinosa Kozur et al., 1996 , GSC-121933(BPS4-18), arrow indicates the meeting point where six rays meet.
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List of archaeospicularians, entactinarians, and other radiolarians of unce...

Published: 01 September 2021
. hexaradiatum (Won and Iams) 3 2 5 Protoentactiniidae Protoentactinia sp. 2 2 Entactinaria Entactiniidae Spongentactinia armillata (Nazarov) 2 10 11 23 Spongentactinia nazarovi n. sp. 10 10 11 31 Entactiniid gen. and sp
Journal Article

Middle Ordovician (middle Darriwilian) Archaeospicularia and Entactinaria (radiolarians) from the Table Cove Formation, Piccadilly Quarry, Newfoundland, Canada

Sarah Kachovich, Jonathan C. Aitchison
Published: 01 September 2021
Journal of Paleontology (2021) 95 (5): 913–943.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2021.18
...Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of radiolarians extracted from limestones from the Piccadilly Quarry, Newfoundland, Canada. Scale bar = 100 μm. ( 1 ) Protoentactinia sp.; PD05; ( 2, 4, 5 ) Ramuspiculum laxum n. sp.; ( 2 ) PD13; ( 4, 5 ) PD02; ( 3 , 6, 7, 9 ) Sphaeroentactinia...
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Journal Article

The Beothuka terranova (Radiolaria) assemblage and its importance for the understanding of early Ordovician radiolarian evolution

JORG MALETZ, DAVID L. BRUTON
Published: 01 November 2005
Geological Magazine (2005) 142 (6): 711–721.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756805001391
... the Cow Head Group of western Newfoundland ( Won & Iams, 2002 ). They include spicular forms referred to the Archeoentactiniidae ( Pararcheoentactinia ), Palaeospiculumidae ( Palaeospiculum, Ramuspiculum ), Protoentactiniidae ( Protoentactinia ) and Echidninidae ( Echidnina, Curvechidnina...
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