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Portscatho Formation
Tectonic environment of the Devonian Gramscatho basin, south Cornwall: framework mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sandstones
Short Paper: Palynological evidence from the Porthleven area, south Cornwall: implications for Devonian stratigraphy and Hercynian structural evolution
A model for the tectonic evolution of south Cornwall
Nd and Sr isotope constraints on the origin of the Cornubian batholith, SW England
Occurrences of A) Early Devonian coaly shales and B) Middle–Late Devoni...
Volatile production during contact metamorphism: the role of organic matter in pelites
40 Ar/ 39 Ar phlogopite geochronology of lamprophyre dykes in Cornwall, UK: new age constraints on Early Permian post-collisional magmatism in the Rhenohercynian Zone, SW England
The geology of the building and decorative stones of Cornwall, UK
Abstract Arising mainly from its exceptionally varied suites of igneous and sedimentary rocks, Cornwall has a rich variety of building and decorative stones that were extensively exploited, both for local use and for export, before concrete and brick came to dominate construction in the twentieth century. Many of the types of building stone, such as elvan and sandrock, do not occur outside Cornwall, so local stone provides much character to the local built environment. Granites were extensively worked in the eastern part of the Carnmenellis Granite (mainly in Mabe parish), in the St Austell Granite (Luxulyan, Carn Grey and the china stone areas) and on Bodmin Moor (De Lank, Hantergantick, Cheesewring, etc.), as well as in the Kit Hill, Tregonning and Land's End granite masses. The predominant type used was the ‘coarse grained megacrystic biotite granite – smaller megacryst variant’ of Hawkes & Dangerfield. A significant trade in granite developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, employing large numbers of skilled quarrymen. Finished granite was exported all over the world; many iconic buildings in London and other major cities use Cornish granite. A tourmalinized granite, luxullianite, was an important decorative stone, and was used for the Duke of Wellington's sarcophagus in St Paul's Cathedral. Schorl rock is often found in older buildings in the granite areas. Most pre-nineteenth century granite building did not use quarried stone but used ‘moorstone’ obtained from boulders lying on the surface of the granite uplands. Large quantities of ‘minestone’ have been used in vernacular buildings, past and present, and in some medieval churches, sourced from the waste tips of metalliferous (both alluvial and vein operations) and china clay workings. Allied to the granites are the fine-grained elvans of granitic composition, usually intruded in the form of dykes. Greisening often improves the durability of elvans, which have been extensively used in some of the finest stone buildings in Cornwall, such as St Austell church tower, Antony House (NT), Trelowarren, Place (Fowey) and the Georgian buildings of Lemon Street, Truro. The best-known elvan quarries were at Pentewan, which yielded a freestone capable of fine carving. However, not all buildings described by architectural historians as being of Pentewan Stone came from Pentewan. Another important elvan was Newham Stone, widely used in the older buildings in Truro. Tremore elvan was used, together with luxullianite, mainly as a polished decorative stone to line Porphyry Hall at Place in Fowey and in other high-status buildings. Basic igneous rocks include an Upper Devonian metadolerite at Cataclews Point, west of Padstow, which provided the extremely durable Cataclews Stone, used from medieval times onwards for fonts and church carvings in the area around the Camel estuary. A more unusual stone, produced by carbonatization of an ultrabasic intrusion, is Polyphant Stone, mainly used for interior use and by sculptors, composed of a mixture of talc, chlorite, and various calcium and magnesium carbonates. The Polyphant Quarry was recently reopened to supply stone for the rebuilding of Newquay parish church and to supply stone for sculpting. Allied to Polyphant Stone is Duporth Stone, obtained from the cliffs of Duporth Bay, south of St Austell, which was used in the pillars of Truro Cathedral. Basic hyaloclastite was the main stone used in the great Norman Church of St German's in SE Cornwall. The Lizard ophiolite complex provided a source of serpentine for building and for the manufacture of polished slabs; ornaments made from serpentine are still produced. Slaty mudstones and sandstones of Devonian and Carboniferous age have been extensively used for traditional buildings throughout Cornwall, nowadays much slaty mudstone is still used for building and for Cornish hedge building. The Upper Devonian Delabole Slate Quarry has yielded high-quality roofing slate from Tudor times onwards but there are many other large active and disused roofing slate quarries in the Tintagel area and elsewhere in Cornwall, such as the underground slate workings at Carnglaze, now a tourist attraction and concert venue. Devonian sandstones, usually of turbiditic origin, are widely used for vernacular building in south Cornwall, and Upper Carboniferous turbidite sandstones are used in north Cornwall. The geologically youngest building stone, seen in the Newquay and Padstow areas, is a cemented bioclastic Quaternary beach sand, laid down at a time of high sea level during an interglacial as a raised beach. It is known locally as ‘sandrock’ but is a relatively weak building stone. St Carantoc's Church at Crantock and St Piran's Church on Perran sands were largely built of it. Supplementary material: A more detailed review of the various granite and elvan quarries that have been worked in Cornwall is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18675 .
Lower Devonian coaly shales of northern New Brunswick, Canada: plant accumulations in the early stages of Terrestrial colonization
The Variscan Orogeny: the development and deformation of Devonian/Carboniferous basins in SW England and South Wales
Abstract The upper Palaeozoic Orogenic Province of SW England is a part of a belt of Devonian and Carboniferous basins that extended from Devon and Cornwall through to Germany, some 800 km to the east. Their complex sequence of basin development and phases of deformation, described in this chapter cumulatively comprise the Variscan Orogeny in this region. Synchronously with the Devonian events within the Variscan Orogen, the mainly fluvial facies of the Old Red Sandstone filled basins in the Avalonian continent north of the Variscan front (Chapter 6). During the succeeding Carboniferous, basins within the continent were mainly extensional in origin, until a period in the late Carboniferous when many basement faults were inverted (Chapter 7) resulting in uplift of the basin fill, that initiated a new palaeogeography at the start of the Permian. The South Wales Basin represents a transitional zone between the mobile Variscan belt and the continent to the north. This transitional position is reflected in the Devonian by the interdigitationof the Old Red Sandstone facies and marine sediments at the northern margins of the Variscan basins (Chapter 6). Throughout the Dinantian and Namurian the succession within the South Wales basin had much in common with successions in basins within the continent to the north (Chapter 7). It was not until the Silesian that Variscan deformation affected basin development and caused its deformation (see this chapter).
Geochemistry and U-Pb and 40 Ar- 39 Ar geochronology of the Man of War Gneiss, Lizard Complex, SW England: pre-Hercynian arc-type crust with a Sudeten-Iberian connection
Abstract Although the Rheic Ocean was the widest to be closed during the assembly of Pangaea, its suture zone is dominated by a younger (Rhenohercynian) Wilson Cycle. The present paper briefly summarizes the Rhenohercynian and reviews the relicts of the Rheic. The absence of a Rheic orogen is mainly due to bipolar subduction of the Rheic Ocean, which created two magmatic arcs and largely destroyed the passive margin prisms, thus depriving the collision zone of building material. Also, displacement of Variscan zones in England, France and Germany along a curvature of the dextral Bristol/Bray/Bohemia shear zone has effected their anticlockwise rotation. Younger, ENE-trending reverse faults have truncated the NE-trending structural boundaries and excised pre-Devonian, Rheic-related rocks west of the River Rhine, while the northern Rheic Arc and Cambrian–Silurian deposits of the Rheic Ocean have been preserved further east. Opening of the Rhenohercynian successor ocean to the Rheic put a brake on plate convergence and hindered formation of a large collisional belt. Scarce relicts of the southern Rheic Arc and rocks with Silurian deformation exist in the (largely eroded) upper plate of the Rhenohercynian collisional belt, mostly in the form of clasts and detrital zircons in Upper Devonian/lower Carboniferous flysch and in tectonic mélange at the base of the allochthon.
Abstract The use of soil evidence to identify an unknown location is a powerful tool to determine the provenance of an item in an investigation. We are particularly interested in the use of these indicators in nuclear forensic cases, whereby identification of locations associated with, for example, a smuggled nuclear material, may be used to indicate the provenance of a find. The use of soil evidence to identify an unknown location relies on understanding and predicting how soils vary in composition depending on their geological/geographical setting. In this study, compositional links between the mineralogy of 40 soils and the underlying bedrock geology, as documented in local-scale geological maps, were established. The soil samples were collected from locations with broadly similar climate and land use across a range of geological settings in a ‘test bed’ 3500 km 2 area of SW England. In this region, the soils formed through chemical weathering of the bedrock, representing a worst case scenario for this type of forensic geolocation owing to the high degree of alteration of the parent rock during soil formation. The mineralogy was quantified using automated scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis based on QEMSCAN technology. Soil mineralogy and texture as measured using this technique are consistent with the underlying geology as indicated by regional-scale geological mapping. Furthermore, differences between individual units of the same bedrock lithology, such as different granites, were identified by examining trace mineralogical signatures. From an investigative viewpoint, this demonstrated that rapid automated mineral profiling of soil samples could be used, in conjunction with readily available geological mapping or similar datasets, to provide indication of the areas from which a soil sample of unknown origin could, or could not, have been sourced.
Abstract Hendriks was born in Birmingham, the only child of a prosperous middle-class family. Following the early death of her father she studied geology at Aberystwyth before moving to Belfast, with her widowed mother, as senior demonstrator in the Geology Department. She resigned after a year and subsequently tried unsuccessfully to obtain a permanent post as a geologist, including attempting to join what is now the British Geological Survey. Mapping first in mid-Wales and then in SW England she became an accomplished field geologist, gaining a PhD from Imperial College, London in 1932. Finding fragments of fossil wood in apparently barren sediments, she demonstrated their Devonian age and recognized the presence of thrusting which introduced Ordovician and Silurian rocks into the sequence. Moving permanently to Cornwall in 1938–39, and seeking help from specialists throughout the world, she devoted the rest of her long life to geology, without any institutional support. She received awards from the Geological Society of London and the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Living in isolated cottages with her Alsatian dogs, she became respected by the young researchers who flocked to SW England from 1955 onwards, as the energetic doyenne of Cornish geology