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Petrolia Formation
CRUSTACEAN-BEARING CONTINENTAL DEPOSITS IN THE PETROLIA FORMATION (LEONARDIAN SERIES, LOWER PERMIAN) OF NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS
Figure 1 —Lithostratigraphy and location of Lower Permian pygocephalomorph...
Table 3 —Vertebrate taxa found in association with pygocephalomorphs of th...
Table 2 —Plant taxa in rank-order abundance found in association with pygo...
Table 1 —Measurements (in mm) of Mamayocaris serendipitous n. sp. and P...
Abstract A buried ridge or series of buried hills, known as the Red River arch, in northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, extends from northern Denton County, Texas, west to central Foard County, Texas. A number of productive geological structures are located on this arch. The Petrolia dome is the oldest of these fields and one of the most pronounced structures. Drilling has revealed that beneath the producing horizons in this field lies a series of thick limestones of Ordovician age, supported by a core of igneous rock; also, that beds of only two formations, Permian and Cisco, extend completely over the crest of the dome, but that those of Canyon, Strawn, and possibly Bend are deposited on the flanks. The chief source of production is near the base of the Cisco. Thick bodies of water sands are found in the lower formations around the edge of the field. One distinct unconformity is known to exist. This is between the Ordovician and beds of overlying formations. The Petrolia field is an excellent example of the relation of petroleum accumulation to anticlinal structure.
Abstract The Michigan structural basin is symmetrically centered in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan and extends outward into surrounding states and the Province of Ontario. Outcrops of Precambrian rocks bound the basin to the north; on the east the Algonquin axis in Ontario is the basin border, and to the south and west, the limiting features are the Findlay and Kankakee arches of northern Ohio and Indiana and the Wisconsin arch in central Wisconsin. Paleozoic rocks crop out, or underlie the glacial drift, in circular bands with the youngest rocks occurring near the center of the Southern Peninsula where the floor of the Paleozoic rocks in the basin reaches its maximum depth of about 14,000 feet. Oil production in the Michigan basin had its beginning at Petrolia in Ontario in 1858, but production in volume began with the discovery of the Muskegon field on the west side of the basin and the Mount Pleasant field near the center of the basin in 1928. Approximately 270 oil fields and more than 100 gas fields have been discovered in the basin. The Michigan basin contains about 108,000 cubic miles of sedimentary rocks of which about 80 per cent is Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian in age, and most of the remainder Devonian in age. Lithologically, carbonate rocks constitute 47 per cent of the sedimentary rocks of the basin, 12 per cent being evaporites, and the remaining 41 per cent sandstones and shales. More than 95 per cent of the oil has come from carbonate rocks of Middle Devonian age, and most of the gas is from sandstones of Mississippian age. The oil yield to date amounts to 3,700 barrels per cubic mile of sedimentary rock. The producing formations, from oldest to youngest, are the Black River and Trenton limestones of Middle Ordovician age, the upper part of the dolomite of the Niagara Series of Middle Silurian age, and dolomite in the lower part of the Salina formation of Late Silurian age, various limestones and dolomites of Middle and Late Devonian age including the Detroit River group, the Dundee and Rogers City limestones, and Norfolk formation of Canada, the Traverse group, and sandstones of Mississippian age. Accumulation of oil is largely anticlinal, with northwest-southeast trends predominating in the central basin area. Most of the folding took place during late Paleozoic time. The greater part of the oil has been produced from porous zones below unconformities. This is due mainly to the development of secondary porosity at the top of the limestones, but some accumulations beneath unconformities are in porous zones due to secondary dolomitization.