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geologic age
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upper Cenozoic
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Mesozoic
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Upper Cretaceous
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Triassic
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Paleozoic
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Taiyuan Formation (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Phanerozoic (4)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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igneous rocks
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Primary terms
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absolute age (27)
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academic institutions (1)
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Africa
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Southern Africa
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Antarctica
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Victoria Land (1)
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Central Asia
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Burma (1)
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Xizang China
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Gangdese Belt (3)
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Yunnan China (1)
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Himalayas
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Zanskar Range (6)
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Indian Peninsula
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Ganga Basin (1)
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India
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Deccan Plateau (3)
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Doda India
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Kishtwar India (1)
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Ghats
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Western Ghats (2)
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Gujarat India
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Saurashtra (2)
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Himachal Pradesh India
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Spiti (2)
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Madhya Pradesh India (2)
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Maharashtra India (1)
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Northeastern India
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Arunachal Pradesh India (2)
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Assam India (1)
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Punjab India (2)
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Rajasthan India (1)
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Shillong Plateau (1)
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Sikkim India (2)
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Srinagar India (2)
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Uttar Pradesh India (1)
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Uttarakhand India
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Garhwal Himalayas (1)
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Garhwal India (1)
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Indian Shield (1)
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Jammu (5)
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Kashmir (17)
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Kashmir Valley (9)
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Kishtwar India (1)
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Ladakh (10)
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Nanga Parbat (1)
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Srinagar India (2)
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Tawi Valley (1)
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Kohistan (3)
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Nepal (2)
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Pakistan
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North-West Frontier Pakistan
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Hazara Pakistan (1)
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Punjab Pakistan
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Salt Range (1)
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-
-
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Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (5)
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Karakoram (5)
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Main Boundary Fault (2)
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Main Central Thrust (6)
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Middle East
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Cyprus (1)
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Qiangtang Terrane (2)
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Siwalik Range (2)
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Southeast Asia (1)
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Tibetan Plateau (3)
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Vindhyan Basin (1)
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asteroids (1)
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atmosphere (1)
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Australia
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Cenozoic
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upper Pleistocene (1)
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Siwalik System (3)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (2)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
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middle Miocene (1)
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Surma Group (1)
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Pliocene (3)
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Paleogene
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Barail Group (1)
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Eocene
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lower Eocene (2)
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Ilerdian (1)
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Oligocene (1)
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lower Paleocene (2)
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upper Cenozoic
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Karewa Group (2)
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chemical analysis (1)
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Reptilia
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porphyry (1)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (3)
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basalts
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alkali basalts (2)
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flood basalts (8)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Panjal Traps
Platinum-group element geochemistry of the Panjal Traps: constraints on mantle melting and implications for mineral exploration Available to Purchase
Abstract Forty-two volcanic rocks of the Panjal Traps were analysed for platinum-group elements (PGEs) to investigate the magma genesis, high-temperature behaviour and exploration potential of these elements. The PGE data exhibit substantial variability and show no systematic relation to their low- or high-Ti affinity. Instead, the basalts can be subdivided into a PGE-undepleted group (group 1) that has ΣPGE >10 ppb and Cu/Pd <30 000, and a PGE-depleted group, which consists of a subgroup showing limited (group 2A) or substantial depletion in Ir-series PGEs relative to Ni (group 2B). The group 1 samples indicate an S-undersaturated history, whereas the group 2 samples might have different origins in terms of S-saturation. Fractionation of a tiny amount of sulfide melts (0.075–0.1%) from a representative group 1 sample accounts for the chalcophile element patterns observed in the group 2B samples. The relatively high Cu/Pd, unfractionated Ni/Ir and low PGE abundances observed in the group 2A samples cannot be explained by equilibration of an immiscible sulfide melt alone, and probably require decomposition of residual sulfides into sulfide melt and a monosulfide solid solution in the mantle restite. Our results question the notion that the coexistence of PGE-undepleted and -depleted magmas is prospective in the exploration of magmatic Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide mineralization.
Abstract: The Early Permian (290 Ma) Panjal Traps are the largest contiguous outcropping of volcanic (basaltic, andesitic and silicic) rocks within the Himalaya that are associated with the Late Palaeozoic break-up of Gondwana. The basaltic Panjal Traps have compositional characteristics that range from continental tholeiite to ocean-floor basalt but it is clear that crustal contamination has played a role in their genesis. The basalts that show limited evidence for contamination have Sr–Nd isotopes (87 Sr/ 86 Sr i = 0.7043–0.7073; ε Nd (t) = 0 ± 1) similar to a chondritic (subcontinental lithospheric mantle) source, whereas the remaining basaltic rocks have a wide range of Nd (ε Nd (t) = −6.1 to +4.3) and Sr (87 Sr/ 86 Sr i = 0.7051–0.7185) isotopic values. The primary melt composition of the low-Ti Panjal Traps is picritic with mantle potential temperatures (T P = 1400°C to 1450°C) similar to ambient mantle. The silicic volcanic rocks were derived by partial melting of the crust, whereas the andesitic rocks were derived by mingling between crustal and mantle melts. The Panjal Traps initially erupted within a continental rift setting. The rift eventually transitioned into a nascent ocean basin that led to seafloor spreading and the formation of the Neotethys Ocean and the ribbon-like continent Cimmeria.
Geochemistry of the Panjal Traps basalts (NW Himalaya): records of the Pangea Permian break-up Available to Purchase
Geochemistry of the Panjal Traps of Mount Kayol, Lidderwat, Pahalgam, Kashmir Available to Purchase
Geological Setting, Petrography, and Petrochemistry of the Darla Trap, and its Comparative Study with Mandl and Panjal Traps Available to Purchase
Panjal Trap chemistry and the birth of Tethys Free
Major and trace elements compositions for the Zanskar-Spiti Panjal Traps sa... Available to Purchase
Geochemical composition of the Panjal Traps lavas plots in Mg#, TiO 2 , Y a... Available to Purchase
Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic compositions of the Zanskar-Spiti Panjal Traps sampl... Available to Purchase
Isotopic compositions of the Panjal Traps basalts : (a) ( 207 Pb/ 204 Pb) i... Available to Purchase
εNd i vs (Ti/Y) plots of the Panjal Traps from Zanskar-Spiti (Group 1: bla... Available to Purchase
Protolith of the Stak eclogite in the northwestern Himalaya Available to Purchase
Present-day εNd values versus MgO diagram for the Stak samples, Panjal Trap... Available to Purchase
Late Paleozoic Woniusi basaltic province from Sibumasu terrane: Implications for the breakup of eastern Gondwana’s northern margin Available to Purchase
Crustal Structure Along Wular Lake-Gulmarg-Naoshera Profile Across Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas From Deep Seismic Soundings Available to Purchase
Eclogites and other high-pressure rocks in the Himalaya: a review Open Access
Abstract Himalayan high-pressure metamorphic rocks are restricted to three environments: the suture zone; close to the suture zone; and (mostly) far (>100 km) from the suture zone. In the NW Himalaya and South Tibet, Cretaceous-age blueschists (glaucophane-, lawsonite- or carpholite-bearing schists) formed in the accretionary wedge of the subducting Neo-Tethys. Microdiamond and associated phases from suture-zone ophiolites (Luobusa and Nidar) are, however, unrelated to Himalayan subduction–collision processes. Deeply subducted and rapidly exhumed Indian Plate basement and cover rocks directly adjacent to the suture zone enclose eclogites of Eocene age, some coesite-bearing (Kaghan/Neelum and Tso Morari), formed from Permian Panjal Trap, continental-type, basaltic magmatic rocks. Eclogites with a granulite-facies overprint, yielding Oligocene–Miocene ages, occur in the anatectic cordierite ± sillimanite-grade Indian Plate mostly significantly south of the suture zone (Kharta/Ama Drime/Arun, north Sikkim and NW Bhutan) but also directly at the suture zone at Namche Barwa. The sequence carpholite-, coesite-, kyanite- and cordierite-bearing rocks of these different units demonstrates the transition from oceanic subduction to continental collision via continental subduction. The granulitized eclogites in anatectic gneisses preserve evidence of former thick crust as in other wide hot orogens, such as the European Variscides.
U-Pb monazite ages from the Pakistan Himalaya record pre-Himalayan Ordovician orogeny and Permian continental breakup Available to Purchase
Age and origin of granites in the Karakoram shear zone and Greater Himalaya Sequence, NW India Open Access
Overview of tectonic settings related to the rifting and opening of Mesozoic ocean basins in the Eastern Tethys: Oman, Himalayas and Eastern Mediterranean regions Available to Purchase
Abstract A combination of geophysical studies and deep-sea drilling have in the past suggested that orthogonally rifted margins fall into two end-members: volcanic-rifted margins (e.g. eastern Greenland) and non-volcanic rifted margins (e.g. Iberia–Newfoundland conjugate). This paper explores the rifted margins of the Eastern Tethys stretching from the Eastern Mediterranean, through Oman to the Himalayas. Rifting in these area was typically pulsed, extending over more than 50 Ma. The timing of final continental breakup ranged from Late Permian in the east, in Oman and the Himalayas, to latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic in many parts of the Eastern Mediterranean (e.g. Antalya in SW Turkey; Pindos in Greece). Rifting in the Himalayas and Oman gave rise to a proximal to a distal ramp geometry with scatted seamounts (continental fragments and atolls) located adjacent to the rifted margin. The Eastern Mediterranean was palaeogeographically varied, and was characterized by a number of mainly elongate continental fragments (tens to several hundreds of kilometres long by tens of kilometres wide). These microcontinents subdivided the Eastern Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region into several small ocean basins, which rifted at more or less the same time in latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic time. All of the rifted margins of the Eastern Tethys are associated with rift-related volcanic rocks. However, with the exception of the Permian Panjal Traps in the Himalayas, the volumes of magma and corresponding thermal doming were less than for the ideal Volcanic-rifted margin (i.e. eastern Greenland). None of the Eastern Tethyan rifted margins show evidence of features characteristic of Non-volcanic rifted margins (e.g. sea-floor serpentinite exhumation), in contrast to the Iberia–Newfoundland conjugate or the Alps. Most of the Eastern Tethyan rifted margins appear to correspond to an ‘intermediate’ type, characterized by pulsed rifting, limited rift volcanism and a narrow continent–ocean transition zone. Such ‘intermediate-type’ rifted margins may remain to be explored in the modern oceans by deep-sea drilling. There is little evidence to support previous suggestions that the Eastern Tethyan rifts can be considered as back-arc basins above either northward- or southward-dipping subduction zones. Here it is suggested that the Eastern Tethys documents a fundamentally different type of rifting from either the ‘Volcanic-related’ or ‘Non-volcanic’ intracontinental rifts known from the Alps or the North Atlantic region. The dominant controls of rifting are seen as the traction of rising asthenosphere on the base of the lithosphere, related deviatoric tensional stresses, inherited and thermally induced weaknesses in the crust, and slab-pull. Specifically, in the Eastern Tethyan region continental breakup was probably triggered by a combination of long-term asthenosphere flow, slab-pull related to subduction beneath Eurasia and melt-induced crustal weakening associated with pulsed rifting or plume effects. Final continental breakup corresponds to a major (‘Cimmerian’) convergent phase along the opposing Eurasia margin, which further supports the role of plate boundary forces in Eastern Tethyan rifting. The early Mesozoic oceanic basins opened, probably associated with northwestward propagation of a spreading centre through the already weakened periphery of Gondwana, adjacent to less deformable Palaeotethyan oceanic crust. After a lengthy period of passive margin subsidence, locally punctuated by crustal extension and related volcanism, or plume effects, the rifted margins were finally tectonically emplaced during mid-Mesozoic, late Mesozoic or early Cenozoic time in different areas.