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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Buryat Russian Federation (1)
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Far East
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China
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Atlantic Ocean
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Paleostratigraphic
Abstract The Appalachian chain is a Paleozoic megastructure, bordering eastern North America. On land the exposed part of the chain stretches more than 3,000 km from Newfoundland in the northeast to Alabama in the southwest (Fig. 1). To the northwest the chain is adjacent to the Laurentian craton of Precambrian rocks, or to their platformal cover; to the southeast, gently inclined Meso-Cenozoic coastal strata of the Atlantic shelf cover the deformed Appalachian formations. Elucidation of the geology of the Appalachian Mountains has had almost two centuries of history (Faill, 1985). The chain was first defined in the southern and central states of the eastern United States, and then extrapolated northward into New England and Canada (Rodgers, 1970). Thus, even early in the history of their investigation, the Appalachians were divided into northern, central, and southern sectors (Fig. 1). South of New York the early work was conducted by state geological surveys, among which those in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina were especially active. From the 1870s onward the U.S. Geological Survey expanded its activities in the region. The foundations for the present understanding of Appalachian geology were laid by the Geological Survey of New York, personified by James Hall, and the Geological Surveys of Pennsylvania and Virginia, from where the brothers W. B. and H. D. Rogers conducted their investigations. While Hall (1883) stressed the stratigraphie-paléontologie aspects of the rocks composing the Appalachians, the Rogers brothers (1843) were more concerned with the physical structures of the strata. Hall′s impetus led to the paleostratigraphic approach, and he was the first to advance the notion of a basinal geosyncline;
MULTIWAVELENGTH SR-XFA DETERMINATION OF U AND Th IN SEDIMEN TARY CORES FROM LAKE BAIKAL AS A KEY TO CLIMATE CHANGE WITHIN THE BRUNHES CHRON
“Frozen-In” Hydrocarbon Accumulations or Diagenetic Traps—Exploration Targets
Chronostratigraphy and Tectonostratigraphy of the Columbus Basin, Eastern Offshore Trinidad
Timeline of the South Tibet – Himalayan belt: the geochronological record of subduction, collision, and underthrusting from zircon and monazite U–Pb ages
DEVONIAN SUBSURFACE STRATA IN WESTERN KENTUCKY
ABSTRACT The Mississippian-age limestone of the North American midcontinent (NAMC) is a valuable unconventional, very fine-grained, low-porosity and low-permeability mixed carbonate–siliciclastic reservoir in Oklahoma and Kansas. Although over 14,000 vertical wells have been producing oil and gas from these Mississippian-age reservoirs for over 50 years, recent horizontal activity has illustrated how crucial it is to understand the petrophysical and depositional characteristics associated with producing intervals. High-resolution sequence stratigraphic architecture determined for five cores in three areas of the basin have been integrated with key petrophysical data (porosity and permeability), a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pore architecture, and the acoustic response from representative samples from each core to better understand the distribution of reservoir facies in this unconventional carbonate reservoir. These data can provide insight into how to enhance the predictability of key reservoir intervals within the study area. The very fine-grained, unconventional reservoir facies within the sample set have a horizontal porosity that ranges from 0.1% to 12.5% (average 2.5%), although porosity values may be as high as 20% locally. Correlative permeability ranges from 0.0001 to 3.4 mD (average 0.05 mD). Horizontal porosity from coarse-grained facies in the “conventional” reservoir facies range from 13% to 45% (average 31%) porosity with correlative permeability ranging from 5.92 to 163 mD (average 43 mD). The variability within the facies provides insight to key characteristics and measurements that allow for enhanced predictability of key petrophysical features (porosity and permeability). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pore architecture, completed using an environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) and digital image analysis, shows the pores are mostly oblong to oval shaped, interparticle, and intercrystalline to vuggy, meso- (4 mm to 62.5 µm) to nanopore (1 µm to 1 nm) size, while pore throat measurements are consistently in the nanopore range. Acoustic response measurements are inversely related to porosity, which is consistent with published case studies using conventional carbonates. A notable difference in the acoustic response from the data set, is a significant shift in the velocity–porosity relationship that is likely a result of the complex micro- to nanopore architecture and postdepositional diagenesis. Facies preserved in the five cores range from very fine-grained carbonaceous mudstone and wackestones deposited in an outer-ramp environment to moderate to highly bioturbated wackestone and grainstones deposited in middle-ramp environments, and near-shore wackestone to packstones capped by a series of peritidal deposits. All facies exhibit significant overprinting by diagenesis, including weathering and karst development due to subaerial exposure. Each core shows a shallowing, or shoaling, upward succession of facies, which is in agreement with published eustatic sea-level during this period. The sequence stratigraphic architecture determined from detailed facies analysis reveals a similar hierarchy preserved throughout the basin, which is the foundation to predicting key reservoir intervals. The high-resolution sequence stratigraphic architecture is similarly, the foundation to predict intervals with high porosity and high permeability. The highest order sequences (2nd or 3rd order) have a high level of correlation to conventional wire line logs, specifically the gamma-ray log. Augmenting this data with the acoustic response, and qualitative characterization of the macro- to nanoscale pore architecture, provides an example of how integrated studies can enhance predictability of key reservoir facies and producing intervals within unconventional carbonate reservoirs.
ABSTRACT The Eastern Venezuelan foreland basin (EVB) has been filling from the southwest by the Orinoco River since the late Miocene–early Pliocene. The easternmost part of the Eastern Venezuelan Basin (EEVB) became overfilled by clastic sedimentation since the Pliocene. The EEVB now consists of a 10 km (33,000 ft) thick delta system formed by the Orinoco River, which has spilled over the shelf edge onto the Atlantic margin of northeastern Venezuela. The Eastern Venezuelan foreland basin is the second largest hydrocarbon-producing basin in Venezuela, with proven reserves of 36 billion barrels. To improve our understanding of the paleogeography and hydrocarbon potential of the EEVB, 620 km 2 (385 mi 2 ) of 3-D seismic, 4000 km (2485 mi) of 2-D seismic, and six wells with well logs were interpreted from the Punta Pescador area of the EEVB. We integrate the results from this study with the results of previous workers around the Orinoco Delta. Based on the integration of these data, the following sequence of Cenozoic events affecting the study area are proposed: (1) passive margin setting since the Cretaceous to Paleogene; (2) oblique collision of the Caribbean plate causing an underfilled, foreland basin stage that initiated during the late Oligocene; (3) during the Oligocene and early Miocene, south–north-flowing fluvial systems and associated deltas prograded northward and filled the foreland-basin-related depocenter; (4) late Miocene eustatic sea level lowering produced a major erosional surface and submarine canyons that allowed sediments to suddenly prograde eastward; and (5) early Pliocene to Holocene overfilling of the EEVB with eastward progradation of the Orinoco Delta into the Atlantic Ocean. Using the new information presented in this chapter, several hydrocarbon prospects were identified within the clastic Miocene–Pliocene–Pleistocene sequence.