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Pakhuis Formation

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Journal Article

Diapirism and the Fold Zone controversy of the Ordovician glaciomarine Pakhuis Formation, South Africa Available to Purchase

H.J. Blignault, J.N. Theron
Published: 01 June 2017
South African Journal of Geology (2017) 120 (2): 209–222.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.209
... An angular, erosional unconformity can be observed from Wuppertal ( Figure 1 ) southwards. It is conspicuously revealed in the mountain cliffs by the underlying, intraformational Fold Zone ( Figures 2 and 3 ). Figure 1. Locality map. ( A ). The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the Western...
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View PDF for article title, Diapirism and the Fold Zone controversy of the Ordovician glaciomarine <span class="search-highlight">Pakhuis</span> <span class="search-highlight">Formation</span>, South Africa
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Locality map. (A). The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the Western Cape with localities referenced to in the text. (B). Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Late Ordovician glaciation in Africa (adapted from Ghienne, 2003). The arrows indicate direction of ice-flow in the generalized areas of exposure. The Pakhuis Formation is situated at the southerntip of Africa.

Locality map. ( A ). The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the Weste... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2017
Figure 1. Locality map. ( A ). The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the Western Cape with localities referenced to in the text. ( B ). Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Late Ordovician glaciation in Africa (adapted from Ghienne, 2003). The arrows indicate direction of ice-flow
Image
(A) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa, showing the location of sites investigated and other data points. (B) The Peninsula basin adapted after Rust (1967). The trough-dominated basin was invaded by an ice-sheet advance from the north north-west. The isopachs are given in feet.

( A ) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Ca... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2010
Figure 1. ( A ) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa, showing the location of sites investigated and other data points. ( B ) The Peninsula basin adapted after Rust (1967) . The trough-dominated basin was invaded by an ice-sheet
Image
(A) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa, showing the location of sites investigated and other data points. (B) The Peninsula basin adapted after Rust (1967). The trough-dominated basin was invaded by an ice-sheet advance from the north north-west. The isopachs are given in feet.

( A ) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Ca... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2010
Figure 1. ( A ) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa, showing the location of sites investigated and other data points. ( B ) The Peninsula basin adapted after Rust (1967) . The trough-dominated basin was invaded by an ice-sheet
Journal Article

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDOVICIAN PAKHUIS ICE SHEET, SOUTH AFRICA Available to Purchase

H.J. BLIGNAULT, J.N. THERON
Published: 01 September 2010
South African Journal of Geology (2010) 113 (3): 335–360.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.113.3.335
...Figure 1. ( A ) The distribution of the Pakhuis Formation in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa, showing the location of sites investigated and other data points. ( B ) The Peninsula basin adapted after Rust (1967) . The trough-dominated basin was invaded by an ice-sheet...
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View PDF for article title, RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDOVICIAN <span class="search-highlight">PAKHUIS</span> ICE SHEET, SOUTH AFRICA
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Book Chapter

The Ordovician System of South Africa: a review Available to Purchase

Author(s)
C. R. Penn-Clarke, C. Browning, D. A. T. Harper
Book: A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 2
Series: Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 17 May 2023
DOI: 10.1144/SP533-2022-23
EISBN: 9781786209658
... of the Paleoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal metamorphic province. Within the Cape Fold Belt, Ordovician rocks of the Table Mountain Group (Piekenierskloof, Graafwater, Peninsula, Pakhuis and Cedarberg formations as well as the enigmatic Sardinia Bay Formation) outcrop extensively whilst pre-Cape rocks of the Kansa Group...
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Abstract
View PDF for content titled, The Ordovician System of South Africa: a review
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Abstract Outcrops of the Ordovician System in South Africa are extensive; they cover significant portions of the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape provinces as part of the Cape Fold Belt as well as the KwaZulu-Natal Province as supracrustal cover overlying the Natal sector of the Paleoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal metamorphic province. Within the Cape Fold Belt, Ordovician rocks of the Table Mountain Group (Piekenierskloof, Graafwater, Peninsula, Pakhuis and Cedarberg formations as well as the enigmatic Sardinia Bay Formation) outcrop extensively whilst pre-Cape rocks of the Kansa Group (Vaartwell, Uitvlug, Gezwinds Kraal and Schoongezigt formations) and Schoemanspoort Formation are present within the Kango Inlier encapsulated by the fold belt. The Natal Group (Durban and Mariannhill formations) is entirely located within KwaZulu-Natal. For the most part, these metasiliciclastic rocks are markedly unfossiliferous except for the world class fossil deposits of the Cedarberg Formation and important trace fossil sites in the Graafwater, Peninsula and Pakhuis formations. The lack of palaeontological material and other accurate geochronological proxies in these successions (as well as those of the Kansa and Natal groups and Schoemanspoort Formation) makes estimations of relative age constraints tenuous at best and difficult to correlate with global Ordovician chronostratigraphic frameworks. Regardless of the challenges faced in correlating these rocks within global frameworks, these rocks provide a unique low latitude glimpse into Earth surface processes and the feedback loops that ensued within the biological realm along the southern margin of Gondwana.

Journal Article

Correlation of Ordovician diamictites from Argentina and South Africa using detrital zircon dating Available to Purchase

Anelda Van Staden, Udo Zimmermann, Farid Chemale, Jr, Jens Gutzmer, G.J.B. Germs
Published: 01 January 2010
Journal of the Geological Society (2010) 167 (1): 217–220.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-023
... Africa (Pakhuis Formation). On the basis of these results, a new distribution map of glacial cover, corresponding to the Hirnantian stage, can be developed. Supplementary material: Sampling and analytical techniques, data, a simplified map and BSE images are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk...
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Adapted SRTM image of the Western Province, South Africa, available from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org. Field area at de Balie, towns and Pakhuis Pass are indicated by star symbols on the map. The Cedarberg Formation is outlined on the map as mapped by the Council for Geoscience. Insert in top right corner shows the upper stratigraphy of the Table Mountain Group. The Sneeukop-, Oskop-, Kobe- and Steenbras Members are of the Pakhuis Formation.

Adapted SRTM image of the Western Province, South Africa, available from h... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2009
Figure 1. Adapted SRTM image of the Western Province, South Africa, available from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org . Field area at de Balie, towns and Pakhuis Pass are indicated by star symbols on the map. The Cedarberg Formation is outlined on the map as mapped by the Council for Geoscience
Image
Geological context of trace-fossil-bearing strata at Matjiesgoedkloof. (A) Location relative to other outcrop of Pakhuis Formation and Table Mountain Group in Western Cape Province. (B) Sedimentary log through strata at Matjiesgoedkloof (KOBE/SOOM—overlying Kobe Member and Soom Shale Member; VRD GP—underlying Vanrhynsdorp Group). See Figure 2C for fossil abbreviations. (C) Cross section through Cape Basin along line A-A′ (in A) showing regional stratigraphic relationships within Table Mountain Group, modified after Rust (1973). PIE—Piekenierskloof Formation; GFW—Graafwater Formation; PEN—Peninsula Formation; CED—Cedarberg Formation (SS—Soom Shale Member; DM—Disa Member); NAR—Nardouw Subgroup; SIL.—Silurian; Sbgp—Subgroup; Gp—Group; Fm—Formation.

Geological context of trace-fossil-bearing strata at Matjiesgoedkloof. (A) ... Available to Purchase

Published: 28 July 2020
Figure 1. Geological context of trace-fossil-bearing strata at Matjiesgoedkloof. (A) Location relative to other outcrop of Pakhuis Formation and Table Mountain Group in Western Cape Province. (B) Sedimentary log through strata at Matjiesgoedkloof (KOBE/SOOM—overlying Kobe Member and Soom Shale
Journal Article

MEGA-SCALE (~50M) ORDOVICIAN LOAD CASTS AT DE BALIE, SOUTH AFRICA: POSSIBLE SEDIMENT FLUIDIZATION BY THERMAL DESTABILISATION Available to Purchase

N.R. BACKEBERG, C.D. ROWE
Published: 01 September 2009
South African Journal of Geology (2009) 112 (2): 187–196.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.2.187
...Figure 1. Adapted SRTM image of the Western Province, South Africa, available from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org . Field area at de Balie, towns and Pakhuis Pass are indicated by star symbols on the map. The Cedarberg Formation is outlined on the map as mapped by the Council for Geoscience...
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View PDF for article title, MEGA-SCALE (~50M) ORDOVICIAN LOAD CASTS AT DE BALIE, SOUTH AFRICA: POSSIBLE SEDIMENT FLUIDIZATION BY THERMAL DESTABILISATION
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Journal Article

DISCUSSION ON: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDOVICIAN PAKHUIS ICE SHEET, SOUTH AFRICA BY H.J. BLIGNAULT AND J.N. THERON Available to Purchase

C.D. ROWE, N.R. BACKEBERG
Published: 01 March 2011
South African Journal of Geology (2011) 114 (1): 95–102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.114.1.95
... about the setting of deposition and deformation of the Pakhuis Formation and “Fold Zone” and welcome the contribution of Blignault and Theron (2010) . The presentation of this data in peer-reviewed form is a major contribution to the regional understanding of the Ordovician southern-hemisphere...
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View PDF for article title, DISCUSSION ON: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDOVICIAN <span class="search-highlight">PAKHUIS</span> ICE SHEET, SOUTH AFRICA BY H.J. BLIGNAULT AND J.N. THERON
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Paleoenvironmental reconstructions showing context of ichnofaunal community. (A) Regional reconstruction as South African ice sheet receded northward. Matjiesgoedkloof witnessed diamictite and sandstone deposition from melting of sea-level piedmont glaciers at northern edge of Cape Basin. Contemporaneously, marine siltstones (Soom Shale) were being deposited offshore to south, including at fossil lägerstatte localities such as Keurbos. (B) Reconstruction of deposition of strata at Matjiesgoedkloof, showing paleoenvironmental context of sedimentary-stratigraphic phenomena witnessed at outcrop. (C) Trace fossils of ice-marginal sediments seen in B, showing architectural design (after Buatois et al., 2017), commonness, and preference for proglacial sandstone or diamictite substrates. Protovirgularia was identified within sample of Pakhuis Formation (locality unknown) in collections of Council for Geoscience, Bellville Office, Bellville, South Africa.

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions showing context of ichnofaunal community... Available to Purchase

Published: 28 July 2020
at outcrop. (C) Trace fossils of ice-marginal sediments seen in B, showing architectural design (after Buatois et al., 2017 ), commonness, and preference for proglacial sandstone or diamictite substrates. Protovirgularia was identified within sample of Pakhuis Formation (locality unknown) in collections
Journal Article

Cold feet: Trackways and burrows in ice-marginal strata of the end-Ordovician glaciation (Table Mountain Group, South Africa) Available to Purchase

Neil S. Davies, Anthony P. Shillito, Cameron R. Penn-Clarke
Journal: Geology
Published: 28 July 2020
Geology (2020) 48 (12): 1159–1163.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/G47808.1
...Figure 1. Geological context of trace-fossil-bearing strata at Matjiesgoedkloof. (A) Location relative to other outcrop of Pakhuis Formation and Table Mountain Group in Western Cape Province. (B) Sedimentary log through strata at Matjiesgoedkloof (KOBE/SOOM—overlying Kobe Member and Soom Shale...
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View PDF for article title, Cold feet: Trackways and burrows in ice-marginal strata of the end-Ordovician glaciation (Table Mountain Group, South Africa)
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Journal Article

The late Ordovician Soom Shale Lagerstätte: an extraordinary post-glacial fossil and sedimentary record Open Access

Sarah E. Gabbott, Claire Browning, Johannes N. Theron, Rowan J. Whittle
Published: 20 October 2016
Journal of the Geological Society (2017) 174 (1): 1–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-076
.... ( a ) Schematic stratigraphic log of the Cedarberg Formation showing the lower and upper contacts with the glacial Pakhuis and braided fluvial Goudini Formations, respectively. The upward-coarsening Cedarberg Formation is subdivided into the lower Soom and Upper Disa Members, both deposited in a shallow marine...
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Figure 3. Examples of landforms diagnostic of past glacial activity in Late Ordovician sediments of North and South Africa. A: Fluted soft-sediment striated surface at the top of the Late Ordovician Peninsula Formation, Pakhuis Pass, South Africa. Note circled person for scale. B: Detail of berms and furrows with parallel striations on fluted soft-sediment surface at the top of the Late Ordovician Peninsula Formation, Pakhuis Pass, South Africa. C: Detail of ridge with associated cross-fractures on fluted soft-sediment striated surface in the Late Ordovician Tamadjert Formation, Dider, Algeria, North Africa. Photograph is ∼2 m across. D: Detail of soft-sediment striated surface within the Late Ordovician Mamuniyat Formation, Gargaf Arch, Libya, North Africa.

Figure 3. Examples of landforms diagnostic of past glacial activity in Late... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 April 2007
Figure 3. Examples of landforms diagnostic of past glacial activity in Late Ordovician sediments of North and South Africa. A: Fluted soft-sediment striated surface at the top of the Late Ordovician Peninsula Formation, Pakhuis Pass, South Africa. Note circled person for scale. B: Detail of berms
Image
Generalized stratigraphy of the Table Mountain Group. Expanded column (not to scale) shows the stratigraphical relationships between the Pakhuis and Cedarberg formations, and the position of the Soom Shale and Disa Siltstone members (modified from Young et al., 2004; after Theron &amp; Thamm, 1990).

Generalized stratigraphy of the Table Mountain Group. Expanded column (not ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 November 2008
Fig. 6. Generalized stratigraphy of the Table Mountain Group. Expanded column (not to scale) shows the stratigraphical relationships between the Pakhuis and Cedarberg formations, and the position of the Soom Shale and Disa Siltstone members (modified from Young et al ., 2004 ; after Theron
Image
(a) Schematic stratigraphic log of the Cedarberg Formation showing the lower and upper contacts with the glacial Pakhuis and braided fluvial Goudini Formations, respectively. The upward-coarsening Cedarberg Formation is subdivided into the lower Soom and Upper Disa Members, both deposited in a shallow marine environment. (b) Dick Aldridge (right) and Hannes Theron. (c) Typical exposure of weathered Soom Shale sediment. (d) Drill rig at Holfontein.

( a ) Schematic stratigraphic log of the Cedarberg Formation showing the lo... Open Access

Published: 20 October 2016
Fig. 2. ( a ) Schematic stratigraphic log of the Cedarberg Formation showing the lower and upper contacts with the glacial Pakhuis and braided fluvial Goudini Formations, respectively. The upward-coarsening Cedarberg Formation is subdivided into the lower Soom and Upper Disa Members, both
Journal Article

REPLY TO THE DISCUSSION BY C.D. ROWE AND N.R. BACKEBERG ON THE PAPER “RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDOVICIAN PAKHUIS ICE SHEET, SOUTH AFRICA” BY H.J. BLIGNAULT AND J.N. THERON (SAJG,113, 335–360, 2010) Available to Purchase

H.J. BLIGNAULT, J.N. THERON
Published: 01 March 2011
South African Journal of Geology (2011) 114 (1): 103–104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.114.1.103
...H.J. BLIGNAULT; J.N. THERON Blignault and Theron (2010) measured three stratigraphic profiles in the Pakhuis Pass vicinity and presented a composite in Figure 15. The massive sandy diamictite interval between the Peninsula Formation and the Kobe Member tillites, i.e. the Steenbras Member...
View PDF for article title, REPLY TO THE DISCUSSION BY C.D. ROWE AND N.R. BACKEBERG ON THE PAPER “RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDOVICIAN <span class="search-highlight">PAKHUIS</span> ICE SHEET, SOUTH AFRICA” BY H.J. BLIGNAULT AND J.N. THERON (SAJG,113, 335–360, 2010)
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 Lithostratigraphic correlation of the Port Stephens Formation and Nardouw Subgroup. Correlation with the sea-level curve based on biostratigraphic markers in the Nardouw Subgroup. Onset of regression is identified by the transition from littoral marine to fluvial sedimentation. Transgression marked by the appearance of offshore marine deposits (Upper Emsian). Sea-level curve for the Palaeozoic from Hallam (1984); expanded area showing the mid-Palaeozoic in detail (from Johnson et al. (1991) for Silurian; from Johnson et al. (1985) for Devonian). CMC, Cape Meredith Complex; Pla, Plantation Member; PT, Pakhuis Tillite; CF, Cebarberg Formation; GF, Goudini Formation; SF, Skurweberg Formation; RF, Rietvlei Formation; BF, Baviaanskloof Formation. Key to symbols is given in the Supplementary Publication.

Lithostratigraphic correlation of the Port Stephens Formation and Nardouw S... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 May 2003
; Pla, Plantation Member; PT, Pakhuis Tillite; CF, Cebarberg Formation; GF, Goudini Formation; SF, Skurweberg Formation; RF, Rietvlei Formation; BF, Baviaanskloof Formation. Key to symbols is given in the Supplementary Publication.
Journal Article

Eolian input into the Late Ordovician postglacial Soom Shale, South Africa Available to Purchase

Sarah E. Gabbott, Jan Zalasiewicz, Richard J. Aldridge, Johannes N. Theron
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 December 2010
Geology (2010) 38 (12): 1103–1106.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/G31426.1
... in the stratigraphic record ( Davies et al., 2009 ). One of the clearest expressions of the event is in South Africa, where glacial deposits of Late Ordovician age occur in the western Cape Fold Belt and comprise tillites and diamicts of the Pakhuis Formation, thought to be formed at or near to sea level ( Young...
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