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![(A) Aerial view looking south-southwest along the line of the Paeroa fault with both the Paeroa and Te Weta fault blocks visible. The greatest relief on the scarp is ∼500 m in the middle of the Paeroa fault block. The Maroa volcanic center (MVC) is situated within the northeastern part of the Whakamaru caldera. Mount Ruapehu is located ∼120 km southwest of the Paeroa fault block. (B) Aerial view looking eastward over the Te Weta and Paeroa fault blocks. Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites and Huka Group strata exposed within the Paeroa fault scarp are labeled. Photos courtesy of Dougal Townsend (GNS Science).]()
![Oblique aerial view looking southwest along the strike of the Paeroa fault, Taupō rift. See Figure 3 for location. GNS Science visual medial library photo ID number is 129653. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.]()
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![Cross sections of the modern distribution of Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (see Fig. 7A): (A) northwest-southeast, through the Te Weta and southern Paeroa fault blocks at the Te Kopia geothermal field, (B) from the Orakei Korako to Ngatamariki geothermal fields, and (C) west-east, through the highest parts of the Te Weta and Paeroa fault blocks at Paeroa Trig. The Paeroa linear vent zone displayed in panel C is projected northeast along the Paeroa fault based on drill hole logs from the Te Kopia geothermal field. Some Paeroa Subgroup contacts are inferred (dashed lines) based on fault offsets, overlying formations and their thicknesses, and nearest drill hole stratigraphy. mRSL—meters relative to sea level.]()
![(a). Structural setting of Te Kopia and Orakeikorako geothermal systems, showing location of detail map in (b) of the locations of hot springs in the central part of Orakeikorako (Lloyd, 1972). The main geothermal areas are delimited by the 30 Ωm resistivity contour (Bibby et al., 1995). Sites of hydrothermal alteration are classified as acid alteration consisting of kaolinite and alunite, silicification, and/or near-neutral pH alteration consisting of quartz with or without illite, smectite and adularia, and silica sinter which deposited from formerly active, near-neutral pH hot springs (Clark and Browne, 1998). Rose diagram shows the orientation of steeply dipping quartz veins in the footwall to the Paeroa Fault (Rowland and Sibson, 2001). Some veins strike NE and parallel the Paeroa fault, and other conjugate sets strike NW and form resistant ridges perpendicular to the scarp (indicated by short parallel lines). Bench mark elevations shown in meters above sea level (asl). The width of the fault line symbol represents the throw on the scarp. (b). Map showing the distribution of hot springs (black circles) at Orakeikorako in relationship to the Waikato River, small offset (<5 m) normal faults, and silica sinter (dark gray polygon). Springs in river were flooded in 1960 by dam impoundment. Walking tracks shown by dashed gray lines. (c). Schematic block diagram of the step-over area between the Paeroa-Whakaheke Faults, showing a region of intense fracturing near the upper ramp (after Crider and Pollard, 1998), and strike-parallel extension in the footwall to the Paeroa Fault (Ferrill and Morris, 2001). Locations of Te Kopia and Orakeikorako geothermal fields (light gray) coincide with locally enhanced fault and extension fracture density related to growth and linkage of the two first-order faults.]()
![Photo of a co-ignimbrite lag breccia within the Paeroa ignimbrite from the northern Paeroa fault block at 38.35°S, 176.29°E (World Geodetic System 84 grid reference). Selected clasts have been outlined.]()
![Plan view of the Paeroa linear vent zone showing possible magma migration (white arrows) and pyroclastic flow directions (black arrows). (A) Magma migration from the Whakamaru caldera, (B) magma migration from the southern Paeroa fault block with coincident syn-eruptive subsidence, or (C) magma migration from the Kapenga and Te Weta fault block areas and associated downfaulting of the Te Weta fault block.]()
![(A) Map of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrite outcrop areas illustrating the locations of the largest lithic clasts (color coded) within the co-ignimbrite lag breccias. Lithic clasts that are >1 km from the fault scarp are not within the lag breccias, as they do not extend this far. The stars show the location of the largest co-ignimbrite lithic breccia clasts, and in most cases, the thickest ignimbrite section, and are thus inferred as being closest to each ignimbrite’s eruptive vent. The arrows show directions of decreasing lithic clast sizes for: (1) Paeroa ignimbrite, (2) Te Weta ignimbrite, and (3) Te Kopia ignimbrite. Total thicknesses of Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (or, in the case of the Waiotapu geothermal field, Whakamaru-type ignimbrite) in geothermal drill holes are given in brackets at drill hole locations. The location of the Ngapouri rhyolite dome is labeled NR. (B) Schematic cross section (not to scale) parallel to the Paeroa fault scarp showing directions of decreasing lithic clast sizes and ignimbrite thicknesses (compiled from Steiner, 1963; Keall, 1988; Bignall, 1994; Grindley et al., 1994; this study).]()
![Figure 1. Map of the Taupo Rift showing locations of active faults, trenches, and regional strain profile. Locations of faults and fault zones in Figure 2 are shown. PF—Paeroa fault; WF—Whirinaki fault; MFZ—Maleme fault zone; NF—Ngakuru fault; RF—Rotohauhau fault. Inset: North Island, New Zealand, plate boundary setting, with relative plate motion vectors from Beavan et al. (2002) and location of the Hikurangi Trough (HT)]()
![Faults and fault sections in the NZ CFM v.1.0 within the Taupō rift–Havre trough region, color coded by preferred slip rate. Only faults in the Taupō rift–Havre trough region with slip rates ≥ 1.8 mm/yr (depicted as green and red lines) are included in the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model (NZ NSHM) 2022 geologic deformation model. PF, Paeroa fault (see also Fig. 4); SR, slip rate in mm/yr. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.]()
![Figure 2. Displacement (throw) versus horizon age for 25 fault traces and 28 trenches (for locations see Fig. 1) on individual fault traces (A), multiple fault traces within fault zones excluding the east-dipping faults of the Maleme fault zone (MFZW) (B), fault traces within the MFZW (C), and displacements in B and C aggregated for the five largest fault zones in the rift (D). Open circles—Paeroa fault; open squares—Whirinaki fault; filled circles—MFZW; open triangles—west-dipping Maleme fault zone; filled squares— Ngakuru fault. Faults 1, 2, and 3 in C sum to produce the MFZW in D. Displacements for the Rotohauhau fault, indicated by the gray filled circles in A, are averaged for four trenches with variations in displacement from the average of ≤±0.25 m on each horizon. Uncertainties on tephra ages are ±0.1 to ±0.3 ka for units younger than 20 ka, and ≤±2 ka for fluvial horizons and tephras older than 20 ka]()
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![Spatial pattern of faults in the Ngakuru and Whakatane fault domains in relation to the vent lineaments of the Haroharo and Tarawera volcanic complexes. Although faults and volcanic lineaments overlap at the caldera margins, the faults do not form narrow grabens along the extent of the vent lineaments as would be expected if faults were associated with dike intrusion. Some small grabens (<1.5 km across) are present within the Ngakuru fault domain in areas where faults rupture young sediments and faulting has not yet localized onto a principal displacement zone (e.g., Paeroa fault, Berryman et al., 2008). Focal mechanisms are for earthquakes with Mw >2 (Webb and Anderson, 1998; Hurst et al., 2002). Insets: Schematic sections: A–A′ across the Ngakuru fault domain, showing depth extent of faults (assuming 60° dip) and minor antithetic faults forming local narrow grabens; B–B′ across the Okataina volcanic center, showing location of magma bodies (based on geophysical and geochemical data). Map symbols from Figure 2.]()
![Examples of fault exposures with evidence for time associations between fault rupture and tephra deposition. (A) Two steps of the restoration of the Field 1 trench on the Paeroa fault (full restoration and explanation is in .Berryman et al., 2008). (A1) Restoration of event 3 showing displacement of the obsidian layer and older layers within the Waiohau Pyroclastics. The top of the tephra and the overlying paleosol are not faulted, indicating that the rupture occurred during deposition of the last stages of Waiohau Pyroclastics. (A2) Restoration of event 4 showing displacement of basal layers of the Waiohau Pyroclastics. The obsidian layer is not faulted indicating that the rupture occurred during deposition of early stages of Waiohau Pyroclastics. (B) Three steps in the restoration of the Fitzpatrick trench on the Whirinaki fault (full restoration and explanation in Canora-Catalán et al., 2008). In the intermediate stage (B2), a colluvial wedge (unit 11) associated with faulting and erosion of the free face has been deposited within the Rotoma Formation, i.e., during deposition of the tephra.]()
![Examples of fault exposures with evidence for time associations between fault rupture and tephra deposition. (A) Two steps of the restoration of the Field 1 trench on the Paeroa fault (full restoration and explanation is in .Berryman et al., 2008). (A1) Restoration of event 3 showing displacement of the obsidian layer and older layers within the Waiohau Pyroclastics. The top of the tephra and the overlying paleosol are not faulted, indicating that the rupture occurred during deposition of the last stages of Waiohau Pyroclastics. (A2) Restoration of event 4 showing displacement of basal layers of the Waiohau Pyroclastics. The obsidian layer is not faulted indicating that the rupture occurred during deposition of early stages of Waiohau Pyroclastics. (B) Three steps in the restoration of the Fitzpatrick trench on the Whirinaki fault (full restoration and explanation in Canora-Catalán et al., 2008). In the intermediate stage (B2), a colluvial wedge (unit 11) associated with faulting and erosion of the free face has been deposited within the Rotoma Formation, i.e., during deposition of the tephra.]()
![Map of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites and Huka Group within the Paeroa and Te Weta fault blocks (Leonard et al., 2010; Downs et al., 2014). Geothermal fields with drill hole locations that have penetrated Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites are marked. Elevations within the Paeroa and Te Weta fault blocks illustrate the whaleback morphology along the length of the blocks. The colors in the stratigraphic key are used for all figures unless otherwise noted. TVZ—Taupo Volcanic Zone.]()
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![Geologic map of the Taupo-Reporoa Basin (TRB) showing the distribution of lavas, and volcaniclastic and sedimentary strata. New mapping within the Paeroa block is outlined; deposits outside the Paeroa block and Reporoa caldera are modified from Leonard et al. (2010). The eastern and western boundaries of the TRB are delineated by the Kaingaroa Fault zone and Paeroa, Orakei Korako, Whakaheke, and Kaiapo faults, respectively. New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations and sample locations are shown for reference. See Figure 3 for the stratigraphic key, legend, and descriptions of all units. Map is in the World Geodetic System 84 reference grid.]()
![Photographs of modern to sub-Recent analogues for the Jurassic El Macanudo travertine deposit. (a–f) are from Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA, and (g) and (h) are from the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand. (a) Two small-scale, laterally concentric cones (viewed from their bases) from the Angel Terrace area, found in a recently dried, small pool (~2 m diameter). Compare to Figure 5a, inset. (b) Regular lamination in thinly bedded, vertical columnar structures, and intercalated with massive banded horizons, from the Angel Terrace area. Compare to Figures 4b and 6b. (c) Typical small travertine terraces forming on Minerva Terrace, which are internally laminated. (d) Modern shrub photo in a few centimetres of spring water, from the top of one modern terrace pool. (e) Detail of recently fossilized shrubby lamination from the Angel Terrace area. Compare to Figure 7e, f. (f) Calcareous mound (m) and adjacent, low-amplitude wavy bedding (w), from the Angel Terrace area. Compare to the Macanudo Sur Outcrop facies distributions map (Fig. 3) and Figure 4d, e. (g) Detail of low-amplitude wavy bedding at the base of a mound, from the Angel Terrace area. Compare to Figure 4d. (h) Overview of acid steam-heated altered sinter (steaming fumaroles around landslide blocks) and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks (red and white patches in upper vegetated area) in cliffs along the active Paeroa Fault at Te Kopia, TVZ. (i) Detail of yellow, sulphur-lined fumarolic conduits and hollows (dark holes) developed in modern to sub-Recent sinter due to acid overprinting (Ngapouri sinter, TVZ). Hammer for scale is 40 cm long.]()
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Image
(A) Aerial view looking south-southwest along the line of the Paeroa fault ... Available to Purchase
in Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
Figure 3. (A) Aerial view looking south-southwest along the line of the Paeroa fault with both the Paeroa and Te Weta fault blocks visible. The greatest relief on the scarp is ∼500 m in the middle of the Paeroa fault block. The Maroa volcanic center (MVC) is situated within the northeastern part
Image
Oblique aerial view looking southwest along the strike of the Paeroa fault,... Available to Purchase
in Upper Plate and Subduction Interface Deformation Models in the 2022 Revision of the Aotearoa New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 03 November 2023
Figure 4. Oblique aerial view looking southwest along the strike of the Paeroa fault, Taupō rift. See Figure 3 for location. GNS Science visual medial library photo ID number is 129653. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
Journal Article
Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2014
GSA Bulletin (2014) 126 (9-10): 1131–1144.
...Figure 3. (A) Aerial view looking south-southwest along the line of the Paeroa fault with both the Paeroa and Te Weta fault blocks visible. The greatest relief on the scarp is ∼500 m in the middle of the Paeroa fault block. The Maroa volcanic center (MVC) is situated within the northeastern part...
FIGURES
Image
Cross sections of the modern distribution of Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (s... Available to Purchase
in Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
Figure 8. Cross sections of the modern distribution of Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (see Fig. 7A ): (A) northwest-southeast, through the Te Weta and southern Paeroa fault blocks at the Te Kopia geothermal field, (B) from the Orakei Korako to Ngatamariki geothermal fields, and (C) west-east
Image
(a). Structural setting of Te Kopia and Orakeikorako geothermal systems, sh... Available to Purchase
in Hydrologic, Magmatic, and Tectonic Controls on Hydrothermal Flow, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Implications for the Formation of Epithermal Vein Deposits
> Economic Geology
Published: 01 May 2012
springs ( Clark and Browne, 1998 ). Rose diagram shows the orientation of steeply dipping quartz veins in the footwall to the Paeroa Fault ( Rowland and Sibson, 2001 ). Some veins strike NE and parallel the Paeroa fault, and other conjugate sets strike NW and form resistant ridges perpendicular
Image
Photo of a co-ignimbrite lag breccia within the Paeroa ignimbrite from the ... Available to Purchase
in Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
Figure 9. Photo of a co-ignimbrite lag breccia within the Paeroa ignimbrite from the northern Paeroa fault block at 38.35°S, 176.29°E (World Geodetic System 84 grid reference). Selected clasts have been outlined.
Image
Plan view of the Paeroa linear vent zone showing possible magma migration (... Available to Purchase
in Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
Figure 10. Plan view of the Paeroa linear vent zone showing possible magma migration (white arrows) and pyroclastic flow directions (black arrows). (A) Magma migration from the Whakamaru caldera, (B) magma migration from the southern Paeroa fault block with coincident syn-eruptive subsidence
Image
(A) Map of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrite outcrop areas illustrating the lo... Available to Purchase
in Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
Figure 7. (A) Map of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrite outcrop areas illustrating the locations of the largest lithic clasts (color coded) within the co-ignimbrite lag breccias. Lithic clasts that are >1 km from the fault scarp are not within the lag breccias, as they do not extend this far
Image
Figure 1. Map of the Taupo Rift showing locations of active faults, trenche... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 October 2006
Figure 1. Map of the Taupo Rift showing locations of active faults, trenches, and regional strain profile. Locations of faults and fault zones in Figure 2 are shown. PF—Paeroa fault; WF—Whirinaki fault; MFZ—Maleme fault zone; NF—Ngakuru fault; RF—Rotohauhau fault. Inset: North Island, New Zealand
Image
Faults and fault sections in the NZ CFM v.1.0 within the Taupō rift–Havre t... Available to Purchase
in Upper Plate and Subduction Interface Deformation Models in the 2022 Revision of the Aotearoa New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 03 November 2023
Hazard Model (NZ NSHM) 2022 geologic deformation model. PF, Paeroa fault (see also Fig. 4 ); SR, slip rate in mm/yr. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
Image
Figure 2. Displacement (throw) versus horizon age for 25 fault traces and 2... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 October 2006
), and displacements in B and C aggregated for the five largest fault zones in the rift (D). Open circles—Paeroa fault; open squares—Whirinaki fault; filled circles—MFZW; open triangles—west-dipping Maleme fault zone; filled squares— Ngakuru fault. Faults 1, 2, and 3 in C sum to produce the MFZW in D. Displacements
Journal Article
Evolution of the intra-arc Taupo-Reporoa Basin within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand Open Access
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 February 2014
Geosphere (2014) 10 (1): 185–206.
...) to the northwest and the TRB to the southeast (the main subject of this paper). The basins are separated in the northeast by a high-standing, fault-controlled range termed the Paeroa block, which is the focus of mapping for this study, and in the southwest by an along strike alignment of smaller scale faults...
FIGURES
Journal Article
The origin of radon anomalies along normal faults in an active rift and geothermal area Open Access
Journal: Geosphere
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 October 2016
Geosphere (2016) 12 (5): 1656–1669.
... in the Maleme fault zone (MFZ) and along the Paeroa fault in the central Taupo rift ( Fig. 1 ). Radon anomalies of each isotope were observed near faults in both field areas sampled. On the basis of our observations of the two radon isotopes at 1 m depth, we infer that radon anomalies in soil gas along...
FIGURES
Image
Spatial pattern of faults in the Ngakuru and Whakatane fault domains in rel... Available to Purchase
in Associations between volcanic eruptions from Okataina volcanic center and surface rupture of nearby active faults, Taupo rift, New Zealand: Insights into the nature of volcano-tectonic interactions
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2011
of the vent lineaments as would be expected if faults were associated with dike intrusion. Some small grabens (<1.5 km across) are present within the Ngakuru fault domain in areas where faults rupture young sediments and faulting has not yet localized onto a principal displacement zone (e.g., Paeroa fault
Image
Examples of fault exposures with evidence for time associations between fau... Available to Purchase
in Associations between volcanic eruptions from Okataina volcanic center and surface rupture of nearby active faults, Taupo rift, New Zealand: Insights into the nature of volcano-tectonic interactions
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2011
Figure 6. Examples of fault exposures with evidence for time associations between fault rupture and tephra deposition. (A) Two steps of the restoration of the Field 1 trench on the Paeroa fault (full restoration and explanation is in . Berryman et al., 2008 ). (A1) Restoration of event 3 showing
Image
Examples of fault exposures with evidence for time associations between fau... Available to Purchase
in Associations between volcanic eruptions from Okataina volcanic center and surface rupture of nearby active faults, Taupo rift, New Zealand: Insights into the nature of volcano-tectonic interactions
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2011
Figure 6. Examples of fault exposures with evidence for time associations between fault rupture and tephra deposition. (A) Two steps of the restoration of the Field 1 trench on the Paeroa fault (full restoration and explanation is in . Berryman et al., 2008 ). (A1) Restoration of event 3 showing
Image
Map of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites and Huka Group within the Paeroa and... Available to Purchase
in Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
Figure 2. Map of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites and Huka Group within the Paeroa and Te Weta fault blocks ( Leonard et al., 2010 ; Downs et al., 2014 ). Geothermal fields with drill hole locations that have penetrated Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites are marked. Elevations within the Paeroa and Te
Journal Article
Associations between volcanic eruptions from Okataina volcanic center and surface rupture of nearby active faults, Taupo rift, New Zealand: Insights into the nature of volcano-tectonic interactions Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 July 2011
GSA Bulletin (2011) 123 (7-8): 1383–1405.
... of the vent lineaments as would be expected if faults were associated with dike intrusion. Some small grabens (<1.5 km across) are present within the Ngakuru fault domain in areas where faults rupture young sediments and faulting has not yet localized onto a principal displacement zone (e.g., Paeroa fault...
FIGURES
Image
Geologic map of the Taupo-Reporoa Basin (TRB) showing the distribution of l... Open Access
in Evolution of the intra-arc Taupo-Reporoa Basin within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand
> Geosphere
Published: 01 February 2014
and western boundaries of the TRB are delineated by the Kaingaroa Fault zone and Paeroa, Orakei Korako, Whakaheke, and Kaiapo faults, respectively. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age determinations and sample locations are shown for reference. See Figure 3 for the stratigraphic key, legend, and descriptions of all units
Image
Photographs of modern to sub-Recent analogues for the Jurassic El Macanudo ... Available to Purchase
in Upper Jurassic travertine at El Macanudo, Argentine Patagonia: a fossil geothermal field modified by hydrothermal silicification and acid overprinting
> Geological Magazine
Published: 23 June 2017
area. Compare to Figure 4d . (h) Overview of acid steam-heated altered sinter (steaming fumaroles around landslide blocks) and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks (red and white patches in upper vegetated area) in cliffs along the active Paeroa Fault at Te Kopia, TVZ. (i) Detail of yellow, sulphur
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