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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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North Africa
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Morocco
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Rif (1)
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Southern Africa
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Asia
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Magadan Russian Federation
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Russian Arctic
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Russian Pacific region (3)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Iceland (2)
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Indian Ocean
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Arabian Sea
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Mid-Indian Ridge
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Lewis thrust fault (1)
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Magdalena Mountains (1)
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Malay Archipelago
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Mexico
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Chihuahua Mexico (4)
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Mexico state
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North America
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Appalachians
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Basin and Range Province
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Canadian Shield
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Central Metasedimentary Belt (1)
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Superior Province
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Coast plutonic complex (6)
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ODP Site 1256 (1)
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Equatorial Pacific (3)
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Bering Sea
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Northeast Pacific
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Hawaiian Ridge (4)
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Monterey Canyon (2)
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Shatsky Rise (4)
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Pacific Basin (5)
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Kermadec Trench (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Chile Ridge (2)
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Eltanin fracture zone (1)
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Manihiki Plateau (3)
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Nazca Ridge (4)
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Tonga Trench (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Gulf of Carpentaria (1)
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Hikurangi Trough (2)
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Tasman Sea (3)
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West Pacific
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Bowers Ridge (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (7)
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Hess Rise (2)
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Japan Sea (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
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Nankai Trough (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (2)
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Shatsky Rise (4)
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Ontong Java Plateau (4)
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Tasman Sea (3)
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (3)
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Peace River (1)
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Peninsular Ranges (7)
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Pinon Range (3)
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Solomon Islands (1)
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South America
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Aconcagua (2)
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Central Andes (14)
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Western Cordillera (8)
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Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo Chile
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Colombia
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Ecuador (9)
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Patagonian Batholith (1)
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Peru
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Colusa County California (1)
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El Dorado County California (2)
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Garlock Fault (1)
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Glenn County California (1)
-
Hayward Fault (3)
-
Hosgri Fault (4)
-
Humboldt County California (2)
-
Imperial County California
-
Imperial Fault (1)
-
-
Inyo County California
-
Coso Hot Springs KGRA (1)
-
Coso Range (2)
-
-
Kern County California (2)
-
Lassen County California (1)
-
Lassen Volcanic National Park (1)
-
Los Angeles County California
-
Long Beach California (1)
-
Los Angeles California (1)
-
Palos Verdes Peninsula (1)
-
-
Marin County California
-
Point Reyes (1)
-
-
Mariposa County California (1)
-
Mendocino County California (4)
-
Merced County California (1)
-
Mono County California
-
Mono Craters (1)
-
-
Monterey County California (1)
-
Nevada County California (1)
-
Northern California (26)
-
Orange County California (1)
-
Plumas County California (1)
-
Rattlesnake Creek Terrane (2)
-
Riverside County California
-
Mission Creek Fault (1)
-
-
Salinian Block (10)
-
Salton Trough (3)
-
San Benito County California (1)
-
San Bernardino County California
-
Cima volcanic field (1)
-
San Gorgonio Pass (1)
-
Whipple Mountains (1)
-
-
San Diego County California
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Point Loma (1)
-
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San Emigdio Mountains (1)
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San Francisco Bay region (9)
-
San Francisco County California
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-
-
San Gabriel Mountains (3)
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San Gregorio Fault (3)
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San Joaquin Valley (3)
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San Luis Obispo County California
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-
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Santa Ana Mountains (1)
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-
Santa Barbara County California (3)
-
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-
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-
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Shasta County California (1)
-
Sierra Nevada Batholith (12)
-
Siskiyou County California (2)
-
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-
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-
Southern California Batholith (1)
-
Sur fault zone (2)
-
Tehama County California (2)
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The Geysers (1)
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Trinity County California (2)
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Yolla Bolly Terrane (2)
-
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Colorado
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Colorado mineral belt (2)
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Routt County Colorado (1)
-
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Colorado Plateau (12)
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Eastern California shear zone (1)
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Idaho
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-
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-
Snake River plain (6)
-
Twin Falls County Idaho (1)
-
Valley County Idaho (1)
-
-
Idaho Batholith (8)
-
Kansas (2)
-
Klamath Mountains (13)
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Lewis and Clark Lineament (1)
-
Louisiana (2)
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
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-
Mojave Desert (10)
-
Montana
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Boulder Batholith (1)
-
Deer Lodge County Montana (2)
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Flathead County Montana (1)
-
Granite County Montana (1)
-
Jefferson County Montana (2)
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Madison County Montana (1)
-
Powell County Montana (2)
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-
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Nebraska (1)
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Nevada
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Carlin Mine (1)
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Carlin Trend (3)
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Clark County Nevada (1)
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Elko County Nevada
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East Humboldt Range (1)
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Pequop Mountains (2)
-
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Esmeralda County Nevada
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Silver Peak Mountains (1)
-
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Eureka County Nevada (1)
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Humboldt County Nevada
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Getchell Mine (1)
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Lincoln County Nevada (1)
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Roberts Mountains Allochthon (1)
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Washoe County Nevada (1)
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New Jersey (1)
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New Mexico
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Datil-Mogollon volcanic field (2)
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Dona Ana County New Mexico (1)
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Grant County New Mexico (2)
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Luna County New Mexico (1)
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Oregon
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Willamette Valley (1)
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Ouachita Belt (1)
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Sevier orogenic belt (15)
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Southern U.S. (1)
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Southwestern U.S. (10)
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Tennessee (1)
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Texas
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Bastrop County Texas (1)
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East Texas (1)
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Uvalde County Texas (1)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Uinta Mountains (1)
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Wasatch Range (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
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Uinta Basin (2)
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Utah
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Emery County Utah
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Emery Utah (1)
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Garfield County Utah (1)
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Grand County Utah (1)
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Iron County Utah (1)
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Kaiparowits Plateau (3)
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Kane County Utah (2)
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Salt Lake County Utah (1)
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Utah County Utah (1)
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Washington County Utah (1)
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Virginia (1)
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Walker Lane (6)
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Washington
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Chelan County Washington (5)
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King County Washington
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Kitsap County Washington (2)
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Puget Sound (3)
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San Juan County Washington (3)
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Skagit County Washington (2)
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Snohomish County Washington (1)
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Whatcom County Washington (1)
-
-
Western U.S. (33)
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Wyoming
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Fremont County Wyoming (3)
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Hanna Basin (1)
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Laramie Basin (1)
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Natrona County Wyoming (1)
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Park County Wyoming (2)
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Rock Springs Uplift (1)
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Sweetwater County Wyoming
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Rock Springs Wyoming (1)
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Teton County Wyoming
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Jackson Hole (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
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Wyoming Province (2)
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Yellowstone National Park (2)
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Veracruz Basin (3)
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Walnut Creek (1)
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West Pacific Ocean Islands
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Macquarie Island (1)
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Wind River basin (1)
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Yuba River (1)
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Zealandia (1)
-
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commodities
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brines (1)
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energy sources (2)
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gems (1)
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geothermal energy (2)
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metal ores
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antimony ores (1)
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arsenic ores (1)
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base metals (5)
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cobalt ores (1)
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copper ores (39)
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gold ores (42)
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IOCG deposits (1)
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iron ores (1)
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lead ores (4)
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lead-zinc deposits (2)
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mercury ores (1)
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molybdenum ores (15)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum ores (3)
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polymetallic ores (1)
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silver ores (9)
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tin ores (1)
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tungsten ores (2)
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uranium ores (1)
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zinc ores (8)
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-
mineral deposits, genesis (58)
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mineral exploration (16)
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mineral resources (1)
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oil and gas fields (6)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale gas (1)
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-
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phosphate deposits (1)
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placers (1)
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water resources (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
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carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (14)
-
C-14 (6)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
chemical ratios (12)
-
halogens
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chlorine (1)
-
-
hydrogen
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D/H (7)
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deuterium (1)
-
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incompatible elements (1)
-
isotope ratios (129)
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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Be-10 (1)
-
C-14 (6)
-
Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (35)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (20)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (23)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
Th-232 (1)
-
U-235 (1)
-
U-238 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (14)
-
D/H (7)
-
deuterium (1)
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
-
He-3 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (3)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (20)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (64)
-
O-18/O-16 (22)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (35)
-
Pb-207 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (20)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
-
Pb-208 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (23)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (6)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (76)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (3)
-
Lu/Hf (6)
-
metals
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actinides
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thorium
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Th-232 (1)
-
-
uranium
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U-235 (1)
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U-238 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
potassium (2)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
-
beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
-
-
calcium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (76)
-
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
chromium (2)
-
gold (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (20)
-
-
iron
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (35)
-
Pb-207 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (20)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
-
Pb-208 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (23)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
mercury (1)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
niobium (6)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (3)
-
-
precious metals (6)
-
rare earths
-
dysprosium (1)
-
lanthanum (3)
-
lutetium (2)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (64)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
-
ytterbium (3)
-
yttrium (2)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
tantalum (2)
-
titanium (4)
-
tungsten (1)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zirconium (2)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-3 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (3)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (22)
-
-
selenium (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (6)
-
-
tellurium (1)
-
trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
-
ichnofossils
-
Ophiomorpha (1)
-
Thalassinoides (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (2)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Rhynchonellida
-
Rhynchonellidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (2)
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae
-
Inoceramus (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
-
-
Gastropoda (3)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (13)
-
Radiolaria (10)
-
-
Vermes (1)
-
-
microfossils (27)
-
palynomorphs
-
Dinoflagellata (4)
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
nannofossils (5)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (27)
-
Ar/Ar (98)
-
exposure age (1)
-
fission-track dating (25)
-
K/Ar (23)
-
Lu/Hf (6)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (3)
-
paleomagnetism (32)
-
Pb/Pb (6)
-
Pb/Th (1)
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radiation damage (1)
-
Rb/Sr (5)
-
Re/Os (6)
-
Sm/Nd (5)
-
Sr/Sr (1)
-
tephrochronology (4)
-
Th/U (1)
-
thermochronology (33)
-
U/Pb (161)
-
U/Th/Pb (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (1)
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
middle Cenozoic (7)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
-
Holocene
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
upper Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (8)
-
-
upper Quaternary (4)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Calipuy Group (2)
-
Challis Volcanics (4)
-
lower Tertiary (10)
-
middle Tertiary
-
Masset Formation (1)
-
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (1)
-
Etchegoin Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (11)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (2)
-
lower Miocene (14)
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (1)
-
-
Picture Gorge Basalt (1)
-
upper Miocene (16)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene (36)
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (2)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
Chuckanut Formation (3)
-
Chumstick Formation (6)
-
Crescent Formation (2)
-
Flournoy Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (3)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (3)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Lutetian (1)
-
Tyee Formation (3)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
Ootsa Lake Group (2)
-
Swauk Formation (5)
-
Umpqua Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Cowlitz Formation (1)
-
Priabonian (1)
-
Tejon Formation (1)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
lower Paleogene (4)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (10)
-
-
Orca Group (2)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
Silverado Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene (2)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
-
Renova Formation (3)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
Wilcox Group (4)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (11)
-
Wildcat Group (1)
-
Yakataga Formation (3)
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Condrey Mountain Schist (2)
-
Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (1)
-
Kuskokwim Group (2)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Aptian (1)
-
Barremian (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (17)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (10)
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (1)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (2)
-
upper Cenomanian (2)
-
-
Coniacian (2)
-
Hornbrook Formation (3)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (4)
-
Mesaverde Group (3)
-
Point Loma Formation (1)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (7)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
-
Williams Formation (1)
-
-
Valdez Group (2)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (32)
-
Glen Canyon Group (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (18)
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (4)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
middle Liassic (2)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian
-
Yakoun Group (1)
-
-
Bathonian (1)
-
-
San Rafael Group (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (1)
-
Galice Formation (3)
-
Josephine Ophiolite (1)
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Sundance Formation (1)
-
Tithonian (2)
-
-
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
McHugh Complex (2)
-
middle Mesozoic (3)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Nicoya Complex (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (7)
-
Sandilands Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Red Peak Formation (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (6)
-
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (1)
-
Middle Cambrian (1)
-
Upper Cambrian (2)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Diamond Peak Formation (1)
-
Mississippian (3)
-
Pennsylvanian (3)
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (3)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (3)
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Saint George Group (1)
-
-
Valmy Formation (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (2)
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (1)
-
Silurian
-
Upper Silurian (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (7)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
Paleoarchean (2)
-
-
Hadean (2)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (8)
-
Paleoproterozoic (5)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (2)
-
quartz diorites (4)
-
tonalite (8)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros (8)
-
granites
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (3)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (4)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
-
granodiorites (22)
-
lamproite (1)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
spessartite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (3)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (2)
-
quartz monzonite (3)
-
syenites
-
shonkinite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (16)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
hawaiite (3)
-
mugearite (2)
-
trachybasalts (4)
-
-
flood basalts (7)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (14)
-
ocean-island basalts (8)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (7)
-
tholeiitic basalt (9)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (1)
-
-
dacites (10)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (5)
-
-
komatiite (2)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (4)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (21)
-
rhyolite tuff (3)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (22)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites
-
comendite (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (4)
-
trachytes (2)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (16)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (7)
-
cataclasites (1)
-
eclogite (12)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (2)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (1)
-
hornfels (1)
-
jadeitite (1)
-
marbles (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (4)
-
metabasite (2)
-
metakomatiite (1)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
serpentinite (7)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metagraywacke (2)
-
metapelite (2)
-
metasandstone (2)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (7)
-
skarn (6)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (8)
-
migmatites (2)
-
mylonites (5)
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists
-
blueschist (6)
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (16)
-
turbidite (8)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
micrometeorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
diogenite (1)
-
eucrite (1)
-
howardite (1)
-
lunar meteorites (1)
-
-
chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
calcite (3)
-
siderite (1)
-
-
native elements
-
diamond (2)
-
graphite (2)
-
-
oxides
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
ilmenite (1)
-
iron oxides (2)
-
magnetite (1)
-
manganese oxides (1)
-
spinel (2)
-
tantalates
-
microlite (1)
-
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (26)
-
monazite (2)
-
-
platinum minerals (1)
-
selenides (1)
-
silicates
-
asbestos (1)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (1)
-
hornblende (10)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene (7)
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
ferrosilite (1)
-
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (2)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
sanidine (4)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (2)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
coesite (2)
-
quartz (2)
-
stishovite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
pyrope (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (7)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (146)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (1)
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
lawsonite (3)
-
-
-
ring silicates (1)
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals (1)
-
illite (2)
-
mica group
-
biotite (12)
-
muscovite (6)
-
phengite (2)
-
-
sericite (2)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
lizardite (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
chalcopyrite (1)
-
cooperite (1)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
pyrite (1)
-
pyrrhotite (2)
-
realgar (1)
-
sphalerite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (262)
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Morocco
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Rif (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa (1)
-
-
West Africa
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
West African Craton (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic Peninsula (5)
-
Marie Byrd Land (1)
-
Transantarctic Mountains (1)
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Victoria Land (1)
-
West Antarctica (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Alpha Cordillera (1)
-
Amerasia Basin (2)
-
Barents Sea (2)
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
Canada Basin (1)
-
Chukchi Sea (1)
-
Lomonosov Ridge (1)
-
Makarov Basin (1)
-
-
Arctic region
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Russian Arctic
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Franz Josef Land (1)
-
-
Svalbard
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Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (1)
-
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Arabian Peninsula (1)
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Central Asia
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Pamirs (1)
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation (1)
-
Far East
-
China
-
Altun Mountains (1)
-
Anhui China (1)
-
Da Hinggan Ling (2)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hainan China (1)
-
Heilongjiang China
-
Xiao Hinggan Ling (1)
-
-
Hubei China
-
Wuhan China (1)
-
Yichang China (1)
-
-
Inner Mongolia China (3)
-
Jiangsu China
-
Nanjing China (1)
-
-
Jiangxi China (1)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
Liaoning China
-
Liaodong Peninsula (1)
-
-
North China Platform (8)
-
Shandong China
-
Shandong Peninsula (3)
-
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
South China Block (2)
-
Taihang Mountains (1)
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar (3)
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China (4)
-
Yangtze River (3)
-
Yangtze River valley (1)
-
-
Indonesia (1)
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Hidaka metamorphic belt (2)
-
-
Kyushu (1)
-
Ryukyu Islands (1)
-
Shimanto Belt (1)
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea (1)
-
-
Mongolia (1)
-
Philippine Islands (1)
-
Taiwan (1)
-
-
Gobi Desert (1)
-
Himalayas (3)
-
Hindu Kush (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Pranhita-Godavari Valley (1)
-
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula (2)
-
-
Magadan Russian Federation
-
Taygonos Peninsula (1)
-
-
Middle East
-
Iran
-
Fars Iran (1)
-
-
Iraq (1)
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (1)
-
-
Zagros (2)
-
-
Okhotsk region (1)
-
Russian Pacific region (3)
-
Sakhalin Russian Federation
-
Sakhalin (1)
-
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Aldan Shield (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (5)
-
Tien Shan (3)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3)
-
North Atlantic
-
Baltic Sea (1)
-
Bermuda Rise (1)
-
Caribbean Sea
-
Beata Ridge (1)
-
Cayman Trough (1)
-
Nicaragua Rise (2)
-
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
De Soto Canyon (1)
-
Mississippi Canyon (1)
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
New England Seamounts (1)
-
Northwest Atlantic (1)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Rio Grande Rise (1)
-
Walvis Ridge (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Azores (1)
-
Bermuda (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia (2)
-
New Zealand
-
Otago New Zealand (1)
-
Southland New Zealand
-
Fiordland (2)
-
-
Westland New Zealand (1)
-
-
Papua (1)
-
Papua New Guinea (2)
-
-
biogeography (4)
-
biography (4)
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Cassiar Mountains (2)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Val d'Or Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Stikinia Terrane (1)
-
Ungava (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (2)
-
British Columbia
-
Bowser Basin (1)
-
Kamloops British Columbia (1)
-
Prince Rupert British Columbia (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Islands (5)
-
Tofino Basin (1)
-
Vancouver Island (11)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (15)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Selwyn Basin (3)
-
Yukon Territory (10)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (14)
-
C-14 (6)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Cuba (3)
-
Hispaniola
-
Dominican Republic (2)
-
-
Jamaica (2)
-
Puerto Rico (3)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Aruba (1)
-
Guadeloupe (1)
-
Netherlands Antilles
-
Bonaire (1)
-
Curacao (1)
-
-
Trinidad and Tobago
-
Tobago (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
catalogs (2)
-
Cenozoic
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (1)
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
middle Cenozoic (7)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
-
Holocene
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
upper Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (8)
-
-
upper Quaternary (4)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Calipuy Group (2)
-
Challis Volcanics (4)
-
lower Tertiary (10)
-
middle Tertiary
-
Masset Formation (1)
-
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (1)
-
Etchegoin Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (11)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (2)
-
lower Miocene (14)
-
middle Miocene
-
Langhian (1)
-
-
Picture Gorge Basalt (1)
-
upper Miocene (16)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene (36)
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (2)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
Chuckanut Formation (3)
-
Chumstick Formation (6)
-
Crescent Formation (2)
-
Flournoy Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (3)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (3)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Lutetian (1)
-
Tyee Formation (3)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
Ootsa Lake Group (2)
-
Swauk Formation (5)
-
Umpqua Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Cowlitz Formation (1)
-
Priabonian (1)
-
Tejon Formation (1)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
lower Paleogene (4)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (10)
-
-
Orca Group (2)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
Silverado Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene (2)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
-
Renova Formation (3)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
Wilcox Group (4)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (11)
-
Wildcat Group (1)
-
Yakataga Formation (3)
-
-
Central America
-
Chortis Block (4)
-
Costa Rica
-
Nicoya Peninsula (1)
-
-
El Salvador (1)
-
Guatemala
-
Motagua Fault (1)
-
-
Honduras (4)
-
Nicaragua (3)
-
Panama
-
Darien (1)
-
Panama Canal Zone (2)
-
-
-
climate change (14)
-
continental drift (12)
-
continental shelf (4)
-
continental slope (4)
-
crust (166)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
crystal growth (1)
-
data processing (21)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
-
IPOD
-
Leg 54 (1)
-
Leg 62
-
DSDP Site 464 (1)
-
DSDP Site 465 (1)
-
DSDP Site 466 (1)
-
-
Leg 66
-
DSDP Site 487 (1)
-
-
Leg 77
-
DSDP Site 537 (1)
-
-
Leg 84
-
DSDP Site 568 (1)
-
DSDP Site 569 (1)
-
DSDP Site 570 (1)
-
-
Leg 91
-
DSDP Site 595 (1)
-
DSDP Site 596 (1)
-
-
-
Leg 10
-
DSDP Site 96 (1)
-
-
Leg 32
-
DSDP Site 310 (1)
-
-
Leg 33
-
DSDP Site 317 (1)
-
-
Leg 43 (1)
-
-
deformation (102)
-
diagenesis (5)
-
Earth (1)
-
earthquakes (51)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Easter Island (1)
-
Galapagos Islands (1)
-
Hawaii (3)
-
-
economic geology (10)
-
energy sources (2)
-
epeirogeny (5)
-
Eurasia (3)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
Western Alps
-
Mont Blanc (1)
-
-
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Franz Josef Land (1)
-
-
Caucasus (1)
-
Central Europe
-
Switzerland
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
-
-
Jura Mountains (2)
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Portugal (1)
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Nevado-Filabride Complex (1)
-
-
Betic Cordillera (1)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Northern Apennines (1)
-
-
Liguria Italy (1)
-
Tuscany Italy (1)
-
-
-
Variscides (1)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Alpes-de-Haute Provence France (1)
-
-
Iceland (2)
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland
-
Scottish Highlands (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
explosions (1)
-
faults (253)
-
folds (39)
-
foliation (11)
-
fractures (8)
-
gems (1)
-
geochemistry (150)
-
geochronology (33)
-
geodesy (4)
-
geomorphology (18)
-
geophysical methods (79)
-
geosynclines (1)
-
geothermal energy (2)
-
ground water (2)
-
heat flow (17)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (7)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
hydrology (1)
-
ichnofossils
-
Ophiomorpha (1)
-
Thalassinoides (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (2)
-
quartz diorites (4)
-
tonalite (8)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros (8)
-
granites
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (3)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (4)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
-
granodiorites (22)
-
lamproite (1)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
spessartite (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (3)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (2)
-
quartz monzonite (3)
-
syenites
-
shonkinite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (16)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
hawaiite (3)
-
mugearite (2)
-
trachybasalts (4)
-
-
flood basalts (7)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (14)
-
ocean-island basalts (8)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (7)
-
tholeiitic basalt (9)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (1)
-
-
dacites (10)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (5)
-
-
komatiite (2)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (4)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (21)
-
rhyolite tuff (3)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (22)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites
-
comendite (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (4)
-
trachytes (2)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (12)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (2)
-
-
Mid-Indian Ridge
-
Southeast Indian Ridge (1)
-
-
Ninetyeast Ridge (1)
-
-
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
-
Expedition 330
-
IODP Site U1372 (1)
-
IODP Site U1374 (1)
-
IODP Site U1376 (1)
-
IODP Site U1377 (1)
-
-
Expedition 341
-
IODP Site U1417 (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (129)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (2)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Rhynchonellida
-
Rhynchonellidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (2)
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
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Cephalopoda
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (14)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (20)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (64)
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O-18/O-16 (22)
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (35)
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Pb-207 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (20)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (3)
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Pb-208 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (23)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (6)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (76)
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lava (44)
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mantle (143)
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Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean
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Mesozoic
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Condrey Mountain Schist (2)
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Cretaceous
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Alisitos Formation (1)
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Kuskokwim Group (2)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian
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upper Albian (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (17)
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Campanian (10)
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Cardium Formation (1)
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Castlegate Sandstone (1)
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Cenomanian
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Dunvegan Formation (2)
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upper Cenomanian (2)
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Coniacian (2)
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Hornbrook Formation (3)
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Kaiparowits Formation (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
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Ladd Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian (4)
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Turonian
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lower Turonian (1)
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Williams Formation (1)
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Valdez Group (2)
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Franciscan Complex (32)
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Great Valley Sequence (18)
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Jurassic
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Carmel Formation (1)
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Coast Range Ophiolite (4)
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Ferrar Group (1)
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Lower Jurassic
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middle Liassic (2)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Yakoun Group (1)
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Bathonian (1)
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San Rafael Group (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Bowser Lake Group (1)
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Cotton Valley Group (1)
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Galice Formation (3)
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Josephine Ophiolite (1)
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Morrison Formation (1)
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Naknek Formation (1)
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Oxfordian (2)
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Portlandian (1)
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Sundance Formation (1)
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Tithonian (2)
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Kunga Group (1)
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McHugh Complex (2)
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Navajo Sandstone (1)
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Sandilands Formation (1)
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Triassic
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Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Rhaetian (1)
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upper Mesozoic (6)
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rubidium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (76)
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lead
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (64)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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ytterbium (3)
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rhenium
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Mexico
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mineral deposits, genesis (58)
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Moon (1)
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helium
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North America
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Basin and Range Province
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Coast plutonic complex (6)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 170
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ODP Site 1039 (1)
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Leg 185
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ODP Site 1149 (1)
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Leg 191
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ODP Site 1179 (1)
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Leg 198
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ODP Site 1213 (1)
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Leg 205
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ODP Site 1253 (1)
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ocean floors (53)
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West Pacific
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Pacific region
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Paleozoic
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Spermatophyta
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Pacific-Farallon Ridge
Mid-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Tongareva triple junction in the southwestern Pacific Basin Available to Purchase
Plate tectonic evolution of the Caribbean region in the mantle reference frame Available to Purchase
The mantle reference frame defined by stationary hotspots has been used to determine the positions and motions of continental and oceanic plates surrounding the Caribbean region from late Jurassic time (140 m.y.) to the present. First, the position of the Pacific plate and the Pacific-Farallon spreading ridge has been reconstructed using the ages and geometry of island and seamount chains emanating from Pacific hotspots. Then, by assuming symmetric spreading across the Pacific-Farallon ridge, the motion of the Farallon plate relative to the mantle has been calculated. This shows that the postulated oceanic plateau which may form the core of the present Caribbean plate could have been erupted onto late Jurassic to early Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere as the Farallon plate passed over the Galapagos hotspot, hypothesized to have been initiated in mid- to l ate Cretaceous time (100 to 75 m.y. B.P.). The thickened volcanic plateau collided with the Greater Antilles Arc, then filling the gap between South America and nuclear Central America, in late Cretaceous time (80 to 70 m.y. B.P.) and was not subducted; instead, subduction of the Farallon plate commenced behind the plateau. This buoyant, indigestible piece of oceanic lithosphere drove the Greater Antilles Arc northeastwards, accompanied by subduction of proto-Caribbean crust, until it collided with the Bahama platform in late Eocene time. Concomitantly, the trench and island arc which developed behind (southwest of) the plateau generated what is now a part of Central America. Subsequent westward subduction of Atlantic lithosphere beneath the Lesser Antilles Arc and continuing eastward subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath Central America, together with transform faulting (left-lateral Cayman transform fault in the north, right-lateral strike-slip motion in and off Venezuela in the south) defined the present boundaries of the Caribbean plate.
Birth of an intraoceanic spreading center Available to Purchase
Reorganization of the Pacific-Izanagi-Farallon triple junction in the Late Jurassic: Tectonic events before the formation of the Shatsky Rise Available to Purchase
It has been suggested that the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau formation began simultaneously with a reorganization of spreading at a triple junction bordering the northern Pacific plate, and this coincidence has led to speculation about the connections between the two events. We present new marine geophysical data that constrain the seafloor spreading history of the Pacific-Izanagi-Farallon triple junction just before the birth of the Shatsky Rise. Bathymetric data reveal en echelon, abandoned spreading centers trending northwest-southeast located adjacent to the southwest flank of the Shatsky Rise. Magnetic anomalies and bathymetry are interpreted to indicate that segments of the Pacific-Farallon Ridge near the triple junction propagated northwest from chron M23 (153 Ma) to chron M22 (151 Ma) during a spreading ridge reorganization at the edge of a likely microplate. Our detailed examination of bathymetric and magnetic anomaly lineations also shows that the strike of the Pacific-Izanagi Ridge changed gradually on the west side of the triple junction around chron M22. Our observations indicate that the plate boundary reorganization began several million years before the formation of the Shatsky Rise, implying that the eruption of the plateau did not cause the reorganization.
Faster seafloor spreading and lithosphere production during the mid-Cenozoic Available to Purchase
The fixed-hotspot hypothesis and origin of the Easter—Sala y Gomez—Nazca trace Available to Purchase
Geologic evolution of Hess Rise, central North Pacific Ocean Available to Purchase
Melting of heterogeneous mantle in a slab window environment: examples from the middle Tertiary Masset basalts, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia Available to Purchase
Location of selected areas (gray polygons) and magnetic profiles (black) ov... Available to Purchase
Generalized geological map of the Queen Charlotte Islands, showing limits o... Available to Purchase
Figure 4. Schematic evolutionary model of plate boundaries off Baja Califor... Available to Purchase
Colored curves and gray bands represent averaged half-spreading rates and 9... Available to Purchase
CENOZOIC PLATE TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Interactions of oceanic plates with North America near northern California since the Late Cretaceous can be broadly characterized as follows. A general decrease is seen in the age of the consumed Farallon (Juan de Fuca) plate(s) with implied increased buoyancy and decreased bathymetry. Age estimates range from greater than 70 million years old at 60 Ma to less than 10 million years old later than about 20 Ma. Coincident with this decrease in age is a systematic deceleration in convergence. Late Cretaceous to Oligocene velocities were greater than 100 km/m.y. whereas Neogene velocities average less than 50 km/m.y. Except for the introduction of the northwesterly-directed Pacific plate within the last few million years, the Farallon plate(s) show a northeasterly azimuth implying nearly straight-on convergence assuming a northwesterly-oriented trench. The Kula plate may have been in contact within the region until about 50 Ma. If so, its velocities were faster (greater than 150 km/m.y.) and more northerly directed implying a right-lateral component of convergence. A more detailed view of the tectonic history of northern California reveals several additional features that imply important departures from the general scenario presented above. Escarpments in the oceanic plates related to significant age contrasts across fracture zones within the Farallon plate migrated northward along this margin. These include equivalents to the Sila, Sedna, Surveyor, and Blanco fracture zones within the Farallon plate. In addition, reorganizations along ridges and transforms of the Pacific-Farallon boundary likely created bathymetric irregularities that descended into nearby trenches. Other bathymetric structures associated with the original rifting within the Farallon plate to form the Kula plate may have interacted in the region sometime between 70 and 50 Ma. Local uplift and subsidence probably occurred in response to the impingement of these bathymetric features and may have had an effect on near-trench deformation, erosion, and deposition. Also, a complicated break-up of the Farallon plate in the late Tertiary further obscures the kinematics of Farallon-North America interactions. Approach and interaction of the Pacific plate in the area occurred in the last few million years which drastically changed the style of the active margin. Moreover, the Pacific plate probably changed motion between about 3 and 5 Ma resulting in a component of convergence along its contact with North America.
A plate model for Jurassic to Recent intraplate volcanism in the Pacific Ocean basin Available to Purchase
Reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of the Pacific basin indicates a direct relationship between intraplate volcanism and plate reorganizations, which suggests that volcanism was controlled by fracturing and extension of the lithosphere. Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous intraplate volcanism included oceanic plateau formation at triple junctions (Shatsky Rise, the western Mid-Pacific Mountains) and a diffuse pattern of ocean island volcanism (Marcus Wake, Magellan seamounts) reflecting an absence of any well-defined stress field within the Pacific plate. The stress field changed in the Early Cretaceous when accretion of the Insular terrane to the North American Cordillera and the Median Tectonic arc to New Zealand stalled migration of the Pacific-Farallon and Pacific-Phoenix ocean ridges, leading to the generation of the Ontong Java, Manahiki, Hikurangi, and Hess Rise oceanic plateaus. Plate reorganizations in the Late Cretaceous resulted from the breakup of the Phoenix and Izanagi plates through collision of the Pacific-Phoenix ocean ridge with the southwest margin of the basin and development of island arc–marginal basin systems in the northwestern part of the basin. The Pacific plate nonetheless remained largely bounded by spreading centers, and intraplate volcanism followed preexisting lines of weakness in the plate fabric (Line Islands) or resulted from fractures generated by ocean ridge subduction beneath island arc systems (Emperor chain). The Pacific plate began to subduct under Asia in the Early Eocene as inferred from the record of accreted material along the Japanese margin. Further changes to the stress field at this time resulted from abandonment of the Kula-Pacific and the North New Guinea (Phoenix)–Pacific ridges and from development of the Kamchatkan and Izu-Bonin-Mariana arcs, leading to the generation of the Hawaiian chain as a propagating fracture. The final major change in the stress field occurred in the Late Oligocene as a result of breakup of the Farallon into the Cocos and Nazca plates, which caused a hiatus in Hawaiian volcanism; initiated the Sala y Gomez, Foundation, and Samoan chains; and terminated the Louisville chain. The correlations with tectonic events are compatible with shallow-source models for the origin of intraplate volcanism and suggest that the three principal categories of volcanism, intraplate, arc, and ocean ridge, all arise from plate tectonic processes, unlike in plume models, where intraplate volcanism is superimposed on plate tectonics.
Extrapolating Oceanic Age Distributions: Lessons from the Pacific Region Available to Purchase
Time-slice depictions of tectonic events. (A) Asymmetric rifting of Rodinia... Available to Purchase
Speculations on Cretaceous tectonic history of the northwest Pacific and a tectonic origin for the Hawaii hotspot Available to Purchase
Current interpretations of Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the northwest Pacific trace interactions between the Pacific plate and three other plates, the Farallon, Izanagi, and Kula plates. The Farallon plate moved generally eastward relative to the Pacific plate. The Izanagi and Kula plates moved generally northward relative to the Pacific plate, with Izanagi the name given to the northward-moving plate prior to the Cretaceous normal polarity superchron and the name Kula applied to the postsuperchron plate. In this article I suggest that these names apply to the same plate and that there was only one plate moving northward throughout the Cretaceous. I suggest that the tectonic reorganization that has previously been interpreted as formation of a new plate, the Kula plate, at the end of the superchron was actually a plate boundary reorganization that involved a 2000 km jump of the Pacific–Farallon–Kula/Izanagi triple junction. Because this jump occurred during a time of no magnetic reversals, it is not possible to map or date it precisely, but evidence suggests mid-Cretaceous timing. The Emperor Trough formed as a transform fault linking the locations of the triple junction before and after the jump. The triple junction jump can be compared with an earlier jump of the triple junction of 800 km that has been accurately mapped because it occurred during the Late Jurassic formation of the Mesozoic-sequence magnetic lineations. The northwest Pacific also contains several volcanic features, such as Hawaii, that display every characteristic of a hotspot, although whether deep mantle plumes are a necessary component of hotspot volcanism is debatable. Hawaiian volcanism today is apparently independent of plate tectonics, i.e., Hawaii is a center of anomalous volcanism not tied to any plate boundary processes. The oldest seamounts preserved in the Hawaii-Emperor chain are located on Obruchev Rise at the north end of the Emperor chain, close to the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka trenches. These seamounts formed in the mid-Cretaceous close to the spreading ridge abandoned by the 2000 km triple junction jump. Assuming that Obruchev Rise is the oldest volcanic edifice of the Hawaiian hotspot and thus the site of its initiation, the spatial and temporal coincidence between these events suggests that the Hawaii hotspot initiated at the spreading ridge that was abandoned by the 2000 km jump of the triple junction. This implies a tectonic origin for the hotspot. Other volcanic features in the northwest Pacific also appear to have tectonic origins. Shatsky Rise is known to have formed on the migrating Pacific-Farallon-Izanagi triple junction during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, not necessarily involving a plume-derived hotspot. Models for the formation of Hess Rise have included hotspot track and anomalous spreading ridge volcanism. The latter model is favored in this article, with Hess Rise forming on a ridge axis possibly abandoned as a result of a ridge jump during the superchron. Thus, although a hotspot like Hawaii could be associated with a deep mantle plume today, it would appear that it and other northwest Pacific volcanic features originally formed as consequences of shallow plate tectonic processes.