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![Late Jurassic palaeogeographic map showing localities with Ophthalmosauridae specimens. 1. Canada; 2. Spitsbergen; 3. Greenland; 4. Norway; 5. UK; 6. Russia (Volga river); 7. Poland; 8. Germany; 9. France; 10. Italy; 11. India; 12. Madagascar; 13. Argentina; 14. Mexico; 15. Cuba; 16. USA. Modified from Rees et al. (2000).]()
![A, Log-transformed ichthyosaur hyoid lengths (HL) vs. widths (HW), with reduced major axis (RMA; red) and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS; black) regression lines. Dots indicate Triassic taxa; red crosses indicate Early to Middle Jurassic; blue crosses indicate Late Jurassic–Cretaceous Ophthalmosauridae. B, HL vs. mandibular lengths (ML). C, Phylogeny of the ichthyosaur taxa included in the analysis (based on Moon 2017). D, The two indexes for ichthyosaur hyoids (HW:HL and HL:ML), referring to taxa in C.]()
![Figure 6.]()
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![Figure4—Phylogenetic position of CaypullisaurusFernández, 1997 within the Ophthalmosauridae and different character optimizations. 1–3, One of the shortest trees; 4, strict consensus of two shortest trees obtained by NONA. Solid circles represent nonhomoplastic characters, open circles represent homoplastic characters, numbers above and below circles represent number of character and character states respectively, and numbers in squares indicate relative branch support (Goloboff and Farris, 2001); 1, unambiguous optimization; 2, fast (ACCTRAN) optimization; 3, slow (DELTRAN) optimization. See text for details on optimization discussion]()
![Late Jurassic ophthalmosaurid hyoids from Slottsmøya Member, Svalbard. One hyoid per taxon, in lateral view; see Fig. 1F for placement in skull. Palvennia hoybergeti (PMO 222.669) in A, photo; and B, computed tomography (CT) scan. Janusaurus lundi (PMO 222.654) in C, photo, and D, CT scan. Ophthalmosauridae indet. (PMO 224.252) in E, photo; and F, CT scan. Notice the absence of visible internal structure in this specimen. Keilhauia sp. (PMO 222.667) (incomplete anterior portion) in G, photo; H, flatbed scan of slice with transverse cross section in regular light; and I, CT scan of the entire hyoid. J–M, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the slice of PMO 222.667 in H: J, SEM backscatter image; K, SEM–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) element map of barite, noticeably within the pores; L, SEM-EDS element map of calcium, i.e., bone; and M, SEM-EDS element map of aluminum and silicon, i.e., clay infill in some pores. Scale bars, 10 mm (A, C, E, G).]()
![(A–B) Belemnite rostra, with the apex broken off (A) or rostrum broken into three pieces (B), but with fragments still in contact. Pencil for scale is 0.12 m long. We hypothesize that these individuals were deposited with soft tissues still covering the guard. (C) Inoceramids (Neocomiceramus curacoensis) of similar size in dark-colored mudstone facies. Note that individuals are preserved as internal molds. Visible length of pencil for scale is 0.1 m. (D–F) Ammonites of the ichthyosaur-bearing sediment unit at Tyndall: (C) Crioceratites aff. diamantensis. (E) Pseudofavrella angulatiformis. (F) Crioceratites cf. C. andinum (width of photo is 80 mm). (G) Pycnodontid fish of Gyrodus type. The stain on the specimen is interpreted as an early diagenetic phosphatization (width of photo is 250 mm). (H) Caudal vertebral column of ichthyosaur specimen TY05 (Ophthalmosauridae indet.), preserving the tail bend and ventral lobe of the hypocercal caudal fin up to tiny terminal vertebrae. This suggests that this specimen was deposited with the soft body tissue still intact.]()
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1-20 OF 31 RESULTS FOR
Ophthalmosauridae
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1
Journal Article
An Upper Jurassic ichthyosaur (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae) from the Bowser Basin, British Columbia
Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 13 November 2015
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2016) 53 (1): 34–40.
... their cosmopolitan distribution. Superorder Ichthyopterygia Owen, 1840 Order Ichthyosauria de Blainville, 1835 Family Ophthalmosauridae Baur, 1887 Ophthalmosauridae indet. TMP 2009.010.0001, incomplete remains, including lower jaw fragments with portions of the left dentary...
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Journal Article
REDESCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF CAYPULLISAURUS (ICHTHYOSAURIA: OPHTHALMOSAURIDAE)
Journal: Journal of Paleontology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 01 March 2007
Journal of Paleontology (2007) 81 (2): 368–375.
..., yielded two most parsimonious trees. Two clades are recognized within the Ophthalmosauridae. Caypullisaurus is found to be nested with Brachypterygius and Platypterygius . Simultaneous, unconstrained analysis, using unambiguous character optimization, is suggested as the best way to analyze data sets...
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Image
Ophthalmosauridae specimens used in this study. Abbreviations: HL, hyoid le...
in Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 November 2023
Table 1. Ophthalmosauridae specimens used in this study. Abbreviations: HL, hyoid length; HW, hyoid width; ML, mandible length. See Institutional Abbreviations in text for museum acronyms.
Journal Article
The first ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Umbrian–Marchean Apennines (Marche, Central Italy)
Journal: Geological Magazine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 11 July 2016
Geological Magazine (2017) 154 (4): 837–858.
... can be referred to Ophthalmosauridae based on the reduced extracondylar area of the basioccipital, and the presence of a preaxial digit. It differs from Ophthalmosaurus spp. in several respects, including the shape of the posterior basisphenoid, the shape of the supraoccipital, the anteriorly...
Journal Article
A Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) ophthalmosaurid (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Tuxedni Formation, Alaska and the early diversification of the clade
Journal: Geological Magazine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 04 April 2013
Geological Magazine (2014) 151 (1): 41–48.
...PATRICK S. DRUCKENMILLER; ERIN E. MAXWELL Abstract Ophthalmosauridae is a clade of derived thunniform ichthyosaurs that are best known from Callovian (late Middle Jurassic) to Cenomanian-aged (Late Cretaceous) deposits in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Ophthalmosaurids arose prior...
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Journal Article
Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods
Journal: Paleobiology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 01 November 2023
Paleobiology (2023) 49 (4): 684–699.
...Table 1. Ophthalmosauridae specimens used in this study. Abbreviations: HL, hyoid length; HW, hyoid width; ML, mandible length. See Institutional Abbreviations in text for museum acronyms. ...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
Dead, discovered, copied and forgotten: history and description of the first discovered ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Italy
Journal: Italian Journal of Geosciences
Publisher: Societa Geologica Italiana
Published: 01 February 2023
Italian Journal of Geosciences (2023) 142 (1): 131–148.
... attribution, taphonomic analysis and age determination to V7158 as well as a detailed reconstruction of the peculiar history of this discovery. From our re-description, V7158 can be doubtfully attributed to Ophthalmosauridae and firmly assigned to the Tithonian. Age determination and the recognition...
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Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
A Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur graveyard in deep marine slope channel deposits at Torres del Paine National Park, southern Chile
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2014
GSA Bulletin (2014) 126 (9-10): 1317–1339.
... Chile are extremely abundant and well preserved. After three field campaigns to the area, a total of 46 articulated and virtually complete ichthyosaur specimens, both adults and juveniles, were tentatively assigned to four different species of Ophthalmosauridae. Preservation is excellent...
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Image
Late Jurassic palaeogeographic map showing localities with Ophthalmosaurida...
Published: 12 July 2019
Fig. 6. Late Jurassic palaeogeographic map showing localities with Ophthalmosauridae specimens. 1. Canada; 2. Spitsbergen; 3. Greenland; 4. Norway; 5. UK; 6. Russia (Volga river); 7. Poland; 8. Germany; 9. France; 10. Italy; 11. India; 12. Madagascar; 13. Argentina; 14. Mexico; 15. Cuba; 16. USA
Image
A, Log-transformed ichthyosaur hyoid lengths (HL) vs. widths (HW), with red...
in Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 November 2023
Jurassic–Cretaceous Ophthalmosauridae. B, HL vs. mandibular lengths (ML). C, Phylogeny of the ichthyosaur taxa included in the analysis (based on Moon 2017 ). D, The two indexes for ichthyosaur hyoids (HW:HL and HL:ML), referring to taxa in C.
Image
Simplified version of the single most parsimonious tree (length = 102 steps...
in A new Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur from Russia reveals skull shape conservatism within Ophthalmosaurinae
> Geological Magazine
Published: 01 March 2013
+ Acamptonectes densus (1). The bootstrap and Jacknife values are low; the clade Ophthalmosauridae receives
values > 50%: bootstrap = 54%, Jacknife = 53%. See online Supplementary
Material at http://journals.cambridge.org/geo for optimizations.
Journal Article
An ichthyosaur rostrum from the uppermost Albian of Saskatchewan (Canada) represents the youngest diagnosable Canadian ichthyosaur prior to their demise
Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 17 December 2024
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2025) 62 (3): 629–639.
... it and CMNFV 10424. The ridged acellular cementum ring in CMNFV 10424 is similar to that in Pervushovisaurus campylodon ( Fischer 2016 ; fig. 1). Both opthalmosaurian families, Ophthalmosauridae and Brachypterygiidae have lineages spanning the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. However, only brachypterygiids...
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Journal Article
New marine reptile fossils from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Greenland
Journal: Geological Magazine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 12 July 2019
Geological Magazine (2020) 157 (10): 1612–1621.
...Fig. 6. Late Jurassic palaeogeographic map showing localities with Ophthalmosauridae specimens. 1. Canada; 2. Spitsbergen; 3. Greenland; 4. Norway; 5. UK; 6. Russia (Volga river); 7. Poland; 8. Germany; 9. France; 10. Italy; 11. India; 12. Madagascar; 13. Argentina; 14. Mexico; 15. Cuba; 16. USA...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
A new Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur from Russia reveals skull shape conservatism within Ophthalmosaurinae
Journal: Geological Magazine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 01 March 2013
Geological Magazine (2014) 151 (1): 60–70.
... + Acamptonectes densus (1). The bootstrap and Jacknife values are low; the clade Ophthalmosauridae receives
values > 50%: bootstrap = 54%, Jacknife = 53%. See online Supplementary
Material at http://journals.cambridge.org/geo for optimizations. ...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
Ichthyosaurs from the Jurassic of Skye, Scotland
Journal: Scottish Journal of Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 11 January 2015
Scottish Journal of Geology (2015) 51 (1): 43–55.
... is superficially similar to those of ophthalmosaurids in some regards, but an ophthalmosaurid identity can be ruled out. Based on the unambiguous character optimizations in the phylogenetic analysis of Fischer et al. (2012) , Ophthalmosauridae has two humeral synapomorphies: a plate-like dorsal trochanter...
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Journal Article
FIRST RECORD OF OPHTHALMOSAURUS (REPTILIA: ICHTHYOSAURIA) FROM THE TITHONIAN (UPPER JURASSIC) OF MEXICO
Journal: Journal of Paleontology
Publisher: Paleontological Society
Published: 01 January 2010
Journal of Paleontology (2010) 84 (1): 149–155.
..., Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Linares, Nuevo León, Mexico. Order Ichthyosauria de Blainville, 1835 Family Ophthalmosauridae Baur, 1887 Genus Ophthalmosaurus Seeley, 1874 Ophthalmosaurus cf . O. icenicus Seeley, 1874 Referred specimen. —The partial skull and post...
FIGURES
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Image
Figure 4 —Phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus Fernández, 1997 with...
in REDESCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF CAYPULLISAURUS (ICHTHYOSAURIA: OPHTHALMOSAURIDAE)
> Journal of Paleontology
Published: 01 March 2007
Figure 4 —Phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus Fernández, 1997 within the Ophthalmosauridae and different character optimizations. 1–3, One of the shortest trees; 4, strict consensus of two shortest trees obtained by NONA. Solid circles represent nonhomoplastic characters, open circles
Image
Late Jurassic ophthalmosaurid hyoids from Slottsmøya Member, Svalbard. One ...
in Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods
> Paleobiology
Published: 01 November 2023
, CT scan. Ophthalmosauridae indet. (PMO 224.252) in E, photo; and F, CT scan. Notice the absence of visible internal structure in this specimen. Keilhauia sp. (PMO 222.667) (incomplete anterior portion) in G, photo; H, flatbed scan of slice with transverse cross section in regular light; and I, CT
Image
(A–B) Belemnite rostra, with the apex broken off (A) or rostrum broken into...
in A Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur graveyard in deep marine slope channel deposits at Torres del Paine National Park, southern Chile
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2014
angulatiformis . (F) Crioceratites cf. C. andinum (width of photo is 80 mm). (G) Pycnodontid fish of Gyrodus type. The stain on the specimen is interpreted as an early diagenetic phosphatization (width of photo is 250 mm). (H) Caudal vertebral column of ichthyosaur specimen TY05 ( Ophthalmosauridae indet
Journal Article
An ichthyosaur skull from the Late Jurassic of Svalbard
Publisher: Société Géologique de France
Published: 01 September 2010
Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (2010) 181 (5): 453–458.
... level in which the ichthyosaur skull was found also yielded postcranial bones of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaur remains, belemnites and an ammonite. Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 Ichthyosauria Blainville, 1835 Ophthalmosauridae Baur, 1887 Brachypterygius sp., H uene , 1922 SESNE...
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