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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (1)
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Egypt
-
Nile Delta (1)
-
-
-
Sahara (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
South Africa
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Ghana (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
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Greenland
-
East Greenland (1)
-
-
-
Arran (1)
-
Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Oman
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Oman Mountains (1)
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United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (1)
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-
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Far East
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China
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Guizhou China (1)
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Hubei China
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Yichang China (1)
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Jiangsu China
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Nanjing China (1)
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Sanjiang (1)
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Shandong China (1)
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Shanghai China (1)
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Sichuan Basin (1)
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Sichuan China (1)
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South China Block (1)
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Xinjiang China
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Junggar Basin (1)
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Tarim Basin (1)
-
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Xizang China (2)
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Yangtze Platform (1)
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Yangtze River (1)
-
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Indonesia
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Java (1)
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Japan
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Honshu
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Niigata Japan
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Shinano River (1)
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Korea
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South Korea (2)
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Sino-Korean Platform (1)
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Taiwan (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Maharashtra India
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Latur India (1)
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Yamuna River (1)
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Indo-Gangetic Plain (1)
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Indus Valley (1)
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Kohistan (1)
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Pakistan (2)
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Middle East
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Iran (3)
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Iraq (1)
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Jordan (1)
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Turkey
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Zagros (1)
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Qiangtang Terrane (1)
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Siberian Platform (1)
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Tibetan Plateau (2)
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Tien Shan (1)
-
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Baltic Sea (1)
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Caribbean Sea
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Yucatan Basin (1)
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-
Gulf of Mexico (5)
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Hudson Bay (1)
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North Sea
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Ekofisk Field (1)
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Valhall Field (1)
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Northwest Atlantic (1)
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South Atlantic
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Southwest Atlantic (1)
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-
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Australasia
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Australia
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Queensland Australia
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Burdekin Delta (1)
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Mount Isa Inlier (1)
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Western Australia
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Canning Basin (2)
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-
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New Zealand (1)
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Papua New Guinea
-
Huon Peninsula (1)
-
-
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Avalon Zone (2)
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Bathurst Island (1)
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Beaver Creek (1)
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Broken Hill (1)
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Caledonides (1)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (2)
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Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Miramichi Bay (1)
-
-
Nova Scotia
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Colchester County Nova Scotia (1)
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Minas Basin (1)
-
-
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Meguma Terrane (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland
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Burin Peninsula (1)
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-
-
Ontario
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Manitoulin District Ontario
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Manitoulin Island (2)
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Ottawa Ontario (1)
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Simcoe County Ontario (1)
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Quebec
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Anticosti Island (5)
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Levis County Quebec (1)
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-
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Hudson Bay (1)
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Nunavut
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Ellesmere Island (3)
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Sverdrup Basin (1)
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Ellesmere Island (3)
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Sverdrup Basin (1)
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Ungava (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Alberta Basin (1)
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British Columbia (5)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
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Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories
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Yellowknife Northwest Territories (1)
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Saskatchewan (3)
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Yukon Territory (1)
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-
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Jamaica (1)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
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Trinidad and Tobago
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Trinidad (1)
-
-
-
-
-
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Cascade Range (1)
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Caspian Basin (1)
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Central America (1)
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Central Basin (2)
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Coast Ranges (2)
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Colorado River (4)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Caucasus (1)
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Donets Basin (1)
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Russian Federation
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Siberian Platform (1)
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-
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Crater Lake (1)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Kilauea (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Swiss Alps (1)
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Baltic region
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Estonia (1)
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Caucasus (1)
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Central Europe
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Czech Republic
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Bohemia
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Pilsen Basin (1)
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Germany
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North Rhine-Westphalia Germany (2)
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Saar-Nahe Basin (1)
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Poland
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Swiety Krzyz Mountains (2)
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Switzerland
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Swiss Alps (1)
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Upper Silesian coal basin (1)
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Donets Basin (1)
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Pyrenees
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French Pyrenees (1)
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Rhenish Schiefergebirge (1)
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Iberian pyrite belt (1)
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Portugal (1)
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Spain
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Aragon Spain
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Teruel Spain (1)
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Iberian Mountains (1)
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Italy
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Apennines
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Northern Apennines (3)
-
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Emilia-Romagna Italy (1)
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Tuscany Italy
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Arno River basin (1)
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Florence Italy (1)
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Siena Italy (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
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Armorican Massif (1)
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French Pyrenees (1)
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Paris Basin (1)
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Paris France (1)
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Pyrenees-Atlantiques France (1)
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Vaucluse France (1)
-
-
Ireland
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Limerick Ireland (1)
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-
Meuse River (2)
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Meuse Valley (1)
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Netherlands
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Limburg Netherlands
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Maastricht Netherlands (2)
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Scandinavia (2)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
-
Alston Block (1)
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Bristol England (1)
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Cambridgeshire England (1)
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Cumbria England (1)
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Derbyshire England (3)
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Durham England (1)
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East Anglia
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Norfolk England
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Norwich England (1)
-
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Suffolk England (1)
-
-
Gloucestershire England
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Forest of Dean (1)
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Hampshire Basin (1)
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Hertfordshire England (1)
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Lincolnshire England (1)
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Northumberland England (1)
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Nottinghamshire England (1)
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Pennines (2)
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Wiltshire England (1)
-
Yorkshire England (3)
-
-
Scotland
-
Ayrshire Scotland
-
Girvan Scotland (1)
-
-
Fife Scotland (1)
-
Glasgow Scotland (1)
-
Great Glen Fault (1)
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Sutherland Scotland
-
Assynt (1)
-
-
-
Moine thrust zone (2)
-
-
Wales
-
Pembrokeshire Wales (1)
-
South Wales (2)
-
-
-
Northern Ireland (1)
-
-
-
-
Fall Line (1)
-
Front Range (1)
-
Grand Canyon (2)
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Green River (2)
-
Guadalupe Mountains (2)
-
Highland Rim (1)
-
Hudson Bay Basin (1)
-
Illinois River (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (4)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
-
Kings River (1)
-
Lake Mead (1)
-
Mackenzie River valley (1)
-
Mammoth Cave (4)
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Maritimes Basin (1)
-
McArthur Basin (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mexico (4)
-
Midland Valley (3)
-
Mohawk Valley (1)
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New River (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (23)
-
Appalachians
-
Allegheny Mountains (1)
-
Appalachian Plateau (5)
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (8)
-
Blue Ridge Province (6)
-
Central Appalachians (6)
-
Cumberland Plateau (1)
-
Great Appalachian Valley (2)
-
Northern Appalachians (2)
-
Piedmont
-
Inner Piedmont (2)
-
-
Southern Appalachians (14)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (5)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (2)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (2)
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Superior (1)
-
-
Great Lakes region (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Grenville Front (2)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (8)
-
Mexicali Valley (1)
-
Michigan Basin (5)
-
Mississippi River basin (2)
-
Niagara Escarpment (2)
-
Niagara Falls (1)
-
North American Cordillera (1)
-
North American Craton (1)
-
Rio Grande Rift (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Bighorn Mountains (1)
-
Gravelly Range (1)
-
Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Transcontinental Arch (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (3)
-
Western Interior (1)
-
Williston Basin (4)
-
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Cook Strait (1)
-
Gulf of Carpentaria (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Cook Strait (1)
-
Gulf of Carpentaria (1)
-
-
-
-
Peace River (1)
-
Peninsular Ranges (1)
-
Permian Basin (1)
-
Red Dog Mine (1)
-
Roberts Mountains (2)
-
Rome Trough (3)
-
Ruby Range (1)
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Sacramento River (1)
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Saltville Fault (1)
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San Andreas Fault (3)
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San Bernardino Mountains (1)
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San Joaquin River (2)
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San Juan Basin (2)
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San Juan River (2)
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Santa Clara Valley (1)
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Sierra Blanca (1)
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Sierra Nevada (7)
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South America
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Amazonian Craton (1)
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Argentina
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Neuquen Basin (1)
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Brazil
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Minas Gerais Brazil (1)
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Colombia (2)
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Precordillera (3)
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Venezuela
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Orinoco Delta (1)
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United States
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Alabama
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Chilton County Alabama (1)
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Clay County Alabama (1)
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Alaska
-
Brooks Range (1)
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Allegheny Front (1)
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Allegheny Plateau (1)
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Anadarko Basin (1)
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Ardmore Basin (1)
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Arizona
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Petrified Forest National Park (1)
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Arkansas
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Boone County Arkansas (1)
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Craighead County Arkansas (1)
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Johnson County Arkansas (1)
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Marion County Arkansas (1)
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Arkoma Basin (1)
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Atlantic Coastal Plain
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Bighorn Basin (1)
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Blue Ridge Mountains (8)
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Brevard Zone (2)
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California
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Amador County California (1)
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Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (1)
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Central California (1)
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Channel Islands (1)
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Coachella Valley (1)
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Fresno County California
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San Francisco Bay region (2)
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Shasta County California
-
Lassen Peak (1)
-
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Southern California (3)
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Transverse Ranges (1)
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Carolina Terrane (2)
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Catskill Delta (1)
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Cherokee Basin (1)
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Cincinnati Arch (9)
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Colorado
-
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-
Mesa County Colorado (1)
-
Montezuma County Colorado (1)
-
Pitkin County Colorado (1)
-
Teller County Colorado
-
Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument (1)
-
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White River Plateau (1)
-
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Death Valley National Park (1)
-
Delaware
-
Kent County Delaware (1)
-
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Dinosaur National Monument (1)
-
Eastern U.S.
-
Southeastern U.S. (5)
-
-
Florida
-
Citrus County Florida (2)
-
Franklin County Florida
-
Apalachicola Bay (1)
-
-
Gilchrist County Florida (1)
-
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-
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Marion County Florida (1)
-
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Floridan Aquifer (1)
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Georgia
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-
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Great Basin (2)
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Great Smoky Mountains (3)
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Idaho
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Clark County Idaho (1)
-
Jefferson County Idaho (1)
-
Snake River plain (1)
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Snake River Plain Aquifer (1)
-
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Illinois
-
Alexander County Illinois (1)
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Calhoun County Illinois (1)
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Coles County Illinois (1)
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Franklin County Illinois (1)
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Hardin County Illinois (1)
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Kendall County Illinois (1)
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-
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-
Pope County Illinois (1)
-
Richland County Illinois (1)
-
Saint Clair County Illinois (2)
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Union County Illinois (1)
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Wabash County Illinois (2)
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Illinois Basin (30)
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Indiana
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Clay County Indiana (2)
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Lawrence County Indiana (1)
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Monroe County Indiana (1)
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Posey County Indiana (4)
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Vanderburgh County Indiana (3)
-
-
Iowa
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Winneshiek County Iowa (1)
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Kansas
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Douglas County Kansas (1)
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Jefferson County Kansas (1)
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Leavenworth County Kansas (1)
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Wyandotte County Kansas (1)
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Kentucky
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Carlisle County Kentucky (2)
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Eastern Kentucky coal field (1)
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Hardin County Kentucky (1)
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Kentucky River (2)
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Magoffin County Kentucky (1)
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McCracken County Kentucky (1)
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McCreary County Kentucky (1)
-
Meade County Kentucky (1)
-
Nelson County Kentucky (1)
-
Oldham County Kentucky (1)
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Rough Creek fault zone (1)
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Union County Kentucky (1)
-
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Klamath Mountains (1)
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Louisiana
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Iberville Parish Louisiana (1)
-
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Maryland
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Calvert County Maryland (1)
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Massachusetts (1)
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Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
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Emmet County Michigan (1)
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-
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Midcontinent (17)
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Midwest (12)
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Minnesota
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Anoka County Minnesota (1)
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Fillmore County Minnesota (1)
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Hennepin County Minnesota (1)
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Olmsted County Minnesota (1)
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Mississippi
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Grenada County Mississippi (1)
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Mississippi Delta (2)
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Mississippi Embayment (14)
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Mississippi River (10)
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Upper Mississippi Valley (1)
-
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Missouri
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Cape Girardeau County Missouri (1)
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Dunklin County Missouri (1)
-
Greene County Missouri
-
Springfield Missouri (1)
-
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Jefferson County Missouri (3)
-
Mississippi County Missouri (1)
-
New Madrid County Missouri
-
New Madrid Missouri (2)
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Osage County Missouri (1)
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Saint Francois Mountains (1)
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Saint Louis County Missouri
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Montana
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Fergus County Montana (2)
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Gravelly Range (1)
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Nashville Dome (2)
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Nebraska
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Lancaster County Nebraska (1)
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Nevada
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New Mexico
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Eddy County New Mexico
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Union County New Mexico (1)
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New York
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North Dakota
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Ohio
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Meigs County Ohio (1)
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Perry County Ohio (2)
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Vinton County Ohio (1)
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Wayne County Ohio (1)
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Ohio River (5)
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Ohio River basin (3)
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Ohio River valley (2)
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Oklahoma
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Carter County Oklahoma (2)
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Craig County Oklahoma (1)
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Meers Fault (1)
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Wichita Mountains (1)
-
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Oregon (3)
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Rodentia
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Reptilia
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Synapsida
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Graptolithina
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Invertebrata
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Insecta (2)
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Vermes
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Plantae
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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upper Quaternary (5)
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Stone Age
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Paleolithic (2)
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Tertiary
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Asmari Formation (1)
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Catahoula Formation (2)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Calvert Formation (1)
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Fleming Formation (1)
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middle Miocene (2)
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Picture Gorge Basalt (1)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian (1)
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Wood Mountain Formation (1)
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Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (7)
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-
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Avon Park Formation (1)
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Green River Formation (1)
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middle Eocene
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Claiborne Group (4)
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Tallahatta Formation (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
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Frio Formation (1)
-
middle Oligocene
-
Bucatunna Formation (1)
-
Byram Formation (1)
-
-
Vicksburg Group (2)
-
-
Paleocene
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Midway Group (1)
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Wilcox Group (2)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
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Coal Measures (3)
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Laurentide ice sheet (3)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Cloverly Formation (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Natih Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Belle Fourche Shale (1)
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Belly River Formation (1)
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Carlile Shale (1)
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Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (1)
-
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
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Greenhorn Limestone (1)
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Gulfian
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Woodbine Formation (1)
-
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Judith River Formation (2)
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Lewis Shale (1)
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Maestrichtian (2)
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Maevarano Formation (1)
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Milk River Formation (1)
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Senonian (1)
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Entrada Sandstone (1)
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Kimmeridgian
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
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Morrison Formation (1)
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Portlandian (1)
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Tithonian (1)
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-
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Navajo Sandstone (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Sherwood Sandstone (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (1)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
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Paleozoic
-
Bedford Shale (1)
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Berea Sandstone (1)
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Cambrian
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Conasauga Group (2)
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Lower Cambrian
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Chilhowee Group (1)
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Murphy Marble (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
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Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
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Eau Claire Formation (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (5)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Jackfork Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (1)
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Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (3)
-
Big Injun Sandstone (1)
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Boone Formation (1)
-
Borden Group (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Cuyahoga Formation (3)
-
Fort Payne Formation (4)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (3)
-
Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (1)
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (2)
-
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Newman Limestone (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Bangor Limestone (1)
-
Chesterian
-
Aux Vases Sandstone (2)
-
Cypress Sandstone (1)
-
Renault Formation (1)
-
-
Fayetteville Formation (2)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (2)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Sainte Genevieve Limestone (2)
-
Salem Limestone (3)
-
Warsaw Formation (1)
-
-
Monteagle Limestone (1)
-
Pennington Formation (2)
-
Serpukhovian (3)
-
-
Valmeyeran (1)
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (2)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Brazil Formation (1)
-
Conemaugh Group (3)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (4)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Desmoinesian (2)
-
Moscovian (5)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Monongahela Group (2)
-
Pittsburgh Coal (1)
-
Pottsville Group (2)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Ames Limestone (1)
-
Cisco Group (1)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Gzhelian (2)
-
Kasimovian (3)
-
Missourian (2)
-
Virgilian
-
Tonganoxie Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
-
Silesian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (2)
-
Chattanooga Shale (2)
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (7)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (3)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (5)
-
Givetian (5)
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Hamilton Group (1)
-
Jeffersonville Limestone (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (7)
-
Onondaga Limestone (3)
-
Tioga Bentonite (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Ramparts Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (2)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian (6)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
Ohio Shale (2)
-
-
-
Dunkard Group (3)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (3)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Knox Group (4)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (4)
-
Ordovician
-
Chickamauga Group (1)
-
Lexington Limestone (2)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
Manitou Formation (2)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
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Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (2)
-
Bromide Formation (2)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Normanskill Formation (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (3)
-
Simpson Group (2)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Trenton Group (7)
-
Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (2)
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Judith River Formation (2)
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Jurassic
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Morrison Formation (1)
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Navajo Sandstone (1)
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Triassic
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Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
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North America
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Carboniferous
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Asbian (1)
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Pocono Formation (1)
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Tournaisian
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upper Tournaisian (2)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean
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upper Visean (1)
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Newman Limestone (1)
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Fayetteville Formation (2)
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Meramecian
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Mattoon Formation (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Silesian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Catskill Formation (2)
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Millboro Shale (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Upper Devonian
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upper Famennian (1)
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Frasnian (6)
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Hampshire Formation (1)
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Ohio Shale (2)
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Dunkard Group (3)
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Ellis Bay Formation (3)
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Keyser Limestone (1)
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Knox Group (4)
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lower Paleozoic
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Ashe Formation (1)
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Chopawamsic Formation (1)
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Conococheague Formation (1)
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middle Paleozoic
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Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
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New Albany Shale (4)
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Ordovician
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Chickamauga Group (1)
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Manitou Formation (2)
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Martinsburg Formation (2)
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Middle Ordovician
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Chazyan (1)
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Darriwilian (1)
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Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
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Normanskill Formation (1)
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Saint Peter Sandstone (3)
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Simpson Group (2)
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Pogonip Group (1)
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Trenton Group (7)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (2)
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Cincinnatian
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Maysvillian (2)
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Fairview Formation (2)
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Hirnantian (3)
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Katian (9)
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Kope Formation (7)
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Sandbian (1)
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Yeoman Formation (1)
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Utica Shale (3)
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Permian
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Castile Formation (1)
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Lower Permian (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Petersburg Granite (1)
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Sauk Sequence (1)
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Silurian
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Bainbridge Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Brassfield Formation (1)
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Llandovery
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Tuscarora Formation (1)
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Middle Silurian
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Clinton Group (1)
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McKenzie Formation (1)
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Waldron Shale (1)
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Niagaran (3)
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Upper Silurian
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Ludlow (1)
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Talladega Group (2)
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upper Paleozoic
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Antrim Shale (2)
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Plantae
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Pteridophyta
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plate tectonics (17)
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Precambrian
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Old Kentucky River
The Old Kentucky River; A major tributary to the Teays River Available to Purchase
The Old Kentucky River system was a major contributor to the Teays River, draining southwestern Ohio and much of eastern Kentucky. The trunk river flowed northward from southeastern Kentucky throughout Frankfort and Carrollton, and then past Cincinnati and Dayton, joining the Teays River near Springfield, Ohio. North of the glacial boundary, which lies along the modern Ohio River, the course of the Old Kentucky River has been modified, and is today largely buried by drift. Although dissection is extensive to the south, there are many remnants of this entrenched and broadly meandering Teays-age valley system and of its sub-upland predecessors. These valleys contain areas of upward-fining, deeply weathered gravel, composed mainly of rounded quartz, chert, and silicified limestone pebbles derived from the headwaters of the system. Modern rivers have been entrenched 30 to 100 m below the Old Kentucky River valley and its main tributaries, the Old Licking and South Fork. The Old Kentucky River system was severed from the Teays when glaciation dammed its downstream reaches, forcing a reversal in flow direction between its junction with the Teays in west-central Ohio and Carrollton, Kentucky, and causing westward overflow into the Old Ohio River system. Piracy by the Old Ohio may also have contributed to the integration of the Old Kentucky and Old Ohio River basins. Ponded sediment is present in some of the now-abandoned valley remnants east of Cincinnati. As a result of glacial damming, the headwaters of the Teays River in southeastern Ohio and West Virginia overflowed westward across the Manchester divide into the Old Kentucky River drainage basin. All of these events led to establishment of the modern Ohio River system.
Preglacial (Teays) and Early Glacial Drainage in the Cincinnati Area, Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana Available to Purchase
Significance of Pleistocene fluvial systems and glaciations on the landscape evolution of northern Kentucky Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Pleistocene glacial and interglacial episodes had a profound influence on erosion, sediment transport, and topographic expression in the Midwestern United States. Northern Kentucky hosts a variety of fluvial and glacial features that record these Quaternary advances and retreats of the Laurentide ice sheet. This field trip highlights the major glacial and interglacial episodes of the Pleistocene, including the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene Teays drainage system, the Early–Middle Pleistocene pre–Illinois glacial Episode, the Middle Pleistocene Yarmouth interglacial, the Illinois glacial Episode in the Middle Pleistocene, the Sangamon interglacial, and the Late Pleistocene Wisconsin Episode. The Old Kentucky River was tributary to the Teays, depositing sands at ca. 1.5 Ma, confirmed by multiple 10 Be- 26 Al cosmogenic radionuclide burial ages. Glacial till uncoformably overlies Old Kentucky River sands and demonstrates that pre-Illinois ice extended into Kentucky. The modern-day course of the Ohio River was incised after the pre−Illinois Episode, and then aggraded with transportation of Illinois Episode glacial outwash. Deposition of outwash at the mouths of tributaries caused impoundment and slackwater deposition in tributary valleys; the Claryville Clay has long been assumed to represent a pre-Illinois lacustrine deposit, but new optically stimulated luminescence feldspar geochronology yields a Middle Pleistocene age of ca. 320 ka. We have not observed Illinoian till in Kentucky. The final advance of the Laurentide ice sheet did not reach Kentucky, however, high sediment volumes were transported along the Ohio River and impounded tributaries, similar to the Illinois Episode.
Middle Ordovician High Bridge Group and Kentucky River fault System in central Kentucky Available to Purchase
Abstract The Middle Ordovician High Bridge Group and Kentucky River fault system are exposed along the new part of U.S. 27 just north and south of the Kentucky River near the village of Camp Nelson, Kentucky, in the southwestern quarter of the southwestern section of the Little Hickman 7½-minute quadrangle (Fig. 1). There is ample room to safely park along roadcuts here, but caution is strongly urged because of the common occurrence of heavy traffic. Stop 4 is located on the east side of “Old U.S. 27” along an unnamed road just north of the river and below stop 1.
Developments in East-Central States in 1979 Available to Purchase
Developments in Appalachian Area in 1943 Available to Purchase
PENNSYLVANIAN GEOLOGY OF A PART OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN COAL FIELD Available to Purchase
The Pennsylvanian strata of western Virginia, southeastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia consist of shales, sandstones, siltstones, numerous coals, several conglomerates, some thin bands of ironstone, and a few limestones. There is a maximum thickness of nearly 6000 feet near Big Stone Gap, Wise County, Virginia. The strata are of early Pennsylvanian age, equivalent to the Pottsville and the lower part of the Allegheny of Pennsylvania. The region is divided by anticlines, thrust faults and state boundaries into six or more segments where the strata have been differently named and classified. The coals of minable thickness have been named in the many mining districts in the area, and some massive cliff- or bench-forming sand-stones or conglomerates, a few thick shales, and some marine limestones have been named; most of the other lithologic units are unnamed. Field studies permitted the correlation of many of the coals and other named beds or formations between separated areas and a general classification of the strata for the area of this report was made, as follows: Strata of Kanawha and Lower Allegheny age Anderson formation, 560–950 feet Scott formation, 475–880 feet Jellico formation, 330–630 feet Briceville formation, 500–1800 feet Strata of Lee (New River) age Corbin sandstone, 10–150 feet Duskin Creek shale, 50–300 feet Rockcastle sandstone, 40–220 feet Vandever shale, 30–270 feet Newton sandstone, 0–100 feet Eastland shale, 0–700? feet Herbert sandstone, 0–100 feet Whitwell shale, 10–200 feet Sewanee conglomerate 0–150 feet Gizzard formation, 0–615 feet It is not proposed that these names, most of which are derived from Tennessee localities, should supplant the systems of nomenclature already in use in Kentucky, Virginia, and Georgia. However they serve better as a basis for comparing the successions of the several areas than do the other classifications. It was found that there are marked changes in lithology and thicknesses of stratigraphic intervals on opposite sides of major structures such as the Sequatchie Valley anticline and the Pine Mountain thrust fault, suggesting that these structures developed along belts which suffered differential movements during early Pennsylvanian sedimentation. The strata exhibit a type of cyclical sedimentation, but details of lithology vary more between nearby localities than in the Eastern Interior and Mid-continent areas where the Pennsylvanian is classified into cyclothems which can be traced for long distances. The subdivision of this succession into cyclothems seems inadvisable at present. The sediments are all of aqueous deposition, and probably record piedmont, delta, marsh, lake, and shallow sea-floor environments. Marine fossils are found in only about one per cent of the strata, while fossil plant remains are much more widely distributed. This suggests that the waters in which deposition took place were fresh a large part of the time. Neither marine invertebrates nor fossil plants have yet been used as a basis for fine subdivision of the stratigraphic column, although both offer promise of some usefulness for this purpose. Spores isolated from coal by maceration are also being investigated as aids in correlation. The source of sediment would seem to lie to the southeast in the old land Appalachia, because thicknesses of stratigraphic units increase and the sediments generally become coarser-grained in that direction. There is, however, some evidence suggesting the derivation of sediment from the Canadian shield to the north, the greater thickness in the southeast in that case resulting from greater downwarping rather than proximity to the source of sediment. The paper includes descriptions of 37 stratigraphic sections representing the formational subdivisions in the several districts in which different systems of nomenclature are used. It is illustrated with 20 cross-section diagrams, showing the nature of stratigraphic variation between outcrops along selected lines paralleling and transverse to the regional strike.