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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Admiralty Bay (1)
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (2)
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Congo (1)
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Congo Craton (1)
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East Africa
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East African Lakes
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East African Rift (1)
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Madagascar (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Dellys Algeria (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Egypt
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Libya (2)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Red Sea Hills (1)
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Southern Africa
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Karoo Basin (4)
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South Africa
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (2)
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Merensky Reef (1)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Western Cape Province South Africa
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Zimbabwe
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Arctic Ocean
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Central Asia
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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Japan
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Korea
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Malaysia
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Northeastern India
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Orissa India
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Indian Shield (2)
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Pakistan
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Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (2)
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Irkutsk Basin (3)
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Irkutsk Russian Federation
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Irtysh River (4)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kemerovo Russian Federation
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Khakasiya Russian Federation
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
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Turukhansk Russian Federation (1)
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Kulunda Steppe (2)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Buliminacea (1)
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Cassidulinacea
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Anomalinidae
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Cibicidoides (1)
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Cassidulina (1)
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Nodosariacea
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Nodosariidae
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Nodosaria (1)
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Orbitoidacea
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Amphistegina (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Elphidium
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Elphidium excavatum (1)
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Nummulitidae
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Nummulites (1)
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-
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea (1)
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Radiolaria (5)
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Tintinnidae (1)
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Vermes
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Annelida (1)
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Chaetognatha (1)
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Phoronida (1)
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scolecodonts (1)
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lichens (1)
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microfossils
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Conodonta
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Ozarkodina (2)
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Panderodus (1)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (1)
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problematic microfossils
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Bolboforma (1)
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scolecodonts (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (6)
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Chitinozoa (2)
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Dinoflagellata (22)
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megaspores (2)
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miospores
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pollen (30)
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-
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta (2)
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Coccolithophoraceae (3)
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diatoms (7)
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nannofossils (4)
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Rhodophyta (1)
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Bryophyta
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Musci
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Sphagnum (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Azolla (2)
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Lycopsida
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Lycopodium (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Acer (1)
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Corylus (1)
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Nothofagus (1)
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Salix (1)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Palmae (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Pinaceae
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Taxodiaceae
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Sequoia (1)
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Taxodium (2)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris (1)
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Pteridospermae (1)
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-
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problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils
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Bolboforma (1)
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Pterobranchia (3)
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thallophytes (1)
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tracks (3)
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geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (2)
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Ar/Ar (19)
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exposure age (4)
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fission-track dating (8)
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K/Ar (6)
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Lu/Hf (3)
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Nd/Nd (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (4)
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radiation damage (2)
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Rb/Sr (5)
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Sm/Nd (5)
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thermoluminescence (2)
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U/Pb (54)
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U/Th/Pb (1)
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uranium disequilibrium (2)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Bronze Age (1)
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Quaternary
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Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
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Holocene
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Atlantic (1)
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Neolithic (1)
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Subboreal (1)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Pleistocene
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Illinoian (1)
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Lake Agassiz (1)
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Lake Missoula (1)
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lower Pleistocene
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Gelasian (1)
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Jaramillo Subchron (1)
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Matuyama Chron (5)
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middle Pleistocene (3)
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upper Pleistocene
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Bootlegger Cove Formation (1)
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Eemian (2)
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Sartanian (5)
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Weichselian (1)
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Wisconsinan
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upper Wisconsinan (1)
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Wurm (1)
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-
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upper Quaternary
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Brunhes Chron (4)
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Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
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Siwalik System (1)
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Stone Age
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Neolithic (1)
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Tertiary
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Arikareean (1)
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lower Tertiary (2)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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Hemingfordian (1)
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middle Miocene
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Badenian (1)
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Grund Formation (1)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian (2)
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Santa Margarita Formation (1)
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-
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Pliocene
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lower Pliocene (1)
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upper Pliocene (2)
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-
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Absaroka Supergroup (1)
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Ameki Formation (1)
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Green River Formation (2)
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lower Eocene
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Wasatchian (1)
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Willwood Formation (3)
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Ypresian
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London Clay (3)
-
-
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middle Eocene
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Bartonian (2)
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Lutetian (2)
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Nanjemoy Formation (1)
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upper Eocene
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Priabonian (2)
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-
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Imo Shale (1)
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Oligocene
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Frio Formation (1)
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lower Oligocene (1)
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upper Oligocene
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Chattian (2)
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-
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
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K-T boundary (4)
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middle Paleocene
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Selandian (1)
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Tongue River Member (1)
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upper Paleocene
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Thanetian (1)
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Tiffanian (1)
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-
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Renova Formation (1)
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upper Paleogene (1)
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Shahejie Formation (1)
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Vaqueros Formation (1)
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upper Cenozoic (8)
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Coal Measures (2)
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Dalradian (2)
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Laurentide ice sheet (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Bahariya Formation (1)
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Blairmore Group (1)
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Colorado Group (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian
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lower Albian (1)
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upper Albian (1)
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Aptian (10)
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Barremian (5)
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Berriasian (14)
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Bluesky Formation (1)
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Cadomin Formation (2)
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Christopher Formation (1)
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Clearwater Formation (1)
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Gething Formation (2)
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Hauterivian (7)
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Isachsen Formation (1)
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Mannville Group (4)
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McMurray Formation (2)
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Neocomian (8)
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Spirit River Formation (1)
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Valanginian (7)
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Yingcheng Formation (1)
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Lower Greensand (2)
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Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous
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Winton Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Almond Formation (1)
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Bagh Beds (1)
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Bearpaw Formation (1)
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Belly River Formation (2)
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Bridge Creek Limestone Member (1)
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Campanian
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Dinosaur Park Formation (3)
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upper Campanian (2)
-
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Cardium Formation (3)
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Cenomanian
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Dunvegan Formation (2)
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Coniacian (1)
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Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
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Greenhorn Limestone (1)
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Gulfian
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Austin Chalk (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
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Hornbrook Formation (1)
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (3)
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Kanguk Formation (1)
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Kirtland Shale (1)
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K-T boundary (4)
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Lance Formation (2)
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Lewis Shale (1)
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Maestrichtian
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lower Maestrichtian (1)
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upper Maestrichtian (1)
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Mesaverde Group (1)
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Navesink Formation (1)
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Oldman Formation (2)
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Saint Mary River Formation (1)
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Senonian (7)
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Turonian (11)
-
-
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Glen Canyon Group (1)
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Jurassic
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Bazhenov Formation (10)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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lower Liassic (1)
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middle Liassic (1)
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Pliensbachian (2)
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Toarcian (4)
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upper Liassic (2)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (2)
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Bajocian (4)
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Bathonian (10)
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Callovian (8)
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Walloon Coal Measures (2)
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Oxford Clay (1)
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San Rafael Group (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Bossier Formation (1)
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Hanifa Formation (1)
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Kimmeridge Clay (1)
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Kimmeridgian (11)
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Oxfordian (11)
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Sundance Formation (1)
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Tithonian (2)
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Volgian (6)
-
-
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Kayenta Formation (1)
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Kunga Group (1)
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lower Mesozoic (2)
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Navajo Sandstone (2)
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Dinwoody Formation (1)
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Induan (1)
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Olenekian (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (1)
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Doig Formation (1)
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Ladinian (1)
-
-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian (3)
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Norian (2)
-
-
-
Wingate Sandstone (1)
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Yanshanian (2)
-
-
MIS 2 (3)
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MIS 3 (3)
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MIS 5 (4)
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MIS 6 (1)
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Paleozoic
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Acatlan Complex (1)
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Cambrian
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Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Carrara Formation (1)
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Lower Cambrian
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Tommotian (1)
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Middle Cambrian
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Wheeler Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
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Steptoean (1)
-
-
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Carboniferous
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Jackfork Group (1)
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Johns Valley Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (2)
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Mabou Group (1)
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Middle Carboniferous (2)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Tournaisian (1)
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Madison Group (2)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
-
-
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Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Cumberland Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
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Caseyville Formation (1)
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Morrowan (1)
-
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Moscovian (2)
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Morien Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
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Silesian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous (7)
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Wahoo Limestone (1)
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Devonian
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Beaverhill Lake Group (2)
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Keg River Formation (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Battery Point Formation (1)
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Emsian (2)
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Gedinnian (1)
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Lochkovian (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Elk Point Group (2)
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Givetian
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Horn Plateau Formation (1)
-
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Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Sulphur Point Formation (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Slave Point Formation (1)
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Swan Hills Formation (2)
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Upper Devonian
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (2)
-
-
Frasnian
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Leduc Formation (6)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
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Nisku Formation (1)
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Ohio Shale (1)
-
-
Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
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Horton Group (1)
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Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
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Cape Phillips Formation (1)
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Conococheague Formation (1)
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-
middle Paleozoic (1)
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Minnelusa Formation (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Tremadocian (2)
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Middle Ordovician
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Darriwilian (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Caradocian (1)
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Cincinnatian
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Maysvillian (1)
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Richmondian (1)
-
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Hirnantian (2)
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Katian (1)
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Maquoketa Formation (1)
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Trentonian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
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Lower Permian
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Barakar Stage (1)
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Cisuralian
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Asselian (1)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
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Leonardian (1)
-
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
-
Rangal Coal Measures (1)
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Tatarian (1)
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Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
Silurian
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Lower Silurian
-
Grimsby Sandstone (1)
-
Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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Rhuddanian (1)
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Telychian (1)
-
-
Tuscarora Formation (2)
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Wenlock (1)
-
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Middle Silurian
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Clinton Group (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow
-
Ludfordian (1)
-
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Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
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Bakken Formation (1)
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Pictou Group (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (10)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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J-M Reef (2)
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Neoarchean (3)
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Peninsular Gneiss (1)
-
-
Stillwater Complex (3)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Damara System (1)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Belt Supergroup (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
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Burra Group (1)
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Cryogenian (3)
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Ediacaran (9)
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Moinian (2)
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Otavi Group (1)
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Riphean (4)
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Sturtian (3)
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Tonian (1)
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Vendian (11)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
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Rustenburg Layered Suite (1)
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Urquhart Shale (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (2)
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granophyre (1)
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kimberlite (4)
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picrite (5)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (3)
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diabase (6)
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diorites
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plagiogranite (2)
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quartz diorites (1)
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tonalite (3)
-
-
gabbros
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alkali gabbros
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teschenite (1)
-
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norite (1)
-
-
granites
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alaskite (1)
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aplite (1)
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A-type granites (4)
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biotite granite (1)
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I-type granites (1)
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leucogranite (3)
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S-type granites (1)
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two-mica granite (1)
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granodiorites (1)
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lamproite (2)
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monzodiorite (2)
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monzonites (1)
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pegmatite (5)
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syenites
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alkali syenites (1)
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quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
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chromitite (3)
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peridotites
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dunite (2)
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pyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites
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boninite (2)
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basalts
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alkali basalts
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trachybasalts (1)
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trachydolerite (1)
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flood basalts (7)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (6)
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olivine basalt (1)
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shoshonite (3)
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tholeiite (1)
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tholeiitic basalt (1)
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trap rocks (3)
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glasses (2)
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komatiite (1)
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latite (3)
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nephelinite (1)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (8)
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rhyodacites (1)
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rhyolites (6)
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trachytes (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (8)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (2)
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cataclasites (1)
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eclogite (5)
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gneisses
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biotite gneiss (1)
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orthogneiss (1)
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paragneiss (1)
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granulites
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leptite (1)
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impactites (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (2)
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metabasite (1)
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serpentinite (3)
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metasedimentary rocks
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meta-arkose (1)
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metaconglomerate (1)
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metapelite (2)
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metasandstone (1)
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paragneiss (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (3)
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skarn (2)
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metavolcanic rocks (3)
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mylonites (1)
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phyllites (1)
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quartzites (4)
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schists
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blueschist (1)
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greenstone (1)
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ophiolite (8)
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turbidite (11)
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meteorites
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meteorites
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iron meteorites (1)
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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Martian meteorites
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SNC Meteorites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
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alloys
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carbides (1)
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silicides (1)
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antimonates (1)
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antimonites (1)
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arsenates
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pharmacosiderite (1)
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scorodite (1)
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (1)
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arsenites (1)
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borates
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szaibelyite (1)
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carbonates
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aragonite (1)
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bastnaesite (1)
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calcite (7)
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cancrinite (1)
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dolomite (8)
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magnesite (1)
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nesquehonite (1)
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rhodochrosite (1)
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siderite (2)
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witherite (1)
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halides
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chlorides
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eudialyte (1)
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halite (2)
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rinneite (1)
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fluorides
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bastnaesite (1)
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fluorite (2)
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hydrates (1)
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minerals (1)
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molybdates (2)
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native elements
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diamond (1)
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graphite (1)
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organic minerals
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amber (1)
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oxides
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cassiterite (1)
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chrome spinel (1)
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chromite (2)
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ferrihydrite (2)
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hydroxides
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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ilmenite (1)
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iron oxides (1)
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maghemite (1)
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manganese oxides (1)
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martite (1)
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rutile (1)
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spinel (2)
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titanium oxides (1)
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uraninite (1)
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vernadite (1)
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phosphates
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apatite (13)
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struvite (1)
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vivianite (2)
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platinum minerals (3)
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silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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tremolite (1)
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-
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene (5)
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orthopyroxene (2)
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-
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feldspathoids (1)
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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amazonite (1)
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K-feldspar (3)
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plagioclase (3)
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silica minerals
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opal (1)
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quartz (10)
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stishovite (1)
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zeolite group
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gmelinite (1)
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-
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group (2)
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grandidierite (1)
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mullite (1)
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olivine group
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fayalite (1)
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olivine (3)
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sillimanite (1)
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staurolite (2)
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titanite group
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titanite (2)
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zircon group
-
zircon (45)
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-
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sorosilicates
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epidote group
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epidote (2)
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-
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ring silicates
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cordierite (1)
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emerald (1)
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eudialyte (1)
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tourmaline group
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dravite (1)
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (8)
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clay minerals
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beidellite (1)
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halloysite (1)
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Mannville Group (4)
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McMurray Formation (2)
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Neocomian (8)
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Spirit River Formation (1)
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Valanginian (7)
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Yingcheng Formation (1)
-
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Lower Greensand (2)
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Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous
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Winton Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
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Bagh Beds (1)
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Bearpaw Formation (1)
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Belly River Formation (2)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (1)
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Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (3)
-
upper Campanian (2)
-
-
Cardium Formation (3)
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Cenomanian
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Dunvegan Formation (2)
-
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Coniacian (1)
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Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
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Greenhorn Limestone (1)
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Gulfian
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Austin Chalk (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
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Hornbrook Formation (1)
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (3)
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Kanguk Formation (1)
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Kirtland Shale (1)
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K-T boundary (4)
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Lance Formation (2)
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Lewis Shale (1)
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Maestrichtian
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lower Maestrichtian (1)
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upper Maestrichtian (1)
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Mesaverde Group (1)
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Navesink Formation (1)
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Oldman Formation (2)
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Saint Mary River Formation (1)
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Senonian (7)
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Turonian (11)
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-
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Glen Canyon Group (1)
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Jurassic
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Bazhenov Formation (10)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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lower Liassic (1)
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middle Liassic (1)
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Pliensbachian (2)
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Toarcian (4)
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upper Liassic (2)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (2)
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Callovian (8)
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Walloon Coal Measures (2)
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Oxford Clay (1)
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San Rafael Group (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Bossier Formation (1)
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Hanifa Formation (1)
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Kimmeridge Clay (1)
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Kimmeridgian (11)
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Oxfordian (11)
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Sundance Formation (1)
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Tithonian (2)
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Volgian (6)
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-
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Kayenta Formation (1)
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Kunga Group (1)
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lower Mesozoic (2)
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Navajo Sandstone (2)
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Dinwoody Formation (1)
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Induan (1)
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Olenekian (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (1)
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Doig Formation (1)
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Ladinian (1)
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-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian (3)
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Chinle Formation (1)
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Norian (2)
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-
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Wingate Sandstone (1)
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Yanshanian (2)
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metal ores
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antimony ores (1)
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arsenic ores (2)
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base metals (1)
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beryllium ores (1)
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chromite ores (2)
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copper ores (10)
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gold ores (13)
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iron ores (3)
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lead ores (7)
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lead-zinc deposits (4)
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lithium ores (1)
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molybdenum ores (1)
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silver ores (6)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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Th-230 (2)
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Th-234 (1)
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uranium
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U-238 (2)
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U-238/U-234 (2)
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (4)
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potassium (3)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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sodium (4)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium
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Ba/Ca (1)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (9)
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Be-10/Be-9 (1)
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Be-7 (2)
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calcium
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Ba/Ca (1)
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Sr/Ca (1)
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magnesium (6)
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radium
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Ra-224 (1)
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Ra-226 (2)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr/Ca (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (18)
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Sr-90 (1)
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-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (2)
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antimony (3)
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arsenic (4)
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cadmium (2)
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chromium
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
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cobalt (2)
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copper (4)
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gold (5)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (6)
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iron
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Fe-56 (1)
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ferric iron (2)
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ferrous iron (2)
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lead
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Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-210 (6)
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manganese
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Mn-53 (1)
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mercury (5)
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nickel (3)
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niobium (1)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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palladium (1)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum (1)
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platinum ores (5)
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polonium
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Po-210 (1)
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precious metals (2)
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rare earths
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cerium (3)
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lanthanum (4)
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lutetium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
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ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (2)
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silver (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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eclogite (5)
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granulites
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impactites (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metasedimentary rocks
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blueschist (1)
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metamorphism (29)
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meteorites
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meteorology (6)
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Mexico
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nitrogen
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-36 (1)
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helium
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radon
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Rn-222 (4)
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xenon
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nodules (2)
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North America
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Basin and Range Province
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Grenville Province
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Superior Province
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Taltson magmatic zone (1)
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Coast plutonic complex (1)
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Great Lakes region (2)
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Western Interior
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Northern Hemisphere (5)
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nuclear facilities (1)
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ocean circulation (5)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 103
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ODP Site 640 (1)
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Leg 108
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ODP Site 658 (1)
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Leg 148
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ODP Site 896 (1)
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Leg 149 (1)
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Leg 166
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ODP Site 1006 (1)
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Leg 173 (1)
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Leg 174AX (1)
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Leg 184
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ODP Site 1146 (2)
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ODP Site 1148 (3)
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Leg 202
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ODP Site 1233 (1)
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Leg 207
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ODP Site 1258 (1)
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ODP Site 1261 (1)
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ocean floors (18)
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Oceania
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oceanography (2)
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O-17/O-16 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (30)
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Pacific Coast (3)
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Southeast Pacific
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Equatorial Pacific (1)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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South Pacific
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Lau Basin (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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North Fiji Basin (1)
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Ontong Java Plateau (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (1)
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paleobotany (3)
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paleoclimatology (53)
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paleoecology (63)
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paleomagnetism (45)
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paleontology (9)
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Paleozoic
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Acatlan Complex (1)
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Cambrian
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Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Lower Cambrian
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Middle Cambrian
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Wheeler Formation (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Steptoean (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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Tournaisian (1)
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Madison Group (2)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
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Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Caseyville Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Morien Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
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Silesian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous (7)
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Wahoo Limestone (1)
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Devonian
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Beaverhill Lake Group (2)
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Keg River Formation (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Battery Point Formation (1)
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Emsian (2)
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Gedinnian (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Elk Point Group (2)
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Givetian
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Horn Plateau Formation (1)
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Marcellus Shale (1)
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Sulphur Point Formation (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Slave Point Formation (1)
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Swan Hills Formation (2)
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Upper Devonian
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (2)
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Frasnian
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Leduc Formation (6)
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Grosmont Formation (1)
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Nisku Formation (1)
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Ohio Shale (1)
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Waterways Formation (1)
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Exshaw Formation (1)
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Horton Group (1)
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Lisburne Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Cape Phillips Formation (1)
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Conococheague Formation (1)
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middle Paleozoic (1)
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Minnelusa Formation (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Middle Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician
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Hirnantian (2)
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Katian (1)
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Maquoketa Formation (1)
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Trentonian (1)
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-
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Permian
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Lower Permian
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Barakar Stage (1)
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Cisuralian
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Asselian (1)
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Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
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Leonardian (1)
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Phosphoria Formation (1)
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Rotliegendes (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (7)
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Rangal Coal Measures (1)
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Tatarian (1)
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Zechstein (1)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Grimsby Sandstone (1)
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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Telychian (1)
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Tuscarora Formation (2)
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Wenlock (1)
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Middle Silurian
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Upper Silurian
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Ludlow
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Ludfordian (1)
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Pridoli (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Antrim Shale (1)
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Pictou Group (1)
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palynology (6)
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palynomorphs
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paragenesis (9)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Spermatophyta
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Glossopteridales
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plate tectonics (147)
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pollution (18)
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Precambrian
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J-M Reef (2)
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Stillwater Complex (3)
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upper Precambrian
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Neoproterozoic
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problematic fossils
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Ob River basin
Early Pliocene–early Pleistocene localities of Beremendiini: ( 1 ) Europe a... Available to Purchase
Sediment Distribution in Kara Sea: ABSTRACT Free
Multiple Oil Families in the West Siberian Basin Available to Purchase
THE NATURE OF THE LATE OLIGOCENE TURTAS LAKE-SEA IN WEST SIBERIA Available to Purchase
Facies Composition and Stratigraphic Position of the Quaternary Upper Yenisei Sequence in the Tuva and Minusa Depressions Available to Purchase
Abstract The Soviet Union now produces more than 20% of the world’s oil, and the West Siberian oil-gas province accounts for more than half of this production. Soviet planning calls for maintaining this high rate of production through 1990 and beyond; therefore, the importance of West Siberian oil in the world economy is very significant. Study of the petroleum geology of the West Siberian basin also contributes much to our understanding of the geological processes by which these huge quantities of oil and gas were generated and then trapped in giant and supergiant fields. Present in the basin are all the geological circumstances favorable for petroleum: highquality source beds, excellent reservoirs, extensive seals, just the right temperatures for maturation, and absence of later significant faulting or erosion to adversely disturb earlier accumulations of oil and gas. The West Siberian oil-gas province has an area of 3.5 million km 2 (1.3 million mi 2) (Figure 1) and is the largest flat area on earth. More than 1000 km upstream on the Ob River, elevations are still less than 100 m above sea level. Although the winters are unrelentingly cold, it is during this time that work is best accomplished in many areas because in the summer, the upper part of the permafrost melts and the ground becomes very soggy. Furthermore, the rivers flow north, and spring melting takes place first in the upstream parts, causing downstream flooding over vast areas. This results in mosquito populations that are at best an extreme nuisance. There were very few roads
Traces of Proterozoic Glaciation in the Southern Part of Central Siberia Available to Purchase
Chukotkaite, AgPb 7 Sb 5 S 15 , a new sulfosalt mineral from Eastern Chukotka, Russia Available to Purchase
Reconstruction of Pleistocene ice-dammed lake outburst floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia Available to Purchase
In the Siberian Altai Mountains, where the sources of the River Ob are located, ice-dammed lake outburst floods, so-called jökulhlaups, occurred in Pleistocene times. Valley glaciers extended within the upper Chuja River catchment and dammed the river upstream of the village of Aktash, which generated ice-dammed lakes in the intramountainous Kuray and Chuja Basins. Indicated by shorelines and ice-rafted boulder deposits, the maximum lake level reached an altitude of 2100 m above sea level, which reveals a maximum lake volume of 607 km 3 . The failure of the ice dam caused outburst floods, which left traces by giant bars, fluvial gravel dunes, and boulder deposits. Run-up sediments deposited in front of local obstructions along the valley slopes indicate a maximum depth of flow of 400 m above the valley bottom. Like the giant bars, they consist of characteristic relatively fine suspension gravels. Occasionally, secondary lakes are formed in tributary valleys that were blocked by giant bar deposits. The alternation of lacustrine deposits and suspension gravels in the tributary Injushka valley near Inja village give evidence for at least three large outburst floods. Age estimations by a variety of dating methods, such as luminescence methods, exposure dating, and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon applied on different flood features and lake sediments, indicate that the outburst floods occurred between 40 ka and 13 ka. This estimation should be taken as preliminary, as problems occurred with the different dating techniques, resulting in partly contradictory results. This study focuses on the paleohydraulic reconstruction of the flood rather than describing flood-related features in detail. Seven different approaches are applied to estimate the discharge of the floods. Several new methods are developed within the study, partly based on previous approaches carefully considering the hydraulic background. Data for paleohydraulic estimations are obtained during repeated field trips by observations, surveys, and sedimentological investigations in Chuja and Katun valleys. Peak discharge is estimated by the elevation of the surfaces of the giant bars indicating the depth of flow and additionally by the run-up sediments, which reveal information about the velocity head of the flood flow along the valleys. A value of 10 × 10 6 m 3 /s is estimated for peak discharge, which is considerably less than previous estimations derived. Dimensions of gravel dunes and obstacle marks obtain information of flow conditions during the decreasing flood. The application of regression formulae between drained lake volume and peak discharge, an established method to estimate discharges of jökulhlaups, and estimation of flow velocity considering flow competence indicated by transported boulders yield problems as the magnitude of the outburst floods and the size of the boulders are beyond the level of experience. Based on the estimated peak discharge and the drained volume of water for the lake, the duration of a flood is estimated to be on the order of days, clearly less than one week. Considering the time needed to refill the lake after an outburst event leads to the rough estimation that recurrence intervals of floods are on the order of centuries. Open questions are intensively discussed throughout the study. For example, the relation of flood features to individual floods of the repeated outbursts is not possible unequivocally at the current state of knowledge. Further studies are required to obtain information on the extension and failure process of the ice dam, which would allow detailed modeling of the dynamics of the jökulhlaups. Also, methodological problems of dating techniques must be solved to develop a chronology of the floods in the Altai Mountains.