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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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East Africa
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Brazil
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Invertebrata
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chlorite group
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chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
dickite (1)
-
kaolinite (6)
-
smectite (5)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
illite (8)
-
mica group
-
glauconite (1)
-
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (11)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
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Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Lake Malawi (1)
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Tanzania (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Malawi (1)
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East African Rift (1)
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North Africa
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (1)
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Sinai Egypt (1)
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Libya
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Sirte Basin (1)
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Tunisia (1)
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West Africa
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Ghana (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
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Barents Sea (3)
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Norwegian Sea
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Haltenbanken (2)
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Voring Basin (1)
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Voring Plateau (1)
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-
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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East Greenland (4)
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Northern Greenland (3)
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Peary Land (2)
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West Greenland (1)
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Svalbard (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Bohaiwan Basin (1)
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Dongpu Depression (2)
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Hubei China
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Jianghan Basin (1)
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North China Platform (1)
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Ordos Basin (3)
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Shandong China
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Dongying Depression (1)
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Songliao Basin (1)
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Xinjiang China
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Junggar Basin (2)
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Yunnan China
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Kunming China (1)
-
-
-
Indonesia
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Sumatra (1)
-
-
Japan
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Honshu
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Niigata Japan (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India (1)
-
-
Middle East
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Turkey (3)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
-
English Channel (1)
-
Faeroe-Shetland Basin (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Irish Sea (1)
-
North Sea
-
Brent Field (1)
-
East Shetland Basin (6)
-
Forties Field (1)
-
Gullfaks Field (1)
-
Norwegian Channel (1)
-
Oseberg Field (2)
-
Statfjord Field (2)
-
Troll Field (1)
-
Viking Graben (36)
-
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
Porcupine Basin (1)
-
Rockall Trough (1)
-
-
South Atlantic (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Faeroe Islands (1)
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Shetland Islands (6)
-
-
Australasia
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Australia
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New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia (4)
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Tasmania Australia
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Tasmania Basin (1)
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-
-
New Zealand
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Waiotapu New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
bibliography (1)
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biogeography (1)
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bitumens
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asphalt (2)
-
-
book reviews (1)
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brines (1)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta (1)
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British Columbia (1)
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Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (8)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (2)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Annot Sandstone (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
-
middle Paleocene
-
Selandian (1)
-
-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Pico Formation (1)
-
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Saurischia
-
Theropoda
-
Coelurosauria
-
Tyrannosauridae
-
Tyrannosaurus
-
Tyrannosaurus rex (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (7)
-
climate change (2)
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conservation (1)
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construction materials
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building stone (1)
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continental shelf (8)
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continental slope (3)
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core (1)
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crust (4)
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crystal chemistry (1)
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data processing (5)
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deformation (7)
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diagenesis (26)
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earthquakes (4)
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economic geology (20)
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energy sources (12)
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epeirogeny (1)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Piedmont Alps
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Western Alps
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Cottian Alps
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Dora Maira Massif (1)
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Maritime Alps
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Baltic region
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Lithuania (1)
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Central Europe
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Austria (2)
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Danube Valley (1)
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Southern Europe
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Greece
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Ebro Basin (1)
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Italy
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Liguria Italy (1)
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Piemonte Italy
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Dora Maira Massif (1)
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Sardinia Italy (1)
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Yugoslavia (1)
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Western Europe
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Cottian Alps
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Dora Maira Massif (1)
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France
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Bouches-du-Rhone France
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Rhone Delta (1)
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Paris Basin (1)
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Pas-de-Calais France
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Boulonnais (1)
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-
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Ireland
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Galway Ireland (1)
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Mayo Ireland (1)
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Sligo Ireland (1)
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Maritime Alps
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Argentera Massif (1)
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Netherlands (2)
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Scandinavia
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Denmark (6)
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Norway
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Oslo Graben (1)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Cheshire England (1)
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Cumbria England
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Sellafield England (1)
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Gloucestershire England (1)
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Northumberland England (1)
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Scotland
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Aberdeenshire Scotland (1)
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Ayrshire Scotland (2)
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Firth of Clyde (2)
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Glasgow Scotland (2)
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Great Glen Fault (1)
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Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
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Isle of Skye (1)
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Raasay (1)
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Rhum (1)
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-
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Highland region Scotland
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Inverness-shire Scotland
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Isle of Skye (1)
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Raasay (1)
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Rhum (1)
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-
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Moray Firth (9)
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Perthshire Scotland (1)
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Scottish Highlands
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Scottish Northern Highlands (1)
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Shetland Islands (6)
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Wales
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Caernarvonshire Wales
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Snowdonia (1)
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Gwynedd Wales
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Snowdonia (1)
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-
-
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Northern Ireland
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Londonderry Northern Ireland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
faults (38)
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folds (12)
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foliation (1)
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fractures (1)
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geochemistry (18)
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geochronology (1)
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geomorphology (2)
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geophysical methods (36)
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geothermal energy (1)
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government agencies (1)
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ground water (5)
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heat flow (2)
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hydrogen
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D/H (1)
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hydrology (1)
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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diabase (2)
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gabbros (1)
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granites
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A-type granites (1)
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S-type granites (1)
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two-mica granite (1)
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-
pegmatite (1)
-
ultramafics
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pyroxenite
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websterite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
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adakites (1)
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basalts
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flood basalts (2)
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-
pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
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rhyolites (2)
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trachyandesites (1)
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trachytes (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
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fluid inclusions (3)
-
-
Indian Ocean
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Red Sea
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Gulf of Suez (3)
-
-
-
intrusions (10)
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda (1)
-
-
Myriapoda (1)
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Corynexochida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (3)
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa (1)
-
Scyphozoa
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Conulariida (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia (4)
-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (1)
-
-
Coleoidea
-
Belemnoidea
-
Belemnitidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
Hyolithes (1)
-
Rostroconchia (1)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera (2)
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Radiolaria (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Be-10 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (8)
-
D/H (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
magmas (4)
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maps (2)
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marine geology (1)
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Mediterranean region (3)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Ionian Sea
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Gulf of Corinth (1)
-
-
-
West Mediterranean
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Valencia Trough (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Aptian (2)
-
Barremian (2)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
Santonian (1)
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Heather Formation (8)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Dunlin Group (1)
-
Hettangian (1)
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (2)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (4)
-
Broom Formation (1)
-
Etive Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (2)
-
Rannoch Formation (1)
-
Tarbert Formation (4)
-
-
Bathonian
-
Great Oolite Group (1)
-
-
Callovian (7)
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Opalinus Clay (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Fulmar Formation (4)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (13)
-
Kimmeridgian
-
lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (2)
-
upper Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (2)
-
-
-
Statfjord Formation (3)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic
-
Yanchang Formation (2)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
-
base metals (1)
-
copper ores (3)
-
gold ores (1)
-
molybdenum ores (2)
-
nickel ores (1)
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rare earth deposits (1)
-
silver ores (1)
-
-
metals
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alkali metals
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cesium (1)
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lithium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
-
beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
-
-
calcium (1)
-
magnesium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
hafnium (1)
-
iron (1)
-
lead (1)
-
manganese (1)
-
niobium (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
europium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
-
scandium (1)
-
yttrium (2)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
tantalum (1)
-
zinc (1)
-
zirconium (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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cataclasites (1)
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eclogite (3)
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gneisses (3)
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granulites (1)
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hornfels (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
migmatites (1)
-
mylonites
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blastomylonite (1)
-
-
schists
-
blueschist (1)
-
-
-
metamorphism (7)
-
metasomatism (2)
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Mexico (1)
-
micropaleontology (1)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (5)
-
mineral exploration (2)
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nodules (1)
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North America
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Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Laramie Mountains (1)
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Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
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Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1)
-
-
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 104
-
ODP Site 644 (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (4)
-
ocean waves (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
-
oil and gas fields (59)
-
orogeny (3)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
paleoclimatology (5)
-
paleoecology (5)
-
paleogeography (9)
-
paleontology (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (5)
-
Middle Cambrian (3)
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (3)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (2)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
-
Silesian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Leinster Granite (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Middle Ordovician (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Zechstein (4)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
-
-
-
palynology (1)
-
palynomorphs
-
Dinoflagellata (3)
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
paragenesis (2)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
shale gas (1)
-
-
shale oil (2)
-
-
petrology (1)
-
phase equilibria (3)
-
Plantae
-
algae
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diatoms (1)
-
nannofossils (1)
-
-
-
plate tectonics (11)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic (3)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils (1)
-
Red Sea region (1)
-
remote sensing (2)
-
roads (1)
-
sea water (1)
-
sea-floor spreading (1)
-
sea-level changes (9)
-
sedimentary petrology (2)
-
sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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grainstone (1)
-
limestone (4)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites (2)
-
-
clastic rocks
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arkose (1)
-
black shale (2)
-
claystone (2)
-
conglomerate (9)
-
marl (1)
-
mudstone (13)
-
sandstone (51)
-
shale (15)
-
siltstone (5)
-
-
coal (4)
-
-
sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities (1)
-
biogenic structures (1)
-
graded bedding (1)
-
planar bedding structures
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bedding (3)
-
cross-bedding (1)
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cross-stratification (1)
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laminations (3)
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sand bodies (1)
-
-
secondary structures
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concretions (1)
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stylolites (1)
-
-
turbidity current structures
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Bouma sequence (2)
-
-
-
sedimentation (12)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
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alluvium (1)
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boulders (1)
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clay (1)
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gravel (1)
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mud (1)
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overbank sediments (1)
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pebbles (2)
-
sand (1)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
-
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seismology (1)
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shorelines (1)
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slope stability (1)
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soil mechanics (1)
-
South America
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Argentina
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Paganzo Basin (1)
-
-
Brazil
-
Rio Grande do Norte Brazil (1)
-
-
Chile
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Magallanes Chile (1)
-
-
Peru (1)
-
-
springs (1)
-
stratigraphy (6)
-
structural analysis (1)
-
structural geology (3)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
tectonics
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salt tectonics (2)
-
-
tectonophysics (1)
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thermal waters (1)
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underground installations (2)
-
United States
-
Alabama
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Mobile Bay (1)
-
-
Alaska
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Alaska Range (1)
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Talkeetna Mountains (1)
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Arizona (1)
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California
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Los Angeles County California (1)
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Ventura Basin (1)
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Cheyenne Belt (1)
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Louisiana (1)
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Nevada
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Esmeralda County Nevada (2)
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Lincoln County Nevada (1)
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New Mexico (1)
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Oregon
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Willamette Valley (1)
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-
Texas
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Fort Worth Basin (1)
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Hamilton County Texas (1)
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Midland Basin (1)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
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Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1)
-
-
Utah
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Bingham mining district (1)
-
-
Wyoming (1)
-
Wyoming Province (1)
-
-
USSR (5)
-
well-logging (4)
-
-
rock formations
-
Ekofisk Formation (1)
-
Garn Formation (1)
-
Nansen Formation (2)
-
Tor Formation (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
flysch (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
grainstone (1)
-
limestone (4)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites (2)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arkose (1)
-
black shale (2)
-
claystone (2)
-
conglomerate (9)
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marl (1)
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mudstone (13)
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sandstone (51)
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shale (15)
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siltstone (5)
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coal (4)
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siliciclastics (3)
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turbidite (13)
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volcaniclastics (1)
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sedimentary structures
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channels (2)
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sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities (1)
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biogenic structures (1)
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graded bedding (1)
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (3)
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cross-bedding (1)
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cross-stratification (1)
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laminations (3)
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sand bodies (1)
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secondary structures
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concretions (1)
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stylolites (1)
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turbidity current structures
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Bouma sequence (2)
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sediments
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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alluvium (1)
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boulders (1)
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clay (1)
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gravel (1)
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mud (1)
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overbank sediments (1)
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pebbles (2)
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sand (1)
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marine sediments (1)
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siliciclastics (3)
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turbidite (13)
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volcaniclastics (1)
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soils
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paleosols (1)
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North Brae Field
Characterization of Thin-Bedded Turbidites in the North Brae Field, South Viking Graben, North Sea
ABSTRACT Heterogeneity in hydrocarbon reservoirs has significant impact on fluid flow during production and may lead to oil being trapped in low-permeability reservoir compartments. This is particularly true for producing turbidite fields with significant thin-bedded turbidite (TBT; 3–10 cm [1.2–3.9 in.] sand and silt unit) and very thin-bedded turbidite (VTBT; 1–3 cm [0.4–1.2 in.] sand and silt unit) successions. The principal geological attributes used to characterize TBT–VTBT include facies and facies associations, sandstone/mudstone ratio, bed geometry, sand connectivity, sediment texture, sedimentary structures, and vertical sequences of bed thickness. Their combination enables definition of four fundamental attribute indices that reflect the reservoir quality of TBT–VTBT successions. The attribute indices are sand connectivity index, sediment textural index, facies ratio index, and facies net-to-gross index. Twenty TBT and VTBT facies are recognized in cores from North Brae field wells. The combination of results from the application of the attribute indices approach to core data from the field reveals six facies associations (FA), which may also be applicable elsewhere, each characterized by different attribute indices. FA1 has high-to-very-high sand connectivity and textural indices (mature, fine-medium-grained, well-sorted sand). Its core-based porosities and horizontal and vertical permeabilities indicate that it possesses the most favorable reservoir properties. For FA2, a lower sand connectivity index because of extensive mudstone lamination signals poorer quality reservoir features. FA3 and FA4 show moderate attribute indices and mixed reservoir quality facies, whereas more studies are needed to determine the suitability of FA5 and FA6 for potential shale gas exploitation in other areas.
The East Brae Field, Blocks 16/03a, 16/03b, UK North Sea
Abstract The East Brae gas condensate field is the most northern of the four Upper Jurassic fields operated by Marathon Oil UK Limited in the UK North Sea. The field lies at the western margin of the South Viking Graben in UK Blocks 16/03a and 16/03b. The field was discovered in 1980 and commenced production in December 1993 from the East Brae platform. Recoverable reserves are estimated as 242 MMBBL of condensate and 1530 BSCF of sales gas. The reservoir is composed predominantly of medium grained sandstones which were deposited by turbidity currents. The East Brae reservoir sequence is currently interpreted to be the basin floor lateral equivalent of the North Brae feeder system to the southwest. The structure is a faulted anticline developed during the latest Jurassic and early Cretaceous in response to regional compression. The reservoir is enclosed by the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, which also interdigitates with the coarser facies basinwards, and provides the source of the hydrocarbons.
Reservoir Geology of the Upper Jurassic Brae Sandstone Member, Kingfisher Field, South Viking Graben, U.K. North Sea
ABSTRACT The Kingfisher field is located in Blocks 16/8a and 16/8d in the South Viking Graben 278 km (173 mi) northeast of Aberdeen. The field was discovered in 1972 by Shell/Esso well 16/8-1, which targeted a faulted anticlinal structure and encountered thin-bedded and poor quality reservoir sandstones within a dip closure mapped at the Base Cretaceous unconformity (BCU) level. The field was first appraised in 1984 by well 16/8a-4, which encountered a better quality Brae sandstone member reservoir interval to the northwest of the discovery well. Further appraisal wells 16/8a-8, 16/8a-9, and 16/8a-9z confirmed the presence of good quality reservoir sands across the central and western parts of the field. The exploration and appraisal drilling established the fluid contacts in the field and also critically helped to delineate the transition from good quality axial to poorer quality distal facies within the outer part of the Brae submarine fan system. Furthermore, data from development well drilling and reservoir behavior during production of the field have provided insights into the static and dynamic connectivity within the Brae sandstone member reservoirs as well as provided additional insights into the controls on reservoir quality and productivity. This chapter aims to build on the previous published information on the field by providing further details on the geological characteristics of the Brae sandstone member reservoirs within the Kingfisher field and how the reservoir architecture and properties, in addition to aquifer connectivity, have determined well and reservoir production performance and behavior.
The Central Brae Field, Blocks 16/07a, 16/07b, UK North Sea
Abstract The Central Brae Oilfield is the smallest of three Upper Jurassic fields being developed in UK, Block 16/07a. The field was discovered in 1976 and commenced production in September 1989 through a sub-sea template tied back to the Brae ‘A’ platform in the South Brae Oilfield. The field STOOIP is 244 MMBBLs, and by May 1999 cumulative exports of oil and NGL reached 44 MMBBLs. The Central Brae reservoir is a proximal submarine fan sequence, comprising dominantly sand-matrix conglomerate and sandstone with minor mudstone units. The sediments were shed eastwards off the Fladen Ground Spur and were deposited as a relatively small and steep fan at the margin of the South Viking Graben. Mudstone facies border the submarine fan deposits to the north and south, forming stratigraphic seals. The structure is a faulted anticline developed during the latest Jurassic and early Cretaceous, initially formed as a hangingwall anticline during extension but subsequently tightened during compressional phases. The western boundary of the field is formed by a sealing fault, whilst to the east, there is an oil-water contact at 13 426 ft TVDss. The overlying seal is the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, which also interdigitates with the coarser facies basinwards and provides the source of the hydrocarbons.
Abstract The South Brae Oilfield lies at the western margin of the South Viking Graben, 161 miles NE of Aberdeen. Oil production began in July 1983 from a single platform located in 368 ft of water. The field STOOIP is 795 MMBBLs, and in May 1999, cumulative exports of oil and NGL reached 265 MMBBLs. The reservoir lies at depths in excess of 11 800 ft TVDss, has a maximum gross hydrocarbon column of 1670 ft, and covers an area of approximately 6000 acres. The reservoir consists of Upper Jurassic Brae Formation sandstones and conglomerates deposited as submarine fan complexes that are downfaulted against tight sealing rocks of probable Devonian age at the western margin of the field. The other field margins are constrained by a combination of structural dip and stratigraphic pinchout. The reservoir is capped by, and interdigitates with, organic rich mudstones of the Kimmeridge Clay and Brae Formations. This intimate association of source rock and reservoir facies allows for short migration routes into the reservoir.