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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Tengiz Field (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Yunnan China (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Jordan (1)
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Cold Lake (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (12)
-
Athabasca Oil Sands (4)
-
Athabasca River (1)
-
Edmonton Alberta (2)
-
Fort McMurray Alberta (1)
-
Leduc Alberta (1)
-
Smoky River (1)
-
-
Athabasca Basin (1)
-
Athabasca District (2)
-
British Columbia (6)
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Manitoba (3)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (4)
-
-
-
Clearwater River (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Kazakhstan
-
Tengiz Field (1)
-
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Dolomites
-
Latemar Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain (2)
-
-
Italy
-
Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
-
Latemar Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
United Kingdom (1)
-
-
-
Huanghua Depression (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
-
Mackenzie River valley (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (2)
-
Appalachians
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Michigan Basin (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
North American Craton (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (13)
-
Williston Basin (4)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Peace River (3)
-
Permian Basin (1)
-
Santa Maria Basin (1)
-
Slick Hills (1)
-
Swan Hills (1)
-
United States
-
Anadarko Basin (1)
-
California
-
Santa Barbara County California (1)
-
-
Midwest (1)
-
Montana (1)
-
New England (1)
-
North Dakota
-
McKenzie County North Dakota (1)
-
Mountrail County North Dakota (1)
-
-
Oklahoma (1)
-
Tennessee
-
Sullivan County Tennessee (1)
-
Washington County Tennessee (1)
-
-
Virginia (1)
-
-
-
commodities
-
bitumens
-
asphalt (1)
-
-
brines (10)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
geothermal energy (3)
-
metal ores
-
iron ores (1)
-
lead ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
-
zinc ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
oil and gas fields (14)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (1)
-
-
-
tight sands (1)
-
water resources (2)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (18)
-
-
chemical ratios (2)
-
halogens
-
bromine (2)
-
chlorine (3)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (27)
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (18)
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (2)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (22)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (12)
-
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
lithium (1)
-
sodium (3)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
magnesium (3)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (12)
-
-
-
iron (2)
-
manganese (2)
-
-
nitrogen (1)
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (2)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (22)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Cnidaria (1)
-
Echinodermata (1)
-
Mollusca
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (1)
-
-
-
microfossils (2)
-
Plantae
-
algae (1)
-
-
thallophytes (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (3)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Aptian (1)
-
Clearwater Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (8)
-
McMurray Formation (6)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (4)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (2)
-
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (4)
-
Keg River Formation (2)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Elk Point Group (3)
-
Prairie Evaporite (4)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (7)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (11)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (9)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (5)
-
Nisku Formation (11)
-
-
Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Knox Group (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Middle Ordovician (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Grayburg Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian (1)
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
calcite (6)
-
dolomite (9)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (3)
-
-
-
minerals (1)
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (4)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Tengiz Field (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Yunnan China (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Jordan (1)
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
-
-
-
bacteria (1)
-
bitumens
-
asphalt (1)
-
-
brines (10)
-
Canada
-
Cold Lake (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (12)
-
Athabasca Oil Sands (4)
-
Athabasca River (1)
-
Edmonton Alberta (2)
-
Fort McMurray Alberta (1)
-
Leduc Alberta (1)
-
Smoky River (1)
-
-
Athabasca Basin (1)
-
Athabasca District (2)
-
British Columbia (6)
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Manitoba (3)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (4)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (18)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
-
-
climate change (1)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
conservation (1)
-
dams (1)
-
data processing (3)
-
deformation (1)
-
diagenesis (27)
-
earthquakes (1)
-
economic geology (9)
-
engineering geology (3)
-
environmental geology (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Dolomites
-
Latemar Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain (2)
-
-
Italy
-
Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
-
Latemar Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
United Kingdom (1)
-
-
-
faults (9)
-
foundations (1)
-
fractures (6)
-
geochemistry (18)
-
geophysical methods (6)
-
geothermal energy (3)
-
glacial geology (2)
-
ground water (18)
-
heat flow (6)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
hydrogeology (2)
-
hydrology (2)
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (11)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Cnidaria (1)
-
Echinodermata (1)
-
Mollusca
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (18)
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (2)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (22)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (12)
-
-
-
mantle (1)
-
maps (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (3)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Aptian (1)
-
Clearwater Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (8)
-
McMurray Formation (6)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (4)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
-
-
metal ores
-
iron ores (1)
-
lead ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
-
zinc ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
lithium (1)
-
sodium (3)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
magnesium (3)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (12)
-
-
-
iron (2)
-
manganese (2)
-
-
metamorphism (1)
-
metasomatism (3)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
nitrogen (1)
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (2)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (2)
-
Appalachians
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Michigan Basin (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
North American Craton (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (13)
-
Williston Basin (4)
-
-
oil and gas fields (14)
-
orogeny (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (22)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Yellow Sea
-
Bohai Sea
-
Bohai Bay (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
paleogeography (1)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
paleontology (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (2)
-
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (4)
-
Keg River Formation (2)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Elk Point Group (3)
-
Prairie Evaporite (4)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (7)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (11)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (9)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (5)
-
Nisku Formation (11)
-
-
Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Knox Group (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Middle Ordovician (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Grayburg Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian (1)
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
-
paragenesis (5)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (1)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae (1)
-
-
pollution (5)
-
reefs (4)
-
rock mechanics (3)
-
sea water (3)
-
sea-level changes (1)
-
sedimentary petrology (4)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
boundstone (1)
-
dolostone (22)
-
grainstone (1)
-
limestone
-
dolomitic limestone (1)
-
-
packstone (1)
-
wackestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
ironstone (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
litharenite (1)
-
quartz arenite (2)
-
-
claystone (1)
-
conglomerate (2)
-
mudstone (1)
-
sandstone (9)
-
shale (6)
-
siltstone (1)
-
-
oil sands (5)
-
oil shale (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
-
bioturbation (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (1)
-
stylolites (3)
-
-
-
sedimentation (1)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
diamicton (1)
-
drift (1)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (1)
-
till (1)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
-
-
slope stability (1)
-
springs (1)
-
stratigraphy (6)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
tectonics (3)
-
thallophytes (1)
-
United States
-
Anadarko Basin (1)
-
California
-
Santa Barbara County California (1)
-
-
Midwest (1)
-
Montana (1)
-
New England (1)
-
North Dakota
-
McKenzie County North Dakota (1)
-
Mountrail County North Dakota (1)
-
-
Oklahoma (1)
-
Tennessee
-
Sullivan County Tennessee (1)
-
Washington County Tennessee (1)
-
-
Virginia (1)
-
-
waste disposal (1)
-
water resources (2)
-
-
rock formations
-
Monterey Formation (1)
-
Wapiti Formation (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
boundstone (1)
-
dolostone (22)
-
grainstone (1)
-
limestone
-
dolomitic limestone (1)
-
-
packstone (1)
-
wackestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
ironstone (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
litharenite (1)
-
quartz arenite (2)
-
-
claystone (1)
-
conglomerate (2)
-
mudstone (1)
-
sandstone (9)
-
shale (6)
-
siltstone (1)
-
-
oil sands (5)
-
oil shale (1)
-
-
siliciclastics (3)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
-
bioturbation (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (1)
-
stylolites (3)
-
-
-
stratification (1)
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
diamicton (1)
-
drift (1)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (1)
-
till (1)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
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siliciclastics (3)
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Nisku Aquifer
The effect of site characterization data on injection capacity and cap rock integrity modeling during carbon dioxide storage in the Nisku saline aquifer at the Wabamun Lake area, Canada Available to Purchase
Hydrogeology of the Nisku aquifer. (a) Distribution of hydraulic head (in m... Available to Purchase
Fluid Flow, Hydrochemistry and Petroleum Entrapment in Devonian Reef Complexes, South-Central Alberta, Canada Available to Purchase
Abstract In the Alberta Basin, carbonates of the 120-km-long Upper Devonian Bashaw reef complex and the nearby 320-km-long Upper Devonian Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trend, together with the underlying Cooking Lake platform, act as regional subsurface conduits for oil, gas and water. Evidence of regional fluid migration in these carbonates includes: (1) huge deposits of hydrocarbons that originate from a single source rock that have migrated up-dip for hundreds of km, (2) basin-scale studies of water movement indicating that these carbonates funnel fluids from nearby formations through the deeper parts of the basin towards its edge and (3) extensive pervasive dolomitization of the carbonate “eservoir rocks by a mechanism attributed to long-distance fluid migration. Analysis of potentiometric surfaces, pressure-depth plots and formation-fluid chemistries reveal that regional fluid flow occurs through two main aquifers. One is the Cooking Lake-Leduc aquifer that underlies and comprises the Rimbey-Meadowbrook trend, where fluids migrate laterally northward. The other is the Bashaw reef complex, where fluids move vertically upward across the Ireton aquitard and into the overlying Nisku aquifer. Regionally, fluids in the Nisku aquifer move up-dip to the northeast, except over the Bashaw area, where they are met from below by the ascending fluids from the Leduc aquifer. The critical control on petroleum trapping in both the Leduc and Nisku formations appears to be the thickness of the intervening Ireton aquitard. Geological mapping has identified 28 wells in the Bashaw area where the Ireton aquitard is very thin or absent, creating breaches that allow for cross-formational movement of water and hydrocarbons. Trapping in both the Leduc and Nisku formations can be correlated with the thickness of the Ireton aquitard. In the southern part of the Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trend, trapping conditions are slightly different with many Leduc reefs filled to capacity. However, some hydrocarbons must have migrated across the Ireton aquitard, because there has been scattered production from the Nisku Formation. The results of this study demonstrate the role regional fluid flow and cross-formational flow play in hydrocarbon migration and entrapment in the subsurface. Considering the findings from the Bashaw area, it may be possible to apply the concept of vertical migration through thin shales to explore for other traps above Leduc reefs.
Ascending Fluid Plumes Above Devonian Pinnacle Reefs: Numerical Modeling and Field Example from West-Central Alberta, Canada Available to Purchase
Abstract Hydrocarbon plumes emanating from breached reservoirs alter the subsurface environment through which they pass. The detection of these plumes and their alteration effects form the basis for most surface geochemical exploration programs. The mechanics of plume generation and migration, however, remain poorly understood in a quantitative sense, which can lead to reduced exploration success. A two-part study incorporating numerical simulations and field mapping was conducted to better understand the generation and subsequent migration of hydrocarbon plumes in the subsurface. Numerical simulations of oil and water flow show that plume generation is controlled by the hydraulic properties of the system: the driving or “leaking factors” (oil/water density contrast and regional hydraulic gradient) and the resisting or “sealing factors” (entry capillary pressure and intrinsic permeability). Field mapping delineated a plume of saline water (>100 g/L dissolved solids) in the Mannville Group aquifer that appears to result from the mixing of vertically migrating saline Devonian waters with the more dilute Mannville waters. Saline water and oil leak upward out of Leduc pinnacle reefs, through the overlying Ireton aquitard, and into the Nisku aquifer. Numerous smaller oil plumes coalesce in the Nisku aquifer and continue to migrate vertically up into the Mannville Group aquifer. The results have four implications for hydrocarbon exploration: (1) the formation of saline plumes above pinnacle reefs is controlled by the hydraulic properties of the flow domain; (2) geochemical exploration for Devonian pinnacle reefs has to be conducted at the Mannville Group level; (3) there will be little, if any, surface expression of Devonian hydrocarbon plumes in west-central Alberta; and (4) the saline plume may reach the surface in other areas of the basin where ascending fluid flow occurs and the Mannville Group is closer to the surface.
Map view showing the extent of the Nisku Formation saline aquifer in westce... Available to Purchase
Comprehensive Characterization of a Potential Site for CO 2 Geological Storage in Central Alberta, Canada Available to Purchase
Abstract Asignificant number of large CO 2 emitters are located in central Alberta, Canada, including four coal-fired power plants in the Wabamun Lake area, with cumulative annual emissions in the order of 30 million metric tons CO 2 . To help industry and regulatory agencies in selecting and permitting sites for CO 2 storage, proper characterization is essential, covering the principal aspects of CO 2 storage: capacity, injectivity, and confinement. The sedimentary succession in the Wabamun Lake area southwest of Edmonton was identified as a potential CO 2 storage site because it would minimize transportation needs and costs from the large CO 2 sources in the vicinity. A wealth of data on stratigraphy and lithology; fluid compositions; rock properties; and geothermal, geomechanical, and pressure regimes were used to create and characterize a comprehensive three-dimensional model of the deep saline aquifers in the area that could be CO 2 storage targets. These aquifers have sufficient capacity to accept and store large volumes of supercritical CO 2 at the appropriate depth and are overlain by thick confining shale units. Initial calculations and modeling of CO 2 injection into the Devonian Nisku carbonate aquifer suggest that dissolution and residual saturation of CO 2 limit the lateral CO 2 plume spread considerably. Hypothetical injection of 12.5 million tonnes/yr of CO 2 for 30 yr would result in a maximum plume spread of less than 15 km (9 mi) in diameter. However, multiple injection wells would be needed to inject this large amount of CO 2 to maintain bottomhole injection pressures below the rock-fracturing threshold.
Regional-Scale Hydrogeology of the Upper Devonian-Lower Cretaceous Sedimentary Succession, South-Central Alberta Basin, Canada Available to Purchase
The Relation between Stratigraphic Elements, Pressure Regime, and Hydrocarbons in the Alberta Deep Basin (with Emphasis on Select Mesozoic Units): Discussion Available to Purchase
The Relation between Stratigraphic Elements, Pressure Regime, and Hydrocarbons in the Alberta Deep Basin (with Emphasis on Select Mesozoic Units) Available to Purchase
Pressure-elevation plot for the Nisku Formation in the study area. Note tha... Available to Purchase
Geochemical characteristics of formation waters from the Devonian Nisku, Ju... Available to Purchase
Significant geological features in the study area. (a) Location of the reef... Available to Purchase
Application of reservoir geology studies to enhanced oil recovery schemes in Upper Devonian Nisku reef reservoirs, Alberta Available to Purchase
Assessment of potential groundwater contamination by migration of EOR production fluids Available to Purchase
Reservoir quality analysis: an overview Available to Purchase
Gas Transportation in the 1990’s Available to Purchase
Fingerprinting “Stray” Formation Fluids Associated and Production with Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production Available to Purchase
Geothermal exploration of Paleozoic formations in Central Alberta Available to Purchase
The Role of Cementation in the Diagenetic History of Devonian Reefs, Western Canada Available to Purchase
Abstract Devonian (Givetian and Frasnian) reef reservoirs in Alberta and British Columbia contain 60% of the conventional, recoverable oil and 20% of the recoverable gas in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Although the depositional history of these reefs is well understood, it is the diagenetic “overprint” that is often responsible for their reservoir quality. This paper discusses diagenetic facies common to many Devonian reefs and assesses the role of cementation in controlling reservoir quality. Frasnian (Woodbend and Beaverhill Lake Group) reefs are characterized by stromatoporoid and coral knoll reef belts deposited near moderately sloping bank edges. Bank interiors are commonly extensive and characterized by cyclic deposition of grainstone shoals and lagoonal and tidal flat sediments. Certain Givetian reefs found in evaporite basins usually occur as areally small, “pinnacle” reefs with steep (>20°) margins and only minor bank interior development. Givetian reefs studied include the “Presqu'ile” reef complex in northeast British Columbia and Rainbow Member “pinnacle” reefs in northwest Alberta. Frasinian reefs examined in Alberta include: (1) Swan Hills, Judy Creek, Carson Creek, North (Beaverhill Lake Group); (2) Golden Spike, Redwater, Strachan, Ricinus (Woodbend Group); and (3) Nisku reefs at West Pembina (Winterburn Group). Most reefs have been subjected to diagenesis in essentially three environments: (1) submarine (syndepositional, marine to hypersaline pore waters); (2) subaerial (fresh to marine pore waters); and (3) subsurface (well below phreatic aquifers, saline to brackish pore waters). Fibrous and bladed calcite cements, submarine “cracks”, micrite cements, and bored hardgrounds are typical submarine diagenetic fabrics, particularly at bank margins. Submarine cements in reef interiors occur as micro-crystalline or finely crystalline, fibrous, or drusy calcite rims on carbonate grains or as isopachous linings of fenestral pores. Subaerial disconformities are common in most reefs, and associated vadose diagenesis produced localized paleosols, micro-stalactitic cements, and zones with abundant solution porosity. Phreatic cements are predominantly non-ferroan, clear spar calcite with varied Fe2+ and Mn:+ concentrations. Subsurface cementation produced ferroan and non-ferroan calcites and dolomites which in many cases can be related to stylolite formation. Other subsurface diagenesis includes dolomite and anhydrite replacement, sulfide mineralization, and bitumen formation. The major diagenetic influences on limestone porosity are cementation and solution. Submarine cements are commonly extensive in reef margins and in Golden Spike and Rainbow reefs accounting for over 70% of the total cement volume. As submarine cements decrease in importance, porosity generally improves. Alternating cementation and solution associated with fresh water vadose/phreatic environments and localized cementation associated with stylolites is characteristic of most reef interiors. These processes enhance depositionally-controlled layering and produce interbedded porous and well cemented units. This type of “diagenetic stratigraphy” results in stratified reservoirs with numerous permeability barriers which can seriously hamper hydrocarbon recovery. In the subsurface environment, chemical compaction (pressure solution) and associated calcite and minor dolomite cementation are the most important processes affecting reservoir quality. In Swan Hills and “Presqu'ile” reefs, subsurface cements account for over 55% of the total cement volume. In contrast, subsurface cements represent less than 15% of the total cement volume in Rainbow reefs and certain Leduc reefs (Golden Spike, Redwater). The relative lack of subsurface cements helps to preserve reef porosity that survived early cementation.