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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Newberry Mountain Fanglomerate
Stratigraphic evidence for the role of lake spillover in the inception of the lower Colorado River in southern Nevada and western Arizona Available to Purchase
Late Miocene and early Pliocene sediments exposed along the lower Colorado River near Laughlin, Nevada, contain evidence that establishment of this reach of the river after 5.6 Ma involved flooding from lake spillover through a bedrock divide between Cottonwood Valley to the north and Mohave Valley to the south. Lacustrine marls interfingered with and conformably overlying a sequence of post–5.6 Ma fine-grained valley-fill deposits record an early phase of intermittent lacustrine inundation restricted to Cottonwood Valley. Limestone, mud, sand, and minor gravel of the Bouse Formation were subsequently deposited above an unconformity. At the north end of Mohave Valley, a coarse-grained, lithologically distinct fluvial conglomerate separates subaerial, locally derived fan deposits from subaqueous deposits of the Bouse Formation. We interpret this key unit as evidence for overtopping and catastrophic breaching of the paleodivide immediately before deep lacustrine inundation of both valleys. Exposures in both valleys reveal a substantial erosional unconformity that records drainage of the lake and predates the arrival of sediment of the through-going Colorado River. Subsequent river aggradation culminated in the Pliocene between 4.1 and 3.3 Ma. The stratigraphic associations and timing of this drainage transition are consistent with geochemical evidence linking lacustrine conditions to the early Colorado River, the timings of drainage integration and canyon incision on the Colorado Plateau, the arrival of Colorado River sand at its terminus in the Salton Trough, and a downstream-directed mode of river integration common in areas of crustal extension.
Paleogeomorphology and evolution of the early Colorado River inferred from relationships in Mohave and Cottonwood valleys, Arizona, California, and Nevada Open Access
Tertiary Stratigraphic Units of Western Mojave Desert, California Available to Purchase
Post–12 Ma deformation in the lower Colorado River corridor, southwestern USA: Implications for diffuse transtension and the Bouse Formation Open Access
Birth of the lower Colorado River—Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for its inception near the conjunction of Nevada, Arizona, and California Available to Purchase
Abstract A detailed record of the late Cenozoic history of the lower Colorado River can be inferred from alluvial and (likely) lacustrine stratigraphy exposed in dissected alluvial basins below the mouth of the Grand Canyon. Numerous sites in Mohave, Cottonwood, and Detrital valleys contain stratigraphic records that directly bear on the mode, timing, and consequences of the river’s inception and integration in the latest Miocene–early Pliocene and its subsequent evolution through the Pleistocene. This field trip guide describes and illustrates many of these key stratigraphic relationships and, in particular, highlights evidence that supports the hypothesis of cascading lake-overflow as the principal formative mechanism of the river’s course downstream from the Grand Canyon.
A late Miocene–early Pliocene chain of lakes fed by the Colorado River: Evidence from Sr, C, and O isotopes of the Bouse Formation and related units between Grand Canyon and the Gulf of California Available to Purchase
An integrated geophysical imaging of the upper-crustal features in the Harney Basin, southeast Oregon Open Access
Formation, evolution, and inversion of the middle Tertiary Diligencia basin, Orocopia Mountains, southern California Available to Purchase
The Southern Washington Cascades Conductor—A Previously Unrecognized Thick Sedimentary Sequence? Available to Purchase
Cenozoic evolution of the abrupt Colorado Plateau–Basin and Range boundary, northwest Arizona: A tale of three basins, immense lacustrine-evaporite deposits, and the nascent Colorado River Available to Purchase
Abstract In northwest Arizona, the relatively unextended Colorado Plateau gives way abruptly to the highly extended Colorado River extensional corridor within the Basin and Range province along a system of major west-dipping normal faults, including the Grand Wash fault zone and South Virgin–White Hills detachment fault. Large growth-fault basins developed in the hanging walls of these faults. Lowering of base level in the corridor facilitated development of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon. This trip explores stratigraphic constraints on the timing of deformation and paleogeographic evolution of the region. Highlights include growth-fault relations that constrain the timing of structural demarcation between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range, major fault zones, synextensional megabreccia deposits, nonmarine carbonate and halite deposits that immediately predate arrival of the Colorado River, and a basalt flow interbedded with Colorado River sediments. Structural and stratigraphic relations indicate that the current physiography of the Colorado Plateau–Basin and Range boundary in northwest Arizona began developing ca. 16 Ma, was essentially established by 13 Ma, and has changed little since ca. 8 Ma. The antiquity and abruptness of this boundary, as well as the stratigraphic record, suggest significant headward erosion into the high-standing plateau in middle Miocene time. Thick late Miocene evaporite and lacustrine deposits indicate that a long period of internal drainage followed the onset of extension. The widespread distribution of such deposits may signify, however, a large influx of surface waters and/or groundwater from the Colorado Plateau possibly from a precursor to the Colorado River. Stratigraphic relations bracket arrival of a through-flowing Colorado River between 5.6 and 4.4 Ma.
A river is born: Highlights of the geologic evolution of the Colorado River extensional corridor and its river: A field guide honoring the life and legacy of Warren Hamilton Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The Colorado River extensional corridor, which stretched by a factor of 2 in the Miocene, left a series of lowland basins and intervening bedrock ranges that, at the dawn of the Pliocene, were flooded by Colorado River water newly diverted from the Colorado Plateau through Grand Canyon. This water and subsequent sediment gave birth, through a series of overflowing lakes, to an integrated Colorado River flowing to the newly opened Gulf of California. Topock Gorge, which the river now follows between the Chemehuevi and Mohave Mountains, is a major focus of this field guide, as it very nicely exposes structural, stratigraphic, and magmatic aspects of the Miocene extensional corridor, a core complex, and detachment faults as well as a pre-Cenozoic batholith. Topock Gorge also is the inferred site of a paleodivide between early Pliocene basins of newly arrived Colorado River water. Overspilling of its upstream lake breached the divide and led the river southward. The Bouse Formation in this and other basins records the pre–river integration water bodies. Younger riverlaid deposits including the Bullhead Alluvium (Pliocene) and the Chemehuevi Formation (Pleistocene) record subsequent evolution of the Colorado River through a succession of aggradational and re-incision stages. Their stratigraphic record provides evidence of local basin deepening after river inception, but little deformation on a regional scale of the river valley in the last 4 m.y. except in the Lake Mead area. There, faults interrupt both the paleoriver grade and incision rates, and are interpreted to record 100’s of m of true uplift of the Colorado Plateau. Warren Hamilton’s insightful work beginning in the 1950s helped set the stage for interpretation of Mesozoic orogeny and Cenozoic extension in this region, as well as the record of the Bouse Formation.
Insights into post-Miocene uplift of the western margin of the Colorado Plateau from the stratigraphic record of the lower Colorado River Open Access
Cretaceous Sedimentation and Orogeny in Nuclear Central America Available to Purchase
Permian System of Colorado Plateau Available to Purchase
Basin inversion and supercontinent assembly as drivers of sediment-hosted Pb–Zn mineralization in the Mount Isa region, northern Australia Available to Purchase
Geology and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology of the middle Miocene McDermitt volcanic field, Oregon and Nevada: Silicic volcanism associated with propagating flood basalt dikes at initiation of the Yellowstone hotspot Available to Purchase
Miocene magmatism and coeval crustal extension in the Colorado River and Death Valley extensional terrains (IGCP-510) Available to Purchase
Abstract Ernie Anderson, Lauren Wright, and Bennie Troxel were among the first to rec-ognize the coeval nature of magmatism and crustal extension in the Colorado River and Death Valley extensional terrains, respectively. The earliest magmatic rocks in the Colorado River extensional terrain include the 15.7 Ma Aztec Wash and 15.8-16.9 Ma Searchlight plutons as well as the 15.3-17.4 Ma Spirit Mountain batholith. The Aztec Wash and Searchlight plutons are well exposed, stratified plutons that show a similar range in composition from 45 to 75 wt% SiO 2 . Homogeneous granites that compose about one-third of each intrusion are nearly identical in texture, major- and trace-element geochemistry, and isotopic composition; mafic rocks that are present in both plutons document basaltic input into felsic magma chambers. Isotopic data suggest that mafic magmas were derived from enriched lithospheric mantle with minor crust-al contamination; the more felsic rocks crystallized from hybrid melts that represent mixtures of juvenile basaltic magma + crustal melt, or products of anatexis of ancient crust + young mafic magmas that underplate the crust during extension. Although emplacement generally proceeded peak east-west extension, the Aztec Wash pluton is in part coeval with extension in the Colorado River extensional terrain, as indicated by the uniform north-south orientation of late dikes and mafic injections into the magma chamber. The Spirit Mountain batholith is more homogeneous and felsic than the Aztec Wash and Searchlight plutons; granite composition varies from 66.6 to 76.4 wt% SiO 2 across the batholith. Geochemical and isotopic data suggest that granites within the Spirit Mountain batholith may be derived by the melting of K-feldspar-dominated crust that includes both ancient and juvenile rocks, or by other processes involving fresh mantle input and Proterozoic rocks deep in the Miocene crust. The oldest and youngest plutonic rocks coeval with crustal extension in the Death Valley extensional terrain are the 12.4 Ma granite of Kingston Peak and the 9.8 Ma Shoshone pluton, respectively. Both plutons are texturally zoned and are charac-terized by rapakivi textures. Chemical and isotopic data suggest that the granite of Kingston Peak represents a partial melt of Mesozoic plutonic rocks at mid-crustal levels; the juvenile isotopic composition of this granite as well as the Shoshone plu-ton probably reflects post-subduction hybridization of mantle-derived mafic magmas with the crustal melt. Keywords: magmatism, crustal extension, Colorado River, Death Valley.
SEG Newsletter 31 (October) Available to Purchase
SEG Newsletter 16 (January) Available to Purchase
Structural inheritance in Carolinia, external to the excised Rheic Suture: Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA. Available to Purchase
Abstract Phanerozoic reactivations of basement fault zones are documented in 5000 m of basement core recovered from beneath the updip Atlantic Coastal Plain underlying the US Department of Energy Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina. These basement fault zones are adjacent to the excised Rheic Ocean suture. Meta-intrusive rocks from c. 620 and 625 Ma contain a mylonitic fabric and intrude foliated mafic metavolcanic rocks. At c. 305 Ma, granulite facies orthogneisses were thrust over amphibolite facies meta-igneous rocks in the transpressive Tinker Creek Nappe. The overturned limb of the nappe localizes the Triassic Dunbarton Basin Border Fault. The border fault acted as a conduit for fluids in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. At c. 220 ± 5 Ma, a potassium and silica metasomatic event affected the SRS basement. A propylitic event flushed reducing fluids through rocks as young as the Santonian. The remains of a Triassic sub-basin were identified in the northwesten part of the site. A Cretaceous and younger vein paragenesis overprints the previous events. More than 30 pseudotachylytes are found in the SRS basement and are preferentially localized on metasomatized Alleghanian chloritic fractures. Pseudotachylyte post-dates mineralized fractures. The Pen Branch Fault offsets the basement–Cretaceous unconformity and is present in c. 242 m of core between PBF-7-419 m and PBF-7-660.8 m. The Pen Branch Fault cross-cuts mineralized fractures and must post-date strike-normal zeolites.