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NARROW
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Naran Pakistan
Structural evidence for back sliding of the Kohistan arc in the collisional system of northwest Pakistan
Cenozoic kinematic history of the Kohistan fault in the Pakistan Himalaya
a – Regional tectonic lines delineating different tectonic features; b –...
Effects of volume and topographic parameters on rockfall travel distance: a case study from NW Himalayas, Pakistan
Index to volume 50
The multistage exhumation history of the Kaghan Valley UH P series, NW Himalaya, Pakistan from U-Pb and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages
Exhumation of early Tertiary, coesite-bearing eclogites from the Pakistan Himalaya
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes and its Surrounding
Detailed Investigation of Dolomites in the Middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation, Kahi Section, Nizampur Basin, North-Western Himalayas (Pakistan)
GEM OLIVINE AND CALCITE MINERALIZATION PRECIPITATED FROM SUBDUCTION-DERIVED FLUIDS IN THE KOHISTAN ARC-MANTLE (PAKISTAN)
High-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism preserved in the Indus-Yarlung suture zone of the eastern Himalaya: Overprinting at amphibolite facies and comparison with occurrences in the western Himalaya
Abstract The Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) represents the tectonic boundary between metamorphic shield and platform rock of the Indian plate hinterland, and dominantly mafic and ultramafic rock of the Kohistan-Ladakh arc complex in Pakistan. In some areas, this boundary is a sharp planar fault with development of mylonite; in other areas, it is a brittle-ductile imbricate zone; in still other areas, it contains large, discontinuous, slices of internally sheared and deformed ophiolitic mélange. The character of the MMT along its entire trace is discussed and it is concluded that there is no single continuous fault which marks the contact between the Indian plate and the Kohistan-Ladakh arc. On this basis, we propose a revised definition for the MMT that is consistent with both the original definition and with the usage of the term in literature. We suggest that the MMT fault contact be defined as the series of faults, of different age and tectonic history, that collectively define the northern margin of the Indian plate in Pakistan. On this basis, faults that define the MMT vary in age from Quaternary to possibly as old as Late Cretaceous. Discontinuous lenses of ophiolitic mélange that overlie the MMT fault contact, and which intervene between the Indian plate and the Kohistan-Ladakh arc, are considered to be part of an MMT zone that is equivalent with the Indus Suture Zone.
Abstract Regional metamorphic rocks in the Pakistan Himalaya include both UHP coesite eclogite-facies and MP/T kyanite–sillimanite-grade Barrovian metamorphic rocks. Age data show that peak metamorphism of both was c. 47 Ma. 40 Ar– 39 Ar hornblende cooling ages date post-peak metamorphic cooling of both through 500 °C by 40 Ma, some 20 Ma earlier than for metamorphic rocks in the central and eastern Himalaya. Typically these ages have been explained by obduction of the Kohistan arc onto the Indian plate at about 50 Ma and India–Asia collision. We suggest instead that the earlier metamorphic and cooling ages of the Pakistani Barrovian metamorphic sequence could be partially explained by Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene crustal thickening linked to obduction of an ophiolite thrust sheet onto the leading edge of the Indian plate, similar to the Spontang Ophiolite in Ladakh. Heating following on from this Paleocene crustal thickening explains peak Barrovian metamorphism within 5–10 Ma of subsequent obduction of Kohistan. Remnants of the ophiolite sheet, and underlying Tethyan sediments, are preserved in NW India and in western Pakistan but not in northern Pakistan. Tectonic erosion removed all cover sequences (including the ophiolites) from the Indian plate basement.
Two-phase exhumation of ultra high-pressure and medium-pressure Indian Plate rocks from the Pakistan Himalaya
Abstract The Indian Plate rocks of NW Pakistan contain evidence for both Eocene and Miocene phases of post peak metamorphic exhumation. The Eocene phase shortly followed peak synchronous ultra high-pressure (UHP) and Barrovian metamorphism and was driven by the rapid return towards the surface of deeply buried, positively buoyant coesite-bearing UHP rocks, flanked by thrusts below and extensional shears above. Uplift of the UHP rocks contributed to crustal thickening and resulted in internal imbrication of the Barrovian metamorphic rocks onto which they were thrust. The Eocene and Miocene events were separated by a phase of large-amplitude and -wavelength folding. Upright folds related to this event have shallow WNW or ESE plunges. Quartz c -axis data suggest that the maximum stretching direction paralleled the fold axes. During the Miocene the Main Mantle Thrust was reactivated as a major top-side-north extensional fault zone. Cascading folds on its hanging wall and cascading folds and a variety of ductile to brittle top-side-north meso- and microstructures on its footwall document significant top-side-north movement. The driving force for Miocene extension is unlikely to be channel flow as suggested for the central Himalaya. Instead, rapid shortening of the overriding plate following Late Oligocene slab break-off could have destabilized the wedge and driven extension in its upper parts.
Seismological Society of America members: March 31, 1966
Eclogites and other high-pressure rocks in the Himalaya: a review
Abstract Himalayan high-pressure metamorphic rocks are restricted to three environments: the suture zone; close to the suture zone; and (mostly) far (>100 km) from the suture zone. In the NW Himalaya and South Tibet, Cretaceous-age blueschists (glaucophane-, lawsonite- or carpholite-bearing schists) formed in the accretionary wedge of the subducting Neo-Tethys. Microdiamond and associated phases from suture-zone ophiolites (Luobusa and Nidar) are, however, unrelated to Himalayan subduction–collision processes. Deeply subducted and rapidly exhumed Indian Plate basement and cover rocks directly adjacent to the suture zone enclose eclogites of Eocene age, some coesite-bearing (Kaghan/Neelum and Tso Morari), formed from Permian Panjal Trap, continental-type, basaltic magmatic rocks. Eclogites with a granulite-facies overprint, yielding Oligocene–Miocene ages, occur in the anatectic cordierite ± sillimanite-grade Indian Plate mostly significantly south of the suture zone (Kharta/Ama Drime/Arun, north Sikkim and NW Bhutan) but also directly at the suture zone at Namche Barwa. The sequence carpholite-, coesite-, kyanite- and cordierite-bearing rocks of these different units demonstrates the transition from oceanic subduction to continental collision via continental subduction. The granulitized eclogites in anatectic gneisses preserve evidence of former thick crust as in other wide hot orogens, such as the European Variscides.
Seismological Society of America members: June 1, 1963
Seismological Society of America members: August 1, 1969
Abstract This paper presents the results of a petrographical and mineral chemical study of glaucophane- and barroisite-bearing eclogites from the Upper Kaghan nappe in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines of the Pakistan Himalaya, and discusses the implications of the P–T path recorded in such rocks for the tectonic and metamorphic history of the NW Himalaya. The eclogites described here come from a previously undescribed outcrop at Gittidas, but belong to the same suite as the garnet-omphacite-phengite-quartz-rutile eclogites previously described elsewhere in the Upper Kaghan nappe. The metamorphic peak assemblage is garnet omphacite-rutile-quartz in glaucophane eclogite and garnet-omphacite-zoisite-rutile ± kyanite ± phengite ± ankerite in barroisite eclogite. Most samples contain a significant amount of amphibole, white mica and quartz. White mica may be present either as part of the peak assemblage (phengite) or as a retrogressive phase after kyanite (paragonite). Amphibole is later than the metamorphic peak assemblage and is barroisite in most samples, but in relatively Fe-rich eclogite it is glaucophane with significant Na in the A site, Ca in the M4 site and tetrahedral Al. Garnet displays strong prograde zoning in the barroisite eclogites, with Mg increasing and Fe decreasing from core to rim. The iron-rich core is crowded with mineral inclusions of the peak assemblage, but inclusions of earlier paragonite, green and blue-green amphibole were also found. Peak metamorphic conditions in the barroisite eclogites have been estimated at T = 610 ± 30 °C and P = 24 ± 2 kbar from Fe/Mg partition in garnet omphacite pairs, and from the garnet-omphacite-phengite barometer. These values are close to the equilibration conditions estimated for the eclogites of the North Himalayan Tso-Morari Dome. Strong similarities between metamorphic evolution of the Upper Kaghan nappe and metamorphic evolution of the eclogite-bearing units of the Neelum valley just to the east of the Kaghan valley indicate that the eclogite occurrences of the Kaghan-Neelum area define an eclogite-bearing terrane of regional extent, which was subjected to high pressure metamorphism in middle Eocene times. A comparison of the metamorphic evolution recorded in the eclogites of the NW Himalaya with that of the granulitized eclogites recently discovered in the E Himalaya suggests the possibility of a Himalaya-wide eclogitic metamorphism of pre-Miocene age. Therefore, the main difference between the Higher Himalayan Crystalline nappes of the NW Himalaya and those of the E Himalaya appears to lie less in the early part of their metamorphic evolution than in the different P–T paths they followed during exhumation.