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Mungo Field
Abstract The Mungo Field is a mature producing asset located in the UK Central North Sea. Discovered in 1989 and brought on production in 1998, it is the largest field within the Eastern Trough Area Project (ETAP). Production occurs via a normally unattended installation and is tied back to the ETAP Central Processing Facility. It is a pierced, four-way dip closure against a salt diapir. Light oil is present within steeply dipping Late Paleocene sandstone and Early Paleocene–Late Cretaceous chalk intervals. The vertical relief of the salt stock is around 1500 m TVDSS and top of the salt canopy lies at about 1350 m TVDSS. The Paleocene sandstones (Forties Sandstone Member of the Sele Formation, Lista Formation and Maureen Formation) make up the primary reservoir and have been extensively developed in three phases since 1998 under water injection and natural depletion. The sandstones were deposited as deep-water turbidite complexes (submarine fans with local channels) on and around the flanks of the rising salt diapir. More recently, successful stimulation of the Chalk Group, coupled with re-evaluation of core and well-log data, has indicated that economic production rates could also be achieved from the underlying fractured chalk reservoir.
Mungo Field UK North Sea 22/20,23/16a: Stratigraphy, salt diapirs and reservoir development (or ‘The Riddle of the Sands’)
Abstract Mungo is an oil and gas field located within the Eastern Trough of the UK central North Sea. It comprises a salt diapir flank structure reservoired within Paleocene turbidite sandstones. Biostratigraphical data from early wells indicated extreme geological complexity; reworking, caving and injection were all invoked. Using the principle that the dinocystgenus Apectodinium did not migrate into the North Sea until Unit S1a of the Forties Sandstone Member, interpretation centred on the last downhole occurrence (LDO) of this genus. Once established, this ’golden spike’ became the key to interpreting well stratigraphy. The complexity thereby imposed fitted notional models of a ’Forties melange’ reservoir, with older sediments slumped off the growing diapir during the time of Forties deposition. Inter-well correlation was rendered doubtful and the role of biostratigraphy downgraded. Continued development drilling induced a further attempt to unravel this complexity. Emphasis was changed, downplaying the Apectodinium driven model, seeking instead any evidence of an in situ stratigraphy. Re-examination of biostratigraphical and core material, combined with heavy mineral analysis, has recognized a full ’normal’ Paleocene succession in which five layers can be correlated. The prime reservoir is now assigned to the Maureen Formation, albeit with significant volumes of the Forties Sandstone Member structurally emplaced, presumably by injection, entraining fossiliferous Forties muds. Possible mechanisms for injection are discussed.
4D acquisition and processing: a North Sea case study on the relative contributions to improved 4D repeatability
Abstract Using a case study from the Mungo Field in the Central North Sea, we investigate the relative impact of acquisition and processing improvements on 4D seismic repeatability. The results show that, while advancements in both have helped to reduce 4D noise, significant noise reduction can be attributed to processing alone. 4D noise can be thought of as any non-production-related amplitudes that are observable on a 4D difference section, and has both random and coherent components. Both are undesirable as they can mask any real 4D signal. A great deal of effort is employed to reduce noise levels by optimizing acquisition and processing between the 3D surveys, which are differenced to highlight the 4D signal. This paper studies the changes introduced by acquisition and processing improvements using the calibrated difference in reflectivity measure.
Powell, A. J. & Riding, J. B. 2006. Recent Developments in Applied Biostratigraphy. The Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications. v + 245 pp.: London, Bath: Geological Society of London, for the Micropalaeonological Society. Price £85.00, US $153.00; TMS member price £42.50, US $77.00; GSL member price £51.00, US $92.00 (hard covers). ISBN 1 86239 187 4.
Abstract This volume in the Special Publication Series of The Micropalaeontological Society (TMS) is the result of an extremely successful joint meeting of TMS, the American Association of Strati-graphic Palynologists (AASP) and the North American Micropaleontology Section (NAMS) of SEPM that took place at University College London between 11 and 13 September 2002. The main theme of this international meeting was ’ Recent Developments in Applied Biostratigraphy’ and the vision was to encourage trans-Atlantic exchange of ideas, ultimately to seed new research initiatives. In particular, the aim was to develop an integrated multidisciplinary approach in both the academic and industrial realms. The editors hope that through publication of this volume, this goal will have been realized. The conveners of the meeting were: James Powell (Dinosystems) acting as TMS Secretary at the time; James Riding (British Geological Survey) acting as both TMS Treasurer and AASP President-Elect at the time; Chris Denison (ChevronTexaco) representing AASP; Tom Dignes (ExxonMobil) representing NAMS; Rachel Preece (ChevronTexaco) representing TMS in the USA; Alan Lord (UCL) acting as Local Secretary; Sue Mathews (UCL) providing Local Support. Over 200 delegates registered for the meeting from 25 countries (Argentina, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Trinidad, UK, USA and Venezuela). A group photograph of the delegates was published in the AASP journal Palynology (vol. 27, pp. 270, 271)
Prof. S. N. Rajaguru (1933-2022)
The geological and historical milieu of an ornamental cephalopod limestone (‘orthoceratite limestone’, Ordovician, Sweden) used in the Clerk Mausoleum (1684), St Mungo's Kirkyard, Penicuik, Scotland
Dietary responses of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea) megafauna to climate and environmental change
Timelines for Human Evolution and Dispersals
Exploration and development of Ceiba Field, Rio Muni Basin, Southern Equatorial Guinea
Overpressure distributions in Palaeogene reservoirs of the UK Central North Sea and implications for lateral and vertical fluid flow
DEPICTING THE INVISIBLE: WELWITSCH’S MAP OF TRAVELLERS IN AFRICA
Creeping soil
Surface moisture−induced feedback in aeolian environments
Bathymetric Control on Paleocene Gravity Flows Around Salt Domes in the Central Graben, North Sea
Abstract North Sea Central Graben salt diapirs grew by both passive downbuilding and active compressional reactivation during deposition of large Paleocene age turbidite fans derived from the uplifted Scottish platform. Once downbuilding diapirs were buried by more than approximately 200 m of overburden, including some Late Cretaceous chalk, very little bathymetric relief (<20 m) was present over the salt domes, and turbidites could flow across the crests of the salt diapirs. Diapirs having less, or no, overburden present during the Paleocene created more bathymetric relief (ranging between approximately 100 to 300 m), which diverted turbidite flows around the diapirs. Consequently, sandstones are absent on the crest of these salt domes, and high angle onlap reflectors are present on the diapir flanks. The turbidite sandstones close to the diapirs show large amounts of slumping and soft sediment deformation where the paleo-topographic relief was high during deposition ( e.g. , South Pierce, Merganser diapirs). This can have a slightly detrimental effect on oil recovery, but apparently not productivity, if the affected sequence contains shales. Some diapirs ( e.g. Jenny and Kyle, Fig. 1 ) are flanked by Paleocene debris flows containing lithified chalk fragments and occasionally reworked Zechstein evaporites indicating that the salt diapirs were emergent, or had high local sea bed relief. These flows can constitute high quality reservoirs due to the large amount of inter-clast porosity and later fracturing. Figure 1. Regional map of the Central North Sea, showing approximate limit of Paleocene sandstone (yellow), salt diapirs (pink) and oilfields (green on inset map). The inset scan with black background shows the Paleocene reflector amplitudes outlining the fans, with orange shading indicating the brightest amplitude reflectors. Compliled from Ahmadi et al. (2003) , Zanella and Coward (2003) , and PGS (2004). This study indicates the importance of analyzing the thickness and nature of the overburden present above salt crests, and the sediment onlap patterns, when turbidite deposition took place. These observations can be useful in predicting the presence, or absence, of turbidites over the crests of salt diapirs.