Update search
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (1)
-
Kenya
-
Mount Kenya (1)
-
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
Gregory Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (2)
-
-
-
Egypt (1)
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (2)
-
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (3)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Namibia (2)
-
South Africa
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
-
Swaziland (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica (1)
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Baikal region (1)
-
Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation (3)
-
Central Asia
-
Kyzylkum (2)
-
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Anhui China (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (1)
-
Guangxi China (1)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Qaidam Basin (2)
-
Qinghai China (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Sichuan China (1)
-
Sulu Terrane (1)
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (2)
-
-
Xizang China (2)
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
Yangtze River (1)
-
-
Indonesia (1)
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido (1)
-
Honshu
-
Kanto Plain (1)
-
Shiga Japan (1)
-
Tokyo Japan (1)
-
-
-
Thailand (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (2)
-
Karnataka India (1)
-
Madhya Pradesh India
-
Sidhi India (1)
-
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India
-
Aravalli Range (1)
-
-
Tamil Nadu India
-
Chennai India (1)
-
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Chamoli India (1)
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
West Bengal India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir Valley (1)
-
-
Pakistan
-
Baluchistan Pakistan (1)
-
North-West Frontier Pakistan (1)
-
-
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
-
-
Karakoram (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
Lake Baikal (4)
-
Main Central Thrust (1)
-
Middle East
-
Israel
-
Galilee (1)
-
Negev (1)
-
-
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (2)
-
-
Siberia (2)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Southeast Asia (1)
-
Tajikistan (2)
-
Tibetan Plateau (2)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Yamal (1)
-
-
-
Uzbekistan
-
Samarkand Uzbekistan (1)
-
Tashkent Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
-
North Sea
-
Brent Field (1)
-
Statfjord Field (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (2)
-
Northern Territory Australia (2)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Denison Trough (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Flinders Ranges (1)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Kalgoorlie Australia (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Taupo volcanic zone (1)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (1)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cumberland County Nova Scotia
-
Joggins Fossil Cliffs (1)
-
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Kidd Creek Mine (1)
-
-
Hamilton Ontario (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Nunavut (2)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (11)
-
Athabasca Oil Sands (1)
-
Calgary Alberta (3)
-
Dinosaur Provincial Park (8)
-
Drumheller Alberta (2)
-
Fort McMurray Alberta (1)
-
Peace River Arch (2)
-
Red Deer River valley (1)
-
-
Athabasca Basin (1)
-
British Columbia
-
Saanich Inlet (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (4)
-
Crowsnest Pass (1)
-
Manitoba (10)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
Lac de Gras (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan
-
Saskatoon Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Jamaica (1)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Trinidad and Tobago
-
Trinidad (1)
-
-
-
-
Bahamas (1)
-
-
-
Cascadia subduction zone (1)
-
Central America
-
Belize (1)
-
Guatemala (1)
-
Panama
-
Panama Canal Zone (1)
-
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
Kyzylkum (2)
-
Russian Federation
-
Baikal region (1)
-
Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation (3)
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Lake Baikal (4)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Yamal (1)
-
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Tajikistan (2)
-
Urals (1)
-
Uzbekistan
-
Samarkand Uzbekistan (1)
-
Tashkent Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Kauai County Hawaii (1)
-
-
-
Eel River basin (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Julian Alps (1)
-
-
Western Alps (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic (1)
-
Germany
-
Geisel Valley (1)
-
Mainz Basin (1)
-
North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
-
Cologne Germany (1)
-
-
Saxony-Anhalt Germany
-
Halle Germany (1)
-
-
-
Hungary (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Slovakian Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Switzerland
-
Basel Switzerland (1)
-
-
Upper Rhine Graben (2)
-
-
Pannonian Basin
-
Slovakian Pannonian Basin (1)
-
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Rhine River (3)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Crete (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Almeria Spain
-
Cerro del Hoyazo Spain (1)
-
-
Huelva Spain
-
Rio Tinto Spain (1)
-
-
Seville Spain
-
Aznalcollar Spain (1)
-
-
-
Catalonia Spain
-
Lleida Spain (1)
-
-
Galicia Spain (1)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines (1)
-
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy (1)
-
Latium Italy
-
Rome Italy (1)
-
-
Piemonte Italy (1)
-
Sardinia Italy (1)
-
-
Romania
-
Transylvania (1)
-
-
-
Variscides (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Belgium (2)
-
France
-
Adour Basin (1)
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Bouches-du-Rhone France
-
Rhone Delta (1)
-
-
Brittany (1)
-
Garonne River (1)
-
Mayenne France (1)
-
Moselle France (1)
-
Paris Basin (1)
-
Paris France (2)
-
Vendee France (1)
-
-
Iceland
-
Grimsvotn (1)
-
Laki (1)
-
-
Netherlands (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark
-
Bornholm (1)
-
-
Norway (2)
-
Sweden
-
Skane (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Cumbria England (1)
-
Dorset England (1)
-
London England (2)
-
Pennines (1)
-
South-West England (1)
-
Sussex England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Edinburgh Scotland (2)
-
Glasgow Scotland (1)
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Sutherland Scotland
-
Assynt (1)
-
-
-
Midlothian Scotland (1)
-
Moine thrust zone (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Front Range (1)
-
Grand Banks (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Red Sea
-
Gulf of Suez (1)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (1)
-
-
Iron Mountain (1)
-
Madison Range (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Hearne Province (4)
-
Rae Province (2)
-
Snowbird tectonic zone (1)
-
-
-
Disturbed Belt (1)
-
Glacier National Park (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (2)
-
-
Michigan Basin (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
-
North American Craton (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (4)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Absaroka Range (1)
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
Little Belt Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Sweetgrass Arch (6)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (13)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (9)
-
-
Williston Basin (3)
-
-
North Island (2)
-
North Slope (1)
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Kauai County Hawaii (1)
-
-
-
-
Pacific Coast (2)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
-
Equatorial Pacific (1)
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
-
West Pacific (1)
-
-
Peace River (2)
-
Quesnellia Terrane (1)
-
Raton Basin (1)
-
San Andreas Fault (1)
-
San Juan Basin (2)
-
Sinai (1)
-
South America
-
Andes (2)
-
Argentina (1)
-
Brazil
-
Araripe Basin (1)
-
Pernambuco Brazil (1)
-
-
Chile
-
Antofagasta Chile
-
Chuquicamata Chile (1)
-
-
-
Colombia
-
Cusiana Field (1)
-
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
Lake Titicaca (1)
-
Patagonia (1)
-
Peru (1)
-
Tierra del Fuego (1)
-
-
Sydney Basin (1)
-
Taranaki Basin (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Alabama River (1)
-
Mobile Bay (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Prudhoe Bay (1)
-
-
Anadarko Basin (1)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (2)
-
California
-
Central California (4)
-
Humboldt County California (2)
-
Mendocino County California (1)
-
San Benito County California (1)
-
Santa Cruz County California (1)
-
Sierra Nevada Batholith (1)
-
Sonoma County California (1)
-
Southern California (1)
-
-
Cheyenne Belt (1)
-
Colorado (3)
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Georgia (1)
-
Hawaii
-
Kauai County Hawaii (1)
-
-
Hudson Valley (1)
-
Idaho (4)
-
Idaho Batholith (1)
-
Illinois Basin (1)
-
Indiana
-
Marion County Indiana (1)
-
Posey County Indiana (1)
-
Vanderburgh County Indiana (1)
-
-
Iowa (1)
-
Kansas
-
Riley County Kansas (1)
-
-
Little Missouri River basin (1)
-
Maine
-
Hancock County Maine (1)
-
-
Maryland
-
Worcester County Maryland (2)
-
-
Michigan (1)
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Mississippi (1)
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Upper Mississippi Valley (1)
-
-
Missouri River (1)
-
Montana
-
Broadwater County Montana (1)
-
Fergus County Montana (1)
-
Flathead County Montana (1)
-
Garfield County Montana (2)
-
Glacier County Montana (4)
-
Hill County Montana (3)
-
Jefferson County Montana (1)
-
Liberty County Montana (2)
-
Little Belt Mountains (1)
-
Madison County Montana (1)
-
McCone County Montana (2)
-
Phillips County Montana (1)
-
Pondera County Montana (2)
-
Teton County Montana (1)
-
Toole County Montana (2)
-
-
Nebraska (1)
-
Nevada (2)
-
New Mexico
-
Sandoval County New Mexico (1)
-
-
New York
-
Adirondack Mountains (1)
-
-
North Carolina
-
New Hanover County North Carolina
-
Wilmington North Carolina (1)
-
-
-
North Dakota
-
Bowman County North Dakota (2)
-
-
Oklahoma
-
Canadian County Oklahoma (1)
-
Dewey County Oklahoma (1)
-
-
Oregon
-
Multnomah County Oregon
-
Portland Oregon (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvania
-
Clearfield County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Greene County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Powder River basin (2)
-
Sevier orogenic belt (1)
-
South Dakota (1)
-
Texas
-
Brewster County Texas
-
Big Bend National Park (2)
-
-
Comal County Texas (1)
-
Edwards Aquifer (1)
-
Edwards Plateau (1)
-
Kendall County Texas (1)
-
West Texas (1)
-
Williamson County Texas (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Absaroka Range (1)
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
Little Belt Mountains (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Garfield County Utah (1)
-
Henry Mountains (1)
-
Wayne County Utah (2)
-
-
Virginia
-
Bath County Virginia (1)
-
Henrico County Virginia (1)
-
Highland County Virginia (1)
-
Richmond Virginia (1)
-
Roanoke County Virginia (1)
-
-
Wabash Valley (1)
-
Washington
-
Chelan County Washington (1)
-
-
West Virginia
-
Harrison County West Virginia (1)
-
Marion County West Virginia (1)
-
Marshall County West Virginia (1)
-
-
Western U.S. (4)
-
Wyoming
-
Carbon County Wyoming (1)
-
Hanna Basin (1)
-
Niobrara County Wyoming (1)
-
-
Wyoming Province (5)
-
Yavapai Province (1)
-
Yellowstone River (1)
-
-
USSR (2)
-
-
commodities
-
aggregate (1)
-
bitumens (1)
-
brines (2)
-
clay deposits (1)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
construction materials
-
building stone (2)
-
cement materials (1)
-
crushed stone (1)
-
dimension stone (1)
-
-
energy sources (6)
-
evaporite deposits (1)
-
gems (2)
-
geothermal energy (3)
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
limestone deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (1)
-
base metals (1)
-
copper ores (1)
-
gold ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
-
rare earth deposits (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (6)
-
mineral exploration (4)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
oil and gas fields (19)
-
ornamental materials (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
shale gas (3)
-
-
shale oil (1)
-
-
phosphate deposits (3)
-
placers (1)
-
potash (1)
-
sandstone deposits (1)
-
tight sands (1)
-
vermiculite deposits (1)
-
water resources (3)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (16)
-
C-14 (5)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
chemical elements (2)
-
halogens
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (1)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
-
fluorine
-
fluoride ion (1)
-
-
iodine
-
I-129 (3)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
tritium (2)
-
-
isotope ratios (29)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (5)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
I-129 (3)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-210 (2)
-
Ra-226 (2)
-
Th-234 (1)
-
tritium (2)
-
U-234 (1)
-
U-238 (2)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (16)
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
He-3 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (13)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (7)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (2)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-234 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-234 (1)
-
U-238 (2)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
potassium (1)
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (2)
-
beryllium (1)
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium (2)
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (2)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (7)
-
-
-
antimony (1)
-
arsenic (4)
-
chromium (3)
-
cobalt (1)
-
copper (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
-
iron (2)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-210 (2)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
mercury (2)
-
nickel (1)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
-
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
zinc (2)
-
-
nitrogen (4)
-
noble gases
-
argon (2)
-
helium
-
He-3 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
krypton (1)
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
radon (1)
-
xenon (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (13)
-
-
phosphorus (2)
-
silicon (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
-
trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (4)
-
burrows (3)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes (1)
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Chondrostei (2)
-
Teleostei (1)
-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Lissamphibia
-
Anura (1)
-
-
-
Aves
-
Neornithes
-
Neognathae
-
Charadriiformes (1)
-
-
-
-
Mammalia
-
Multituberculata (8)
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Artiodactyla
-
Ruminantia
-
Bovidae
-
Bison (1)
-
-
Cervidae (1)
-
Tylopoda
-
Camelidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Felidae
-
Panthera (1)
-
Smilodon (1)
-
-
Hyaenidae (1)
-
Ursidae (1)
-
-
-
Cetacea (1)
-
Edentata
-
Xenarthra (1)
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Ceratomorpha
-
Rhinocerotidae (1)
-
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Equus (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Elephas (1)
-
Mammuthus
-
Mammuthus primigenius (1)
-
-
Stegodon (1)
-
-
-
-
Sirenia (1)
-
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia (2)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (1)
-
Cryptodira (2)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia
-
Ceratopsia
-
Ceratopsidae (6)
-
-
Ornithopoda
-
Hadrosauridae (7)
-
-
-
Saurischia
-
Theropoda
-
Coelurosauria
-
Dromaeosauridae (2)
-
Tyrannosauridae
-
Tyrannosaurus
-
Tyrannosaurus rex (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
-
Lepidosauria
-
Squamata
-
Lacertilia
-
Mosasauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Sauropterygia
-
Plesiosauria
-
Elasmosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
coprolites (1)
-
fungi (2)
-
ichnofossils
-
Ophiomorpha (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Malacostraca (1)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (1)
-
Diptera (1)
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
-
Hemiptera (1)
-
Isoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa (2)
-
Scyphozoa
-
Conulariida (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Palaeoheterodonta
-
Unionidae (1)
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (1)
-
Baculites (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Pulmonata (1)
-
-
-
Porifera (1)
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (2)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
megaspores (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (9)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (4)
-
nannofossils (2)
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae (3)
-
Gymnospermae
-
Bennettitales (1)
-
Coniferales (2)
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales (1)
-
Glossopteridales
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
thallophytes (2)
-
tracks (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (3)
-
Lu/Hf (2)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (10)
-
radiation damage (1)
-
Sm/Nd (3)
-
Th/U (2)
-
tree rings (1)
-
U/Pb (15)
-
U/Th/Pb (3)
-
uranium disequilibrium (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Illinoian (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (1)
-
Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Eemian (1)
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Rancholabrean (1)
-
Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
lower Miocene (2)
-
middle Miocene (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Torrejonian (1)
-
-
Nacimiento Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (1)
-
-
-
White River Group (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (2)
-
-
Laurentide ice sheet (3)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Blairmore Group (2)
-
Colorado Group (6)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (3)
-
Aptian (1)
-
Mannville Group (7)
-
McMurray Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (4)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (2)
-
Belly River Formation (16)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (10)
-
lower Campanian (3)
-
upper Campanian (6)
-
-
Cardium Formation (4)
-
Carlile Shale (4)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (4)
-
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Eagle Sandstone (3)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (2)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (3)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (2)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (4)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (7)
-
Judith River Formation (10)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Lance Formation (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Milk River Formation (18)
-
Montana Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (5)
-
Oldman Formation (17)
-
Pierre Shale (2)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (1)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (2)
-
Santonian (14)
-
Senonian (21)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (3)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Swift Formation (3)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (3)
-
-
Montney Formation (2)
-
Upper Triassic (1)
-
-
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
MIS 7 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Joggins Formation (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Battery Point Formation (1)
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (2)
-
Marcellus Shale (4)
-
Prairie Evaporite (2)
-
Tioga Bentonite (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (1)
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Nisku Formation (1)
-
-
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Permian
-
Longtan Formation (1)
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (2)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Middle Silurian
-
McKenzie Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (2)
-
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Paleoarchean (3)
-
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Banded Gneissic Complex (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (4)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (7)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (4)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites (9)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (3)
-
-
pegmatite (3)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (1)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
flood basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
-
latite (1)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (2)
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
eclogite (2)
-
marbles (2)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (1)
-
metagranite (1)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
skarn (1)
-
-
migmatites (1)
-
quartzites (1)
-
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
minerals
-
arsenates
-
scorodite (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
skutterudite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
calcite (8)
-
dolomite (2)
-
ikaite (1)
-
magnesite (1)
-
siderite (1)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
-
neighborite (1)
-
-
-
minerals (4)
-
native elements
-
graphite (2)
-
-
onyx (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (3)
-
-
oxides
-
alexandrite (1)
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
chrysoberyl (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
hollandite (1)
-
ilmenite (1)
-
magnetite (1)
-
niobates
-
loparite (1)
-
pyrochlore (1)
-
-
perovskite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (4)
-
brushite (1)
-
fluorapatite (2)
-
monazite (6)
-
rhabdophane (1)
-
struvite (1)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
asbestos (1)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (1)
-
augite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
pseudoleucite (1)
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
amethyst (1)
-
carnelian (1)
-
chalcedony (1)
-
chrysoprase (1)
-
jasper (1)
-
moganite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (3)
-
opal-CT (2)
-
-
quartz
-
smoky quartz (1)
-
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (7)
-
larnite (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (4)
-
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
thorite (2)
-
zircon (15)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
allophane (1)
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (1)
-
metahalloysite (1)
-
montmorillonite (2)
-
smectite (2)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (2)
-
phlogopite (3)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (1)
-
barite (2)
-
celestine (1)
-
gypsum (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
pyrite (1)
-
stibnite (2)
-
-
sulfosalts (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (26)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (1)
-
Kenya
-
Mount Kenya (1)
-
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
Gregory Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (2)
-
-
-
Egypt (1)
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (2)
-
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (3)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Namibia (2)
-
South Africa
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
-
Swaziland (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica (1)
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Baikal region (1)
-
Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation (3)
-
Central Asia
-
Kyzylkum (2)
-
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Anhui China (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (1)
-
Guangxi China (1)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Qaidam Basin (2)
-
Qinghai China (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Sichuan China (1)
-
Sulu Terrane (1)
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (2)
-
-
Xizang China (2)
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
Yangtze River (1)
-
-
Indonesia (1)
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido (1)
-
Honshu
-
Kanto Plain (1)
-
Shiga Japan (1)
-
Tokyo Japan (1)
-
-
-
Thailand (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (2)
-
Karnataka India (1)
-
Madhya Pradesh India
-
Sidhi India (1)
-
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India
-
Aravalli Range (1)
-
-
Tamil Nadu India
-
Chennai India (1)
-
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Chamoli India (1)
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
West Bengal India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir Valley (1)
-
-
Pakistan
-
Baluchistan Pakistan (1)
-
North-West Frontier Pakistan (1)
-
-
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
-
-
Karakoram (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
Lake Baikal (4)
-
Main Central Thrust (1)
-
Middle East
-
Israel
-
Galilee (1)
-
Negev (1)
-
-
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (2)
-
-
Siberia (2)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Southeast Asia (1)
-
Tajikistan (2)
-
Tibetan Plateau (2)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Yamal (1)
-
-
-
Uzbekistan
-
Samarkand Uzbekistan (1)
-
Tashkent Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
associations (1)
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
-
North Sea
-
Brent Field (1)
-
Statfjord Field (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
-
atmosphere (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (2)
-
Northern Territory Australia (2)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Denison Trough (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Flinders Ranges (1)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Kalgoorlie Australia (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Taupo volcanic zone (1)
-
-
-
bacteria (4)
-
bibliography (1)
-
biogeography (15)
-
biography (8)
-
bitumens (1)
-
brines (2)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (1)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cumberland County Nova Scotia
-
Joggins Fossil Cliffs (1)
-
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Kidd Creek Mine (1)
-
-
Hamilton Ontario (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Nunavut (2)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (11)
-
Athabasca Oil Sands (1)
-
Calgary Alberta (3)
-
Dinosaur Provincial Park (8)
-
Drumheller Alberta (2)
-
Fort McMurray Alberta (1)
-
Peace River Arch (2)
-
Red Deer River valley (1)
-
-
Athabasca Basin (1)
-
British Columbia
-
Saanich Inlet (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (4)
-
Crowsnest Pass (1)
-
Manitoba (10)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
Lac de Gras (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan
-
Saskatoon Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (16)
-
C-14 (5)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Jamaica (1)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Trinidad and Tobago
-
Trinidad (1)
-
-
-
-
Bahamas (1)
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Illinoian (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Gelasian (1)
-
Olduvai Subchron (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Eemian (1)
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Rancholabrean (1)
-
Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
lower Miocene (2)
-
middle Miocene (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Torrejonian (1)
-
-
Nacimiento Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (1)
-
-
-
White River Group (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (2)
-
-
Central America
-
Belize (1)
-
Guatemala (1)
-
Panama
-
Panama Canal Zone (1)
-
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes (1)
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Chondrostei (2)
-
Teleostei (1)
-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Lissamphibia
-
Anura (1)
-
-
-
Aves
-
Neornithes
-
Neognathae
-
Charadriiformes (1)
-
-
-
-
Mammalia
-
Multituberculata (8)
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Artiodactyla
-
Ruminantia
-
Bovidae
-
Bison (1)
-
-
Cervidae (1)
-
Tylopoda
-
Camelidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Felidae
-
Panthera (1)
-
Smilodon (1)
-
-
Hyaenidae (1)
-
Ursidae (1)
-
-
-
Cetacea (1)
-
Edentata
-
Xenarthra (1)
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Ceratomorpha
-
Rhinocerotidae (1)
-
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Equus (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Elephas (1)
-
Mammuthus
-
Mammuthus primigenius (1)
-
-
Stegodon (1)
-
-
-
-
Sirenia (1)
-
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia (2)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (1)
-
Cryptodira (2)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia
-
Ceratopsia
-
Ceratopsidae (6)
-
-
Ornithopoda
-
Hadrosauridae (7)
-
-
-
Saurischia
-
Theropoda
-
Coelurosauria
-
Dromaeosauridae (2)
-
Tyrannosauridae
-
Tyrannosaurus
-
Tyrannosaurus rex (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
-
Lepidosauria
-
Squamata
-
Lacertilia
-
Mosasauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Sauropterygia
-
Plesiosauria
-
Elasmosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay deposits (1)
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
climate change (7)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
conservation (4)
-
construction materials
-
building stone (2)
-
cement materials (1)
-
crushed stone (1)
-
dimension stone (1)
-
-
continental shelf (2)
-
continental slope (1)
-
coprolites (1)
-
crust (13)
-
crystal chemistry (3)
-
crystal growth (1)
-
crystal structure (6)
-
crystallography (1)
-
dams (1)
-
data processing (8)
-
deformation (5)
-
diagenesis (18)
-
earthquakes (14)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Kauai County Hawaii (1)
-
-
-
ecology (7)
-
economic geology (33)
-
education (1)
-
energy sources (6)
-
engineering geology (2)
-
environmental geology (2)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Julian Alps (1)
-
-
Western Alps (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic (1)
-
Germany
-
Geisel Valley (1)
-
Mainz Basin (1)
-
North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
-
Cologne Germany (1)
-
-
Saxony-Anhalt Germany
-
Halle Germany (1)
-
-
-
Hungary (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Slovakian Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Switzerland
-
Basel Switzerland (1)
-
-
Upper Rhine Graben (2)
-
-
Pannonian Basin
-
Slovakian Pannonian Basin (1)
-
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Rhine River (3)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Crete (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Almeria Spain
-
Cerro del Hoyazo Spain (1)
-
-
Huelva Spain
-
Rio Tinto Spain (1)
-
-
Seville Spain
-
Aznalcollar Spain (1)
-
-
-
Catalonia Spain
-
Lleida Spain (1)
-
-
Galicia Spain (1)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines (1)
-
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy (1)
-
Latium Italy
-
Rome Italy (1)
-
-
Piemonte Italy (1)
-
Sardinia Italy (1)
-
-
Romania
-
Transylvania (1)
-
-
-
Variscides (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Belgium (2)
-
France
-
Adour Basin (1)
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Bouches-du-Rhone France
-
Rhone Delta (1)
-
-
Brittany (1)
-
Garonne River (1)
-
Mayenne France (1)
-
Moselle France (1)
-
Paris Basin (1)
-
Paris France (2)
-
Vendee France (1)
-
-
Iceland
-
Grimsvotn (1)
-
Laki (1)
-
-
Netherlands (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark
-
Bornholm (1)
-
-
Norway (2)
-
Sweden
-
Skane (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Cumbria England (1)
-
Dorset England (1)
-
London England (2)
-
Pennines (1)
-
South-West England (1)
-
Sussex England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Edinburgh Scotland (2)
-
Glasgow Scotland (1)
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Sutherland Scotland
-
Assynt (1)
-
-
-
Midlothian Scotland (1)
-
Moine thrust zone (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
evaporite deposits (1)
-
explosions (1)
-
faults (25)
-
folds (5)
-
foundations (2)
-
fractures (3)
-
fungi (2)
-
gems (2)
-
geochemistry (30)
-
geochronology (3)
-
geology (1)
-
geomorphology (4)
-
geophysical methods (21)
-
geosynclines (1)
-
geothermal energy (3)
-
glacial geology (3)
-
ground water (34)
-
heat flow (5)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
tritium (2)
-
-
hydrogeology (8)
-
hydrology (8)
-
ichnofossils
-
Ophiomorpha (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (7)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (4)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites (9)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (3)
-
-
pegmatite (3)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (1)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
flood basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
-
latite (1)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (2)
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (5)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Red Sea
-
Gulf of Suez (1)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (1)
-
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
intrusions (15)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Malacostraca (1)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (1)
-
Diptera (1)
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
-
Hemiptera (1)
-
Isoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa (2)
-
Scyphozoa
-
Conulariida (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Palaeoheterodonta
-
Unionidae (1)
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (1)
-
Baculites (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Pulmonata (1)
-
-
-
Porifera (1)
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (2)
-
-
-
isostasy (2)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (5)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
I-129 (3)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-210 (2)
-
Ra-226 (2)
-
Th-234 (1)
-
tritium (2)
-
U-234 (1)
-
U-238 (2)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (16)
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
He-3 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (13)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (7)
-
-
-
land use (2)
-
lava (2)
-
limestone deposits (1)
-
magmas (14)
-
mantle (11)
-
maps (8)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Blairmore Group (2)
-
Colorado Group (6)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (3)
-
Aptian (1)
-
Mannville Group (7)
-
McMurray Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (4)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (2)
-
Belly River Formation (16)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (10)
-
lower Campanian (3)
-
upper Campanian (6)
-
-
Cardium Formation (4)
-
Carlile Shale (4)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (4)
-
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Eagle Sandstone (3)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (2)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (3)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (2)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (4)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (7)
-
Judith River Formation (10)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Lance Formation (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (2)
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Milk River Formation (18)
-
Montana Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (5)
-
Oldman Formation (17)
-
Pierre Shale (2)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (1)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (2)
-
Santonian (14)
-
Senonian (21)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (3)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Xishanyao Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Swift Formation (3)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (3)
-
-
Montney Formation (2)
-
Upper Triassic (1)
-
-
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (1)
-
base metals (1)
-
copper ores (1)
-
gold ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
-
rare earth deposits (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-234 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-234 (1)
-
U-238 (2)
-
U-238/U-234 (2)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
potassium (1)
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (2)
-
beryllium (1)
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium (2)
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (2)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (7)
-
-
-
antimony (1)
-
arsenic (4)
-
chromium (3)
-
cobalt (1)
-
copper (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
-
-
iron (2)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Pb-210 (2)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
mercury (2)
-
nickel (1)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
-
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
zinc (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
eclogite (2)
-
marbles (2)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (1)
-
metagranite (1)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
skarn (1)
-
-
migmatites (1)
-
quartzites (1)
-
-
metamorphism (9)
-
metasomatism (12)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (6)
-
mineral exploration (4)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
mineralogy (1)
-
minerals (4)
-
mining geology (1)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (2)
-
museums (4)
-
nitrogen (4)
-
noble gases
-
argon (2)
-
helium
-
He-3 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
krypton (1)
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
radon (1)
-
xenon (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Hearne Province (4)
-
Rae Province (2)
-
Snowbird tectonic zone (1)
-
-
-
Disturbed Belt (1)
-
Glacier National Park (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (2)
-
-
Michigan Basin (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
-
North American Craton (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (4)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Absaroka Range (1)
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
Little Belt Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Sweetgrass Arch (6)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (13)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (9)
-
-
Williston Basin (3)
-
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 111
-
ODP Site 677 (1)
-
-
-
ocean waves (1)
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Kauai County Hawaii (1)
-
-
-
-
oil and gas fields (19)
-
orogeny (8)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (13)
-
-
Pacific Coast (2)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
-
Equatorial Pacific (1)
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (1)
-
-
West Pacific (1)
-
-
paleoclimatology (21)
-
paleoecology (24)
-
paleogeography (23)
-
paleomagnetism (10)
-
paleontology (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Joggins Formation (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Battery Point Formation (1)
-
Emsian (2)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (2)
-
Marcellus Shale (4)
-
Prairie Evaporite (2)
-
Tioga Bentonite (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Brallier Shale (1)
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Nisku Formation (1)
-
-
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Permian
-
Longtan Formation (1)
-
Meade Peak Member (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (2)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Middle Silurian
-
McKenzie Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
megaspores (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (9)
-
-
-
paragenesis (2)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
shale gas (3)
-
-
shale oil (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
phase equilibria (4)
-
phosphate deposits (3)
-
phosphorus (2)
-
placers (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (4)
-
nannofossils (2)
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae (3)
-
Gymnospermae
-
Bennettitales (1)
-
Coniferales (2)
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales (1)
-
Glossopteridales
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (10)
-
pollution (17)
-
potash (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Paleoarchean (3)
-
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Banded Gneissic Complex (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (4)
-
-
-
-
reefs (3)
-
remote sensing (4)
-
roads (1)
-
sandstone deposits (1)
-
sea-level changes (28)
-
sedimentary petrology (9)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
bone beds (6)
-
carbonate rocks
-
chalk (1)
-
dolostone (1)
-
grainstone (2)
-
limestone (9)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (4)
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
flint (1)
-
phosphate rocks (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
litharenite (2)
-
quartz arenite (1)
-
-
bentonite (3)
-
black shale (2)
-
claystone (2)
-
conglomerate (3)
-
diamictite (1)
-
marl (1)
-
mudstone (20)
-
sandstone (47)
-
shale (17)
-
siltstone (11)
-
tillite (1)
-
-
coal (9)
-
oil sands (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
ripple marks (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
bioherms
-
mud mounds (1)
-
-
bioturbation (9)
-
lebensspuren (2)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (1)
-
cross-bedding (6)
-
cross-stratification (5)
-
cut and fill (1)
-
hummocky cross-stratification (4)
-
laminations (7)
-
ripple drift-cross laminations (1)
-
sand bodies (2)
-
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (5)
-
-
-
sedimentation (20)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
clay (4)
-
diamicton (3)
-
drift (1)
-
dust (1)
-
gravel (3)
-
loess (3)
-
mud (1)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (8)
-
silt (1)
-
till (2)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
-
-
seismology (3)
-
shorelines (1)
-
silicon (1)
-
slope stability (1)
-
soils
-
Alfisols (1)
-
Andisols (1)
-
Entisols (1)
-
Inceptisols (1)
-
Lithosols (1)
-
loam (1)
-
Ultisols (1)
-
volcanic soils (1)
-
-
South America
-
Andes (2)
-
Argentina (1)
-
Brazil
-
Araripe Basin (1)
-
Pernambuco Brazil (1)
-
-
Chile
-
Antofagasta Chile
-
Chuquicamata Chile (1)
-
-
-
Colombia
-
Cusiana Field (1)
-
-
Falkland Islands (1)
-
Lake Titicaca (1)
-
Patagonia (1)
-
Peru (1)
-
Tierra del Fuego (1)
-
-
spectroscopy (2)
-
springs (3)
-
stratigraphy (29)
-
structural analysis (2)
-
structural geology (3)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (2)
-
-
tectonophysics (3)
-
thallophytes (2)
-
thermal waters (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Alabama River (1)
-
Mobile Bay (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Prudhoe Bay (1)
-
-
Anadarko Basin (1)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (2)
-
California
-
Central California (4)
-
Humboldt County California (2)
-
Mendocino County California (1)
-
San Benito County California (1)
-
Santa Cruz County California (1)
-
Sierra Nevada Batholith (1)
-
Sonoma County California (1)
-
Southern California (1)
-
-
Cheyenne Belt (1)
-
Colorado (3)
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Georgia (1)
-
Hawaii
-
Kauai County Hawaii (1)
-
-
Hudson Valley (1)
-
Idaho (4)
-
Idaho Batholith (1)
-
Illinois Basin (1)
-
Indiana
-
Marion County Indiana (1)
-
Posey County Indiana (1)
-
Vanderburgh County Indiana (1)
-
-
Iowa (1)
-
Kansas
-
Riley County Kansas (1)
-
-
Little Missouri River basin (1)
-
Maine
-
Hancock County Maine (1)
-
-
Maryland
-
Worcester County Maryland (2)
-
-
Michigan (1)
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Mississippi (1)
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Upper Mississippi Valley (1)
-
-
Missouri River (1)
-
Montana
-
Broadwater County Montana (1)
-
Fergus County Montana (1)
-
Flathead County Montana (1)
-
Garfield County Montana (2)
-
Glacier County Montana (4)
-
Hill County Montana (3)
-
Jefferson County Montana (1)
-
Liberty County Montana (2)
-
Little Belt Mountains (1)
-
Madison County Montana (1)
-
McCone County Montana (2)
-
Phillips County Montana (1)
-
Pondera County Montana (2)
-
Teton County Montana (1)
-
Toole County Montana (2)
-
-
Nebraska (1)
-
Nevada (2)
-
New Mexico
-
Sandoval County New Mexico (1)
-
-
New York
-
Adirondack Mountains (1)
-
-
North Carolina
-
New Hanover County North Carolina
-
Wilmington North Carolina (1)
-
-
-
North Dakota
-
Bowman County North Dakota (2)
-
-
Oklahoma
-
Canadian County Oklahoma (1)
-
Dewey County Oklahoma (1)
-
-
Oregon
-
Multnomah County Oregon
-
Portland Oregon (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvania
-
Clearfield County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Greene County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Powder River basin (2)
-
Sevier orogenic belt (1)
-
South Dakota (1)
-
Texas
-
Brewster County Texas
-
Big Bend National Park (2)
-
-
Comal County Texas (1)
-
Edwards Aquifer (1)
-
Edwards Plateau (1)
-
Kendall County Texas (1)
-
West Texas (1)
-
Williamson County Texas (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Absaroka Range (1)
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
Little Belt Mountains (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Garfield County Utah (1)
-
Henry Mountains (1)
-
Wayne County Utah (2)
-
-
Virginia
-
Bath County Virginia (1)
-
Henrico County Virginia (1)
-
Highland County Virginia (1)
-
Richmond Virginia (1)
-
Roanoke County Virginia (1)
-
-
Wabash Valley (1)
-
Washington
-
Chelan County Washington (1)
-
-
West Virginia
-
Harrison County West Virginia (1)
-
Marion County West Virginia (1)
-
Marshall County West Virginia (1)
-
-
Western U.S. (4)
-
Wyoming
-
Carbon County Wyoming (1)
-
Hanna Basin (1)
-
Niobrara County Wyoming (1)
-
-
Wyoming Province (5)
-
Yavapai Province (1)
-
Yellowstone River (1)
-
-
USSR (2)
-
vermiculite deposits (1)
-
waste disposal (5)
-
water resources (3)
-
weathering (11)
-
well-logging (7)
-
X-ray analysis (3)
-
-
rock formations
-
Blackstone Formation (1)
-
Garn Formation (1)
-
Goose Egg Formation (1)
-
Halfway Formation (2)
-
Ivishak Formation (1)
-
Karoo Supergroup (1)
-
Medina Formation (1)
-
Nanaimo Group (2)
-
Paskapoo Formation (1)
-
Raton Formation (1)
-
Sadlerochit Group (1)
-
Tyler Formation (1)
-
Wapiti Formation (2)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
molasse (1)
-
pozzolan (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
bone beds (6)
-
carbonate rocks
-
chalk (1)
-
dolostone (1)
-
grainstone (2)
-
limestone (9)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (4)
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
flint (1)
-
phosphate rocks (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arenite
-
litharenite (2)
-
quartz arenite (1)
-
-
bentonite (3)
-
black shale (2)
-
claystone (2)
-
conglomerate (3)
-
diamictite (1)
-
marl (1)
-
mudstone (20)
-
sandstone (47)
-
shale (17)
-
siltstone (11)
-
tillite (1)
-
-
coal (9)
-
oil sands (1)
-
-
siliciclastics (4)
-
tempestite (1)
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
burrows (3)
-
channels (3)
-
coprolites (1)
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
ripple marks (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
bioherms
-
mud mounds (1)
-
-
bioturbation (9)
-
lebensspuren (2)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (1)
-
cross-bedding (6)
-
cross-stratification (5)
-
cut and fill (1)
-
hummocky cross-stratification (4)
-
laminations (7)
-
ripple drift-cross laminations (1)
-
sand bodies (2)
-
-
secondary structures
-
concretions (5)
-
-
-
stratification (3)
-
tracks (3)
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
clay (4)
-
diamicton (3)
-
drift (1)
-
dust (1)
-
gravel (3)
-
loess (3)
-
mud (1)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (8)
-
silt (1)
-
till (2)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
-
-
siliciclastics (4)
-
tempestite (1)
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
soils
-
Gleysols (1)
-
paleosols (5)
-
soils
-
Alfisols (1)
-
Andisols (1)
-
Entisols (1)
-
Inceptisols (1)
-
Lithosols (1)
-
loam (1)
-
Ultisols (1)
-
volcanic soils (1)
-
-
GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Milk River Natural Area
Dinosaur trackways from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations (Belly River Group) of southern Alberta, Canada, reveal novel ichnofossil preservation style Available to Purchase
Representative hadrosaur concretionary tracks from the Milk River Natural A... Available to Purchase
Photomicrographs of concretionary tracks and host sediment. (A) Extensive s... Available to Purchase
Location of studied concretionary tracks. Inset shows location of Milk Rive... Available to Purchase
The Role of Meteoric Water in Diagenesis of Shallow Sandstones: Stable Isotope Studies of the Milk River Aquifer and Gas Pool, Southeastern Alberta Available to Purchase
Abstract Oxygen- and carbon-isotope compositions have been determined for clay and carbonate minerals from the Upper Cretaceous clastic rocks of the Milk River and Lea Park Formations. These units contain the Milk River aquifer and the southeastern Alberta Milk River Gas Pool, respectively. The stable isotope data provide important information concerning the diagenesis and paleohydrology of the study area. Authigenic minerals from sandstones in the Milk River aquifer are characterized by low δ 18 O and δ5 13 C values: clay minerals (<2 μm), dominated by authigenic kaolinite, δ 18 O = +11.3 to + 14.2 (SMOW); authigenic calcite, δ5 18 O = +15.3 to +18.5 (SMOW), δ 13 C = −9.9 to −2.6 (PDB). The authigenic minerals with the lowest δ5 18 O values occur within a zone of local recharge in the aquifer. Here the authigenic clay minerals and calcite closely approach isotopic equilibrium with existing meteoric water at low temperatures (<+15°C). Low δ 13 C values forthe calcite indicate incorporation of organically derived CO 2 , probably from decaying plant material in the overlying soil and till. Close agreement between actual formation temperatures and those calculated from isotopic data disappears in downdip portions of the aquifer, mostly because of the drastic enrichment in 18 O of the formation water in this direction (−20 to −6, SMOW; Schwartz et al, 1981). Authigenic minerals from these locations have retained isotopic signatures characteristic of 18 O-poor meteoric water no longer present in the system. This water was displaced by 18 O-rich formation fluids that are themselves now being flushed from the aquifer by modern-day ground water. Authigenic minerals from sandstones in the southeastern Alberta Milk River Gas Pool are more 18 O-rich than those from the aquifer: clay minerals, dominated by illite, +14.7 to +15.8, SMOW; calcite, +19.3, SMOW. Such compositions are compatible with mineral crystallization at low temperatures (+15 to +20° C) from formation fluids similar in δ5 18 O to other Cretaceous oil and gas pools that occur in Alberta. The low- 13 C nature of authigenic calcite and some dolomite (−7.6 to −3.0, PDB) from the Milk River Gas Pool may be related to the production of biogenic methane in this reservoir. Of all clay minerals analyzed, the illite-dominated mixtures from argillaceous rocks of the Milk River aquifer and the Milk River Gas Pool have the highest δ 18 O values (+16.0 to +19.0, SMOW). Such compositions reflect a detrital origin rather than diagenetic processes. Isotopic exchange between these clay minerals and formation water is insignificant. Most dolomite from the sandstones and the argillaceous rocks is not in equilibrium with the authigenic calcite. The dolomite is much richer in 18 O (+24.4 to +28.3, SMOW) and 13 C (−2.7 to +1.0, PDB); such values are typical of platform carbonate rocks. No evidence for extensive isotopic exchange between formation water and the dolomite can be demonstrated.
Petroleum Geology of Sweetgrass Arch, Alberta Available to Purchase
Ancient Microbial Gas in the Upper Cretaceous Milk River Formation, Alberta and Saskatchewan: A Large Continuous Accumulation in Fine-grained Rocks Available to Purchase
Abstract The Upper Cretaceous Milk River Formation in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan has produced more than 2 tcf of dry (>99% methane) microbial gas (δ 13 C PDB –65 to –71‰) that was internally sourced. Production is from underpressured fine-grained sandstone and siltstone reservoirs, whereas the gas was generated in interbedded organic-bearing mudstones with low organic carbon contents (0.5–1.50%). The formation experienced a shallow burial history (maximum burial, <1.3 km [<0.8 mi]) and cool formation temperatures (<50°C [<122°F]). Petrologic and isotopic studies suggest that methanogenesis began shortly after deposition and continued for at least 20 to 25 m.y. Mercury injection capillary pressure data from the Milk River Formation and the overlying Upper Cretaceous Pakowki Formation, which contains numerous regionally extensive bentonitic claystones, reveal a strong lithologic control on pore apertures and calculated permeabilities. Pore apertures and calculated permeabilities in Milk River mudstones range from 0.0255 to 0.169 μm and less than 0.002 to 0.414 md, respectively, and claystones from the overlying Pakowki Formation have pore apertures from 0.011 to 0.0338 μm and calculated permeabilities of 0.0017 to 0.0065 md. The small pore apertures and low permeabilities indicate that claystones and mudstones served as seals for microbial Milk River gas, thereby permitting gas to accumulate in economic quantities and be preserved for millions of years. Based on the timing of gas generation, the gas system of the Milk River Formation can be considered an ancient microbial gas system, which is one of several ways it differs from that of the Devonian Antrim Shale, Michigan Basin, where microbial gas generation is a geologically young (Pleistocene and younger) phenomenon. The difference in timing of gas generation between the Milk River and Antrim systems implies that gases in the two formations represent end members of a spectrum of microbial gas accumulations in fine-grained rocks, with the Milk River Formation being an excellent example on which to base a paradigm for an ancient microbial gas system.
Experimental and Empirical Observations Supporting a Capillary Model Involving Gas Generation, Migration, and Seal Leakage for the Origin and Occurrence of Regional Gasifers Available to Purchase
Abstract Low-permeability reservoirs in which gas is the regionally continuous phase (gasifers) occur over large areas in the Alberta Basin in Canada and the Rocky Mountain basins in the United States. These tight-gas reservoirs have also been called “deep basin” and “basin-centered” gas systems and contain very large resources of natural gas. Observation and theory show that a gasifer, or a regional low-permeability gas system, can be developed in a four-stage process: genesis, transition, steady state, and imbibition. This process involves the generation, migration, and leakage of gas, accompanied by the regional dewatering of the system, even in the siltstones and shales.The genesis stage contains both conventional gas pools, early in the development of the gasifer, and unconventional gas pools later. Late genesis gas pools are characterized by tall gas columns, with normal downdip apparent gas-water contacts. These tall gas columns generate enough capillary pressure to drain very low-permeability reservoirs and establish gas as the continuous fluid over a very large part of the basin. At this point, the gasifer is developed. The transition stage has normal and underpressured gas, with tall columns that crosscut waterlines on pressure-versus-elevation plots. In the steady-state stage, gas is underpressured, and the tall gas columns have updip gas-water contacts. The imbibition stage marks the decline of the gasifer and is characterized by shorter, underpressured gas columns and underpressured waterlines. Laboratory experiments based on a simple capillary tube model support the four-stage development of the regional low-permeability gas system and defined both a normally pressured and overpressured gas-water system in the genesis stage. These experiments demonstrated that the mechanism for the underpressuring of the gasifer in the transition and steady-state stages was gas leakage, which confirmed the conclusions based on capillary theory. The combination of the empirical approach using pressure-versus-elevation plots and the capillary theory with the laboratory experiments leads to several interesting concepts. For example, a regional low-permeability gas system can be viewed as a source rock undergoing primary migration. Gas generation may be thermal or biogenic. Therefore, this four-stage process would also apply to the shallow biogenic gasifers in the Milk River and Horseshoe Canyon formations in southern and central Alberta. The genesis stage will contain some moveable water, and there will be an overprint of structural and stratigraphic traps with higher water production downdip. Reservoirs in the genesis stage will have variable water saturations, and therefore, relative permeability should be a concern. A basin may have any one of these stages well developed, or all four may be present at various levels of development, as is the case for the Alberta deep basin. By knowing the stages, the gasifer can be defined, and an effective exploration strategy can be developed.