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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Congo Craton (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (2)
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Antarctica
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East Antarctica (1)
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Mirnyy Station (1)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Beardmore Glacier (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland (2)
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Asia
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Altai Mountains (1)
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Arabian Peninsula (1)
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Baikal region (2)
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Baikal rift zone (1)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Alakol (1)
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Pamirs (1)
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Far East
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Burma (1)
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China
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Altun Mountains (1)
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Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
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Anhui China (1)
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Chongqing China (1)
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Da Hinggan Ling (1)
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Dabie Mountains (2)
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Fujian China (1)
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Gansu China (3)
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Hebei China
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Henan China (3)
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Hubei China (3)
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Hunan China (2)
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Inner Mongolia China
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Bayan Obo China (6)
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Jiangxi China (1)
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Kunlun Mountains (2)
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Liaoning China
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Liaodong Peninsula (2)
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Longmenshan (1)
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Nanling (1)
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North China Plain (1)
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North China Platform (12)
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Qinghai China (3)
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Qinling Mountains (18)
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Shanxi China (1)
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Sichuan Basin (2)
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Sichuan China
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South China Block (12)
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Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (2)
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Xinjiang China
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Japan
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Malay Peninsula
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West Malaysia
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Malaysia
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Mongolia (2)
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India
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Gujarat India (1)
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Rajasthan India
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (2)
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Middle East
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Iran
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Iraq (1)
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Turkey
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Zagros (2)
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Central America
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Kazakhstan
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Russian Federation
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Baikal region (2)
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Chelyabinsk Russian Federation (1)
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Murmansk Russian Federation
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Khibiny Mountains (2)
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Siberian Platform
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Yakutia Russian Federation (2)
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Europe
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Central Europe
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Murmansk Russian Federation
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Southern Europe
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Western Europe
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Scandinavia
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United Kingdom
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Scotland
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Great Glen Fault (1)
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Scottish Highlands
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Glass Mountains (1)
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Indian Ocean
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Arabian Sea
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North America
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Canadian Shield
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Oceania
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Pacific Ocean
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West Pacific
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South America
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Brazil
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Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone (1)
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United States
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Alaska
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California
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Imperial County California (1)
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Orange County California (1)
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San Bernardino County California (2)
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Eastern U.S. (1)
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Midwest (1)
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Mojave Desert (1)
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Nevada
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Humboldt County Nevada (1)
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New Madrid region (1)
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New York
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Adirondack Mountains (1)
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Texas
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Pecos County Texas (1)
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Virginia (1)
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commodities
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bitumens (1)
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clay deposits (1)
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construction materials
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cement materials (2)
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gems (1)
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heavy mineral deposits (1)
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metal ores
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beryllium ores (2)
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copper ores (6)
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gold ores (8)
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IOCG deposits (1)
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iron ores (4)
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lead ores (4)
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lead-zinc deposits (3)
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lithium ores (2)
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molybdenum ores (1)
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nickel ores (1)
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niobium ores (4)
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platinum ores (1)
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rare earth deposits (26)
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silver ores (2)
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tantalum ores (1)
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tin ores (2)
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tungsten ores (3)
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zinc ores (3)
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zirconium ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (29)
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mineral exploration (12)
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mineral resources (1)
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oil and gas fields (1)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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coalbed methane (1)
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shale gas (1)
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shale oil (2)
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phosphate deposits (2)
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sodium sulfate (1)
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strategic minerals (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (10)
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organic carbon (2)
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chemical ratios (4)
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halogens
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fluorine
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fluoride ion (1)
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hydrogen (1)
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isotope ratios (37)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (10)
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Ca-44 (1)
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Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (13)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
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O-18/O-16 (15)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (19)
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-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (3)
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Lu/Hf (4)
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metals
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actinides
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uranium (1)
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alkali metals
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium (1)
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calcium
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Ca-44 (1)
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Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
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Mg/Ca (1)
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-
magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (19)
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-
-
chromium (1)
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copper (1)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (13)
-
-
iron (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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molybdenum (1)
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nickel (1)
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niobium (1)
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platinum group
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platinum ores (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (8)
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europium (2)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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ytterbium (2)
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yttrium (1)
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titanium (3)
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tungsten (3)
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vanadium (1)
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zinc (1)
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zirconium (2)
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-
oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (15)
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silicon (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Reptilia
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Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Dicynodontia
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Lystrosaurus (1)
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Graptolithina (1)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Strophomenida (1)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (1)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea (3)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (1)
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Radiolaria (1)
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microfossils
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (1)
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megaspores (1)
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miospores
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pollen (1)
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Plantae
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Azolla (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Gymnospermae
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (1)
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-
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geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (3)
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Lu/Hf (4)
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paleomagnetism (2)
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Pb/Th (2)
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radiation damage (2)
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thermochronology (2)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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upper Quaternary (1)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (1)
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middle Miocene
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Serravallian (1)
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Pliocene
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middle Pliocene (1)
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-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene (1)
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Oligocene
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upper Oligocene (1)
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Paleocene (1)
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Shahejie Formation (1)
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-
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Aptian (1)
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Upper Cretaceous (2)
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Jurassic
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Upper Jurassic (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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Middle Triassic (2)
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Upper Triassic (8)
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Yanshanian (2)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Tommotian (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian
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Earn Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Permian
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Guadalupian
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Capitan Formation (1)
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Maokou Formation (1)
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Middle Permian (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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-
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Silurian (4)
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Taiyuan Formation (1)
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upper Paleozoic (2)
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Phanerozoic (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Napier Complex (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Bambui Group (1)
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Mesoproterozoic (2)
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Neoproterozoic
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Dengying Formation (1)
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Qinling Group (1)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (1)
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
-
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-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (31)
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feldspathoid rocks (2)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (1)
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diabase (2)
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diorites
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quartz diorites (2)
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gabbros
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alkali gabbros (1)
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granites
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alkali granites (3)
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A-type granites (4)
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charnockite (1)
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granite porphyry (1)
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I-type granites (2)
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leucogranite (1)
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monzogranite (3)
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muscovite granite (1)
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granodiorites (6)
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lamproite (1)
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lamprophyres
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minette (1)
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monzodiorite (1)
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monzonites (1)
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pegmatite (8)
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quartz monzonite (1)
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syenites
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alkali syenites (4)
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nepheline syenite
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agpaite (1)
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syenite porphyry (1)
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ultramafics
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peridotites
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dunite (1)
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harzburgite (1)
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porphyry (1)
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volcanic rocks
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adakites (2)
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andesites (1)
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basalts
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alkali basalts (1)
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flood basalts (1)
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
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ocean-island basalts (2)
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shoshonite (1)
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nephelinite (1)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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rhyolites (1)
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trachytes (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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marbles (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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slates (1)
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minerals
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arsenides
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carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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bastnaesite (4)
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calcite (6)
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dolomite (2)
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parisite (2)
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synchysite (2)
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halides
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chlorides (1)
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fluorides
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bastnaesite (4)
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fluorite (5)
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parisite (2)
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synchysite (2)
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minerals (1)
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oxides
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brucite (1)
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chrome spinel (1)
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hydroxides (1)
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iron oxides (2)
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niobates
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pyrochlore (3)
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rutile (2)
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tantalates
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betafite (1)
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phosphates
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apatite (10)
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fluorapatite (2)
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monazite (6)
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rhabdophane (1)
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turquoise (1)
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selenates (1)
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silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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hornblende (3)
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richterite (1)
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tremolite (2)
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orthoamphibole
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anthophyllite (1)
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pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
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aegirine (2)
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diopside (1)
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orthopyroxene (1)
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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amazonite (1)
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K-feldspar (1)
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plagioclase (2)
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nepheline group
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nepheline (1)
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silica minerals
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quartz (3)
-
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zeolite group
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natrolite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group
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pyrope (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
zircon group
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thorite (2)
-
zircon (31)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (4)
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perrierite (6)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (2)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals (3)
-
illite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (1)
-
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (1)
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
galena (2)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
wolframite (2)
-
-
uranium minerals (1)
-
vanadates (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (42)
-
Africa
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Namibia (2)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Mirnyy Station (1)
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Beardmore Glacier (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains (1)
-
Arabian Peninsula (1)
-
Baikal region (2)
-
Baikal rift zone (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Alakol (1)
-
-
Pamirs (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Altun Mountains (1)
-
Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
-
Anhui China (1)
-
Chongqing China (1)
-
Da Hinggan Ling (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (2)
-
Fujian China (1)
-
Gansu China (3)
-
Hebei China
-
Tianjin China (1)
-
-
Henan China (3)
-
Hubei China (3)
-
Hunan China (2)
-
Inner Mongolia China
-
Bayan Obo China (6)
-
-
Jiangxi China (1)
-
Kunlun Mountains (2)
-
Liaoning China
-
Liaodong Peninsula (2)
-
-
Longmenshan (1)
-
Nanling (1)
-
North China Plain (1)
-
North China Platform (12)
-
Ordos Basin (1)
-
Qiangtang Basin (1)
-
Qilian Mountains (1)
-
Qinghai China (3)
-
Qinling Mountains (18)
-
Shaanxi China (4)
-
Shandong China
-
Dongying Depression (1)
-
Shandong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (2)
-
Sichuan China
-
Panxi Rift (2)
-
-
South China Block (12)
-
Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (2)
-
Xianshuihe fault zone (1)
-
Xichang China (2)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar (1)
-
Tarim Basin (3)
-
Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa Block (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (4)
-
Yangtze River (1)
-
Yunnan China (8)
-
-
Indonesia (1)
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Mino Belt (1)
-
Tohoku (1)
-
-
-
Malay Peninsula
-
West Malaysia
-
Johore Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Malaysia
-
West Malaysia
-
Johore Malaysia (1)
-
-
-
Mongolia (2)
-
Thailand (2)
-
Vietnam (2)
-
-
Himalayas (7)
-
Hindu Kush (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
Gujarat India (1)
-
Rajasthan India
-
Barmer India (2)
-
-
Sikkim India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Kohistan (1)
-
Nepal (1)
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (2)
-
Irtysh River (1)
-
Kopet-Dag Range (1)
-
Lake Baikal (1)
-
Middle East
-
Iran
-
Elburz (1)
-
Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (1)
-
-
Iraq (1)
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (2)
-
East Anatolian Fault (1)
-
-
Zagros (2)
-
-
Qiangtang Terrane (1)
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Aldan Shield (1)
-
-
Southeast Asia (1)
-
Tibetan Plateau (14)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (2)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Northern Territory Australia (1)
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
biogeography (2)
-
bitumens (1)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia (1)
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (10)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
catalogs (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
-
-
Central America
-
Guatemala (1)
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Reptilia
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida
-
Dicynodontia
-
Lystrosaurus (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay deposits (1)
-
climate change (1)
-
construction materials
-
cement materials (2)
-
-
continental drift (1)
-
crust (18)
-
crystal chemistry (10)
-
crystal structure (14)
-
data processing (3)
-
deformation (16)
-
diagenesis (3)
-
earthquakes (29)
-
Europe
-
Caucasus (1)
-
Central Europe
-
Germany (1)
-
Upper Rhine Graben (1)
-
-
Fennoscandian Shield (1)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Khibiny Mountains (2)
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
Lovozero Massif (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Italy (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
Scandinavia
-
Norway (1)
-
Sweden (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England (1)
-
Scotland
-
Great Glen Fault (1)
-
Moine thrust zone (1)
-
Scottish Highlands
-
Scottish Northern Highlands (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
explosions (1)
-
faults (42)
-
folds (2)
-
foliation (2)
-
fractures (3)
-
gems (1)
-
geochemistry (15)
-
geochronology (5)
-
geodesy (1)
-
geophysical methods (9)
-
Graptolithina (1)
-
ground water (2)
-
heat flow (1)
-
heavy mineral deposits (1)
-
hydrogen (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (31)
-
feldspathoid rocks (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros (1)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (3)
-
A-type granites (4)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
monzogranite (3)
-
muscovite granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (6)
-
lamproite (1)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (8)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (4)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (1)
-
-
syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
andesites (1)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
flood basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
-
ocean-island basalts (2)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
-
nephelinite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (4)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
Mid-Indian Ridge
-
Southeast Indian Ridge (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (27)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Strophomenida (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (1)
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea (3)
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (10)
-
Ca-44 (1)
-
Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (13)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
-
O-18/O-16 (15)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (19)
-
-
-
lineation (2)
-
magmas (20)
-
mantle (24)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Aptian (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous (2)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
-
Upper Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
-
Middle Triassic (2)
-
Upper Triassic (8)
-
-
Yanshanian (2)
-
-
metal ores
-
beryllium ores (2)
-
copper ores (6)
-
gold ores (8)
-
IOCG deposits (1)
-
iron ores (4)
-
lead ores (4)
-
lead-zinc deposits (3)
-
lithium ores (2)
-
molybdenum ores (1)
-
nickel ores (1)
-
niobium ores (4)
-
platinum ores (1)
-
rare earth deposits (26)
-
silver ores (2)
-
tantalum ores (1)
-
tin ores (2)
-
tungsten ores (3)
-
zinc ores (3)
-
zirconium ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkali metals
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium (1)
-
calcium
-
Ca-44 (1)
-
Ca-44/Ca-40 (1)
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (19)
-
-
-
chromium (1)
-
copper (1)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (13)
-
-
iron (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
-
molybdenum (1)
-
nickel (1)
-
niobium (1)
-
platinum group
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
cerium (8)
-
europium (2)
-
lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
-
ytterbium (2)
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
titanium (3)
-
tungsten (3)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zinc (1)
-
zirconium (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
eclogite (3)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (1)
-
marbles (3)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (3)
-
skarn (1)
-
-
migmatites (1)
-
mylonites (2)
-
schists
-
greenschist (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
metamorphism (7)
-
metasomatism (26)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (29)
-
mineral exploration (12)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
North America
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 120
-
ODP Site 747 (1)
-
-
Leg 184
-
ODP Site 1143 (1)
-
-
Leg 187 (1)
-
-
ocean floors (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
orogeny (6)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (15)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
paleoclimatology (5)
-
paleoecology (2)
-
paleogeography (12)
-
paleomagnetism (2)
-
paleontology (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (2)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (1)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
-
-
Silurian (4)
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
megaspores (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (1)
-
-
-
paragenesis (8)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
shale gas (1)
-
-
shale oil (2)
-
-
petrology (4)
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
phase equilibria (1)
-
phosphate deposits (2)
-
Plantae
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
-
Azolla (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Gymnospermae
-
Glossopteridales
-
Glossopteris
-
Glossopteris flora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (38)
-
pollution (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Napier Complex (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Qinling Group (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
-
-
-
remote sensing (4)
-
rock mechanics (4)
-
sea water (2)
-
sea-floor spreading (2)
-
sea-level changes (1)
-
sedimentary petrology (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
dolostone (2)
-
limestone
-
micrite (2)
-
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (1)
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
conglomerate (1)
-
mudstone (2)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (3)
-
shale (2)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (4)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
mud (1)
-
-
marine sediments (3)
-
-
silicon (1)
-
slope stability (1)
-
sodium sulfate (1)
-
soil mechanics (1)
-
soils (1)
-
South America
-
Brazil
-
Minas Gerais Brazil (1)
-
-
-
stratigraphy (7)
-
structural analysis (4)
-
structural geology (3)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (3)
-
-
tectonophysics (3)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands (1)
-
-
California
-
Imperial County California (1)
-
Orange County California (1)
-
Riverside County California (1)
-
San Bernardino County California (2)
-
San Diego County California (1)
-
Southern California (1)
-
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Midwest (1)
-
Mojave Desert (1)
-
Nevada
-
Humboldt County Nevada (1)
-
-
New Madrid region (1)
-
New York
-
Adirondack Mountains (1)
-
-
Texas
-
Brewster County Texas (1)
-
Pecos County Texas (1)
-
-
Virginia (1)
-
-
weathering (4)
-
-
rock formations
-
Emeishan Basalts (2)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
dolostone (2)
-
limestone
-
micrite (2)
-
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (1)
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
conglomerate (1)
-
mudstone (2)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (3)
-
shale (2)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
volcaniclastics (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
sedimentary structures
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
mud (1)
-
-
marine sediments (3)
-
-
volcaniclastics (1)
-
-
soils
-
soils (1)
-
GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Mianning China
Zircon Alteration as a Proxy for Rare Earth Element Mineralization Processes in Carbonatite-Nordmarkite Complexes of the Mianning-Dechang Rare Earth Element Belt, China Available to Purchase
Mianningite, (☐,Pb,Ce,Na) (U 4+ ,Mn,U 6+ ) Fe 3+ 2 (Ti,Fe 3+ ) 18 O 38 , a new member of the crichtonite group from Maoniuping REE deposit, Mianning county, southwest Sichuan, China Available to Purchase
The Role of Multiple Fluids in Diverse Mineralization of Carbonatite-Related Rare Earth Element Deposits: New Insights from In Situ Elemental and Sr-Nd-O Isotope Analyses of Carbonate Minerals Available to Purchase
Heterogeneous crustal sources and recycling for silicic magmas in a Neoproterozoic continental arc in the western Yangtze block, South China Available to Purchase
Chapter 12 Rare Earth Element Deposits in China: A Review and New Understandings Available to Purchase
Abstract China has been the world’s leading rare earth element (REE) and yttrium producer for more than 20 years and hosts a variety of deposit types. Carbonatite-related REE deposits are the most significant REE deposit type, with REY (REE and yttrium)-bearing clay deposits, or ion adsorption-type deposits, being the primary source of the world’s heavy REEs. Other REY resources in China include those hosted in placers, alkaline granites, pegmatites, and hydrothermal veins, as well as in additional deposit types in which REEs may be recovered as by-product commodities. Carbonatite-related REE deposits in China provide nearly all the light REE production in the world. Two giant deposits are currently being mined in China: Bayan Obo and Maoniuping. The carbonatite-related REE deposits in China occur along the margins of Archean-Paleoproterozoic blocks, including the northern, southern, and eastern margins of the North China craton, and the western margin of the Yangtze craton. The carbonatites were emplaced in continental rifts (e.g., Bayan Obo) or translithospheric strike-slip faults (e.g., Maoniuping) along reactivated craton margins. The craton margins provide the first-order control for carbonatite-related REE resources. Four REE metallogenic belts, including the Proterozoic Langshan-Bayan Obo, late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic eastern Qinling-Dabie, late Mesozoic Chishan-Laiwu-Zibo, and Cenozoic Mianning-Dechang belts, occur along cratonic margins. Geologic and geochemical data demonstrate that the carbonatites in these belts originated from mantle sources that had been previously enriched, most likely by recycled marine sediments through subduction zones during the assembly of continental blocks. Although the generation of carbonatite magma is debated, a plausible mechanism is by liquid immiscibility between silicate and carbonate melts. This process would further enrich REEs in the carbonatite end member during the evolution of mantle-derived magma. The emplacement of carbonatite magma in the upper crust, channeled by translithospheric faults in extensional environments, leads to a rapid decompression of the magma and consequently exsolution of a hydrothermal fluid phase. The fluid is characterized by high temperature (600°–850°C), high pressure (up to 350 MPa), and enrichment in sulfate, CO 2 , K, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, and REEs. Immiscibility of sulfate melts from the aqueous fluid, and phase separation between CO 2 and water may take place upon fluid cooling. Although both sulfate and chloride have been called upon as important ligands in hydrothermal REE transport, results of our studies suggest that sulfate is more important. The exsolution of a sulfate melt from the primary carbonatite fluid would lead to a significant decrease of the sulfate activity in the fluid and trigger REE precipitation. The subsequent unmixing between CO 2 and water may also play an important role in REE precipitation. Because of the substantial ability of the primary carbonatite fluid to contain REEs, a large-volume magma chamber or huge fluid flux are not necessary for the formation of a giant REE deposit. A dense carbonatite fluid and rapid evolution hinder long distance fluid transportation and distal mineralization. Thus, carbonatite-related alteration and mineralization occur in or proximal to carbonatite dikes and sills, and this is observed in all carbonatite-related REE deposits in China. Ion adsorption-type REE deposits are primarily located in the South China block and are genetically linked to the weathering of granite and, less commonly, volcanic rocks and lamprophyres. Indosinian (early Mesozoic) and Yanshanian (late Mesozoic) granites are the most important parent rocks for these REE deposits. Hydrothermal alteration by fluids exsolved from late Mesozoic granites or related alkaline rocks (e.g., syenite) may have enriched the parent rocks in REEs, particularly the heavy REEs. Furthermore, this alteration process led to the transformation of some primary REE minerals to secondary REE minerals that are more readily broken down during subsequent weathering. During the weathering process, the REEs are released from parent rocks and adsorbed onto kaolinite and halloysite in the weathering profile, and further enriched by the loss of other material to form the ion adsorption-type REE deposits. A warm and humid climate and a low-relief landscape are important characteristics for development of ion adsorption REE deposits.