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Manjeri Formation

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Stratigraphy of the Manjeri Formation on the eastern side of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, southern Zimbabwe. Based on Blenkinsop et al. (1993) and Eriksson and Fedo (1994).

Stratigraphy of the Manjeri Formation on the eastern side of the Belingwe G... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2024
Figure 10. Stratigraphy of the Manjeri Formation on the eastern side of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, southern Zimbabwe. Based on Blenkinsop et al. ( 1993 ) and Eriksson and Fedo ( 1994 ).
Image
 Simplified graphic logs of the Manjeri Formation (see Fig. 2 for location of sections). Logs A–C are from Hunter (1997). The lateral discontinuity of the Spring Valley and Rubweruchena Members and the continuity of the Jimmy Member should be noted.

Simplified graphic logs of the Manjeri Formation (see Fig. 2 for location... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 6.  Simplified graphic logs of the Manjeri Formation (see Fig. 2 for location of sections). Logs A–C are from Hunter (1997) . The lateral discontinuity of the Spring Valley and Rubweruchena Members and the continuity of the Jimmy Member should be noted.
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 Simplified geological map of the contact between the Bend Formation (Mtshingwe Group) and Manjeri Formation (modified after Orpen 1978). The lateral variability of the Manjeri Formation rocks and the abundance of ironstone should be noted.

Simplified geological map of the contact between the Bend Formation (Mtshin... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 7.  Simplified geological map of the contact between the Bend Formation (Mtshingwe Group) and Manjeri Formation (modified after Orpen 1978 ). The lateral variability of the Manjeri Formation rocks and the abundance of ironstone should be noted.
Journal Article

Quartz arenites as signatures of cratonisation: examples from the Archaean Stratigraphic Record, southern Africa Available to Purchase

K.A. Eriksson, W.S. McClung
Published: 01 June 2024
South African Journal of Geology (2024) 127 (2): 181–194.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25131/sajg.127.0001
...Figure 10. Stratigraphy of the Manjeri Formation on the eastern side of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, southern Zimbabwe. Based on Blenkinsop et al. ( 1993 ) and Eriksson and Fedo ( 1994 ). ...
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View PDF for article title, Quartz arenites as signatures of cratonisation: examples from the Archaean Stratigraphic Record, southern Africa
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Journal Article

Exploring our current understanding of the geological evolution and mineral endowment of the Zimbabwe Craton Available to Purchase

H.A. Jelsma, R.W. Nesbitt, C.M. Fanning
Published: 01 March 2021
South African Journal of Geology (2021) 124 (1): 279–310.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0020
..., largely unchanged in terms of stratigraphy, is reminiscent of a rift-type setting with the Manjeri Formation sediments and overlying ca . 2 745 Ma Reliance Formation komatiite magmatism being important time markers. In contrast, the Western Succession is reminiscent of a convergent margin subduction...
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View PDF for article title, Exploring our current understanding of the geological evolution and mineral endowment of the Zimbabwe Craton
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Journal Article

Continental extensional setting for the Archean Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe Available to Purchase

M. A. Hunter, M. J. Bickle, E. G. Nisbet, A. Martin, H. J. Chapman
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 October 1998
Geology (1998) 26 (10): 883–886.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0883:CESFTA>2.3.CO;2
... of the basal Manjeri Formation have been logged in surface sections and in drill cores. Deposition occurred under fluviatile and shallow-marine conditions followed by alluvial fans and fan-deltas. Detrital mineralogy, rare-earth-element patterns, and Sm-Nd depleted-mantle model ages between 2.9 and 3.7 Ga...
View PDF for article title, Continental extensional setting for the Archean Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe
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 Stratigraphy of the Manjeri SE facies unit. Generalized section of the Manjeri Formation along the east side of the Belingwe belt (modified after Eriksson et al. 1997, fig. 2.1.5c).

Stratigraphy of the Manjeri SE facies unit. Generalized section of the Manj... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 May 2004
Fig. 5.  Stratigraphy of the Manjeri SE facies unit. Generalized section of the Manjeri Formation along the east side of the Belingwe belt (modified after Eriksson et al . 1997 , fig. 2.1.5c).
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Stromatolites of the Belingwe greenstone belt. (A) Small laminated domical stromatolites from the Manjeri Formation, featuring a low degree of inheritance. (B) Ripple marks in shallow-water sedimentary rocks of the Manjeri Formation. (C) Large domical stromatolites with a high degree of inheritance from the Cheshire Formation. (D) Palaeoenvironmental evolution model for the cyclic (potentially seasonal) development of stromatolites in the Cheshire Formation: (1) a lower zone of crinkled, pustular and/or planar laminations developed during quiescent periods; (2) restriction of the lagoon causes evaporative processes to dominate and radiating crystals to grow; (3) growth of stromatolites begins again atop the crystal layer, when hydrodynamic energy levels increase. From Martin et al. (1980).

Stromatolites of the Belingwe greenstone belt. ( A ) Small laminated domica... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2021
Figure 6. Stromatolites of the Belingwe greenstone belt. ( A ) Small laminated domical stromatolites from the Manjeri Formation, featuring a low degree of inheritance. ( B ) Ripple marks in shallow-water sedimentary rocks of the Manjeri Formation. ( C ) Large domical stromatolites with a high
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Probability density plots of detrital zircon ages from selected stratigraphic units: (a) Orange Grove Formation of the Hospital Hill Subgroup, Witwatersrand Supergroup; (b) Bonanza Formation of the Hospital Hill Subgroup, Witwatersrand Supergroup; (c) Promise Formation of the Government Subgroup, Witwatersrand Supergroup; (d), (e), (f) and (g). Mozaan Group, Pongola Supergroup; (h) Beitbridge cover rocks, Limpopo Belt; (i) Buhwa cover rocks, southern Zimbabwe; and (j) and (k). Manjeri Formation, Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Spectra for the Witwatersrand Supergroup reproduced from Kositcin and Krapež, (2004); for the Mozaan Group from Zeh and Wilson (2022); for the Beitbridge cover rocks from Barton and Sergeev (1997) and Zeh et al. (2008); for the Buhwa succession from Dodson et al. (1988); and for the Manjeri Formation from Sawada et al. (2016). Dated horisons from the Witwatersrand Supergroup and lower Mozaan Group are identified on Figure 5. Only grains for which -5 &lt;= discordance &lt;= +5/total are shown.

Probability density plots of detrital zircon ages from selected stratigraph... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2024
of the Government Subgroup, Witwatersrand Supergroup; ( d ), ( e ), ( f ) and ( g ). Mozaan Group, Pongola Supergroup; ( h ) Beitbridge cover rocks, Limpopo Belt; ( i ) Buhwa cover rocks, southern Zimbabwe; and ( j ) and ( k ). Manjeri Formation, Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Spectra for the Witwatersrand
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Selected Eo- to Palaeoarchaean gneisses investigated in this study. (a) Granitic gneiss ZMD4 intruded by, and deformed together with, pegmatites; (b) Trondhjemitic gneiss ZRB2 with quartzo-feldspathic bands; (c) Sparsely porphyritic banded tonalitic gneiss ZTG3 (arow); (d) Banded Mashaba Gneiss cut by pegmatites exposed in river-washed pavement along the Tokwe River. Sample ZTG4 was collected from the darkest phase of the gneiss; (e) Banded tonalitic gneiss ZTG1 infolded with amphibolite (centre) and quartzo-feldspathic veins; (f) Unconformity National Monument along the eastern part of the Belingwe greenstone belt. Shabani Gneiss (left, sample ZGS 1) is nonconformably overlain by the Manjeri Formation (right).

Selected Eo- to Palaeoarchaean gneisses investigated in this study. ( a ) G... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2022
the eastern part of the Belingwe greenstone belt. Shabani Gneiss (left, sample ZGS 1) is nonconformably overlain by the Manjeri Formation (right).
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Probability distributions of δ56Fepyrite of well-sampled pre- or syn–Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) formations (blue), compared to Rayleigh distillation from pyrite precipitation (gray), with initial δ56Feinit = –0.5‰ (Beard et al., 2003) and instantaneous fraction Δ56FeFeS2–FeSaq = –2.2‰ for kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in pyrite precipitation from FeS (Guilbaud et al., 2011). Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill Formations, South Africa; Mount McRae Shale Formation, Western Australia; Gamohaan Formation, South Africa; Lokamonna Formation, South Africa; Jeerinah Formation, Western Australia; data from Rouxel et al. (2005). Manjeri Formation, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; data from Archer and Vance (2006). Probability distribution f for δ56Fe values of precipitates of Rayleigh distillation is given by where “inst” refers to instantaneous product.

Probability distributions of δ 56 Fe pyrite of well-sampled pre- or syn–Gr... Available to Purchase

Published: 31 January 2020
, Western Australia; data from Rouxel et al. (2005) . Manjeri Formation, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; data from Archer and Vance (2006) . Probability distribution f for δ 56 Fe values of precipitates of Rayleigh distillation is given by where “inst” refers to instantaneous product.
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Probability distributions of δ56Fepyrite of well-sampled pre- or syn–Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) formations (blue), compared to Rayleigh distillation from pyrite precipitation (gray), with initial δ56Feinit = –0.5‰ (Beard et al., 2003) and instantaneous fraction Δ56FeFeS2–FeSaq = –2.2‰ for kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in pyrite precipitation from FeS (Guilbaud et al., 2011). Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill Formations, South Africa; Mount McRae Shale Formation, Western Australia; Gamohaan Formation, South Africa; Lokamonna Formation, South Africa; Jeerinah Formation, Western Australia; data from Rouxel et al. (2005). Manjeri Formation, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; data from Archer and Vance (2006). Probability distribution f for δ56Fe values of precipitates of Rayleigh distillation is given by where “inst” refers to instantaneous product.

Probability distributions of δ 56 Fe pyrite of well-sampled pre- or syn–Gr... Available to Purchase

Published: 31 January 2020
, Western Australia; data from Rouxel et al. (2005) . Manjeri Formation, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; data from Archer and Vance (2006) . Probability distribution f for δ 56 Fe values of precipitates of Rayleigh distillation is given by where “inst” refers to instantaneous product.
Journal Article

A tectonic origin for ironstone horizons in the Zimbabwe craton and their significance for greenstone belt geology Available to Purchase

A. Hofmann, P.H.G.M. Dirks, H.A. Jelsma, N. Matura
Published: 01 January 2003
Journal of the Geological Society (2003) 160 (1): 83–97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764901-172
...Fig. 6.  Simplified graphic logs of the Manjeri Formation (see Fig. 2 for location of sections). Logs A–C are from Hunter (1997) . The lateral discontinuity of the Spring Valley and Rubweruchena Members and the continuity of the Jimmy Member should be noted. ...
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View PDF for article title, A tectonic origin for ironstone horizons in the Zimbabwe craton and their significance for greenstone belt geology
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Composite stratigraphy of craton-cover successions. A, Keeyask Lake succession, Superior craton (Donaldson and de Kemp 1998). B, Ndakosi and Roselyn members of the Brooklands Formation (Nisbet et al. 1993a). C, Buhwa greenstone belt (Fedo and Eriksson 1996). D, Manjeri Formation (Nisbet et al. 1993b; Eriksson et al. 1994), all part of the Zimbabwe craton. E, Bababudan Group, Dharwar craton (Srinivasan and Ojakangas 1986). F, Bell Lake group, Slave craton. Comparable sedimentary and volcanic lithofacies suggest a similar depositional history. Quartz arenite, quartz pebble conglomerate, and iron formation are prominent on all protocontinents. ASL=argillite-sandstone lithofacies; IFF=iron formation facies of ASL; MVF=mafic volcaniclastic facies of ASL; QAL=quartz arenite lithofacies; SAL=sandstone-argillite lithofacies; QPCF=quartz pebble conglomerate facies of conglomerate lithofacies.

Composite stratigraphy of craton-cover successions. A , Keeyask Lake succe... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 January 2005
Figure 10. Composite stratigraphy of craton-cover successions. A , Keeyask Lake succession, Superior craton (Donaldson and de Kemp 1998 ). B , Ndakosi and Roselyn members of the Brooklands Formation (Nisbet et al. 1993 a ). C , Buhwa greenstone belt (Fedo and Eriksson 1996 ). D , Manjeri
Journal Article

Contact relations between the Koodoovale- and Manjeri-type lithostratigraphic units of the late Archaean Bulawayan Supergroup at Hunters Road, central Zimbabwe Available to Purchase

M D Prendergast
Published: 01 September 2004
South African Journal of Geology (2004) 107 (3): 325–332.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/107.3.325
... and volcaniclastic rocks and mixed facies iron formations of the Manjeri unit. No significant layer-parallel shearing occurs either within or at the upper and lower contacts of the Manjeri unit. The volcaniclastic rocks of both units are lithologically very similar and predominantly made up of non-welded, angular...
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View PDF for article title, Contact relations between the Koodoovale- and <span class="search-highlight">Manjeri</span>-type lithostratigraphic units of the late Archaean Bulawayan Supergroup at Hunters Road, central Zimbabwe
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Book Chapter

Stable isotopes in the Archaean Belingwe belt, Zimbabwe: evidence for a diverse microbial mat ecology Available to Purchase

Author(s)
A. Martin, J. Yong, P. Abell, D. P. Mattey, H. J. Chapman, D. Lowry, M. J. Bickle, C. M. R. Fowler, E. G. Nisbet, N. V. Grassineau
Book: The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development
Series: Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.15
EISBN: 9781862394476
... Abstract Sulphide-rich sediments, stromatolitic limestones and tidal-flat deposits in the late Archaean (2.7 Ga) Manjeri and Cheshire Formations, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe show evidence for complex and extensive prokaryotic mat communities, including (1) shallow-water coastal sulphur...
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Abstract
View PDF for content titled, Stable isotopes in the Archaean Belingwe belt, Zimbabwe: evidence for a diverse microbial mat ecology
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Abstract Sulphide-rich sediments, stromatolitic limestones and tidal-flat deposits in the late Archaean (2.7 Ga) Manjeri and Cheshire Formations, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe show evidence for complex and extensive prokaryotic mat communities, including (1) shallow-water coastal sulphur mats; (2) mats, probably in somewhat deeper water; (3) nearby stromatolites that lived by oxygenic photosynthesis in shallow coastal settings. Petrological and geochemical (rare earth element; REE) evidence, coupled with high-resolution stable isotope results, identifies several complex interdependent metabolic consortia of bacteria and archaea. These microbial consortia would have exchanged nutrients and products both locally within prokaryotic mats and more widely via the waters of the Belingwe basin. This isotopic, sedimentological and REE evidence for a complex ecology of bacteria and archaea is consistent with metabolic inferences from rRNA phylogeny and is direct evidence that a diverse prokaryotic community, managing carbon on a global scale, had evolved by the late Archaean.

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 Interpreted direct physical links between Reliance komatiitic sills and flow fields. (a) Feeder dyke, Shangani nickel mine (Fig. 2; modified after Viljoen &amp; Bernasconi 1979, fig. 13). Note the short dyke cutting across the upper pyroxenite–gabbro of the sill (top) and underlying the central axis of the early, elongate lava channel complex (centre) stratigraphically beneath the main flow field (bottom right, left). The lava channel complex comprises multiple flows and interbedded sediments (not all shown here), plunges 35°SE (dot–dash line) and contains nickel sulphide mineralization in the lower two flows. (For further details, see Prendergast 2003.) (b) Volcanic vent, Epoch nickel mine (Fig. 2; modified after Baglow 1998). Note: (1) the sill (right); (2) the dyke-like feeder bodies (centre); (3) the (nickel sulphide-bearing) vent structure (centre left) with lateral apophyses; (4) the complex cross-cutting relations between the dykes and the locally thickened, upper pyroxenite–gabbro of the sill, felsic xenoliths and roof pendants; (5) the pyroxenite lenses overlying the Manjeri unit north and south of the vent structure interpreted as flanking constructional levees; (6) the absence of the Manjeri and Reliance units to the north and west of the vent structure. The highly indented contact between the vent structure and the directly stratigraphically overlying Zeederbergs unit is caused by locally intense NW shearing. (For further explanation, see Prendergast 2003.) (c) Partly extrusive cryptodome, Knocknara, 19 km SE of Epoch nickel mine (Fig. 2; modified after Baglow 1998). Note the dunite–peridotite portions of the thin komatiitic sill intruding and overlying the Manjeri unit. (d) Ingolubi sill, Belingwe S belt (modified after Orpen et al. 1986). Note: (1) the main part of the sill intruded into Belingwean rocks and the Koodoovale Formation beneath the Manjeri unit; (2) the cross-cutting relations with the Manjeri unit itself; (3) several sill-like apophyses intruded into the overlying Reliance Formation.

Interpreted direct physical links between Reliance komatiitic sills and flo... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 May 2004
). Note: (1) the main part of the sill intruded into Belingwean rocks and the Koodoovale Formation beneath the Manjeri unit; (2) the cross-cutting relations with the Manjeri unit itself; (3) several sill-like apophyses intruded into the overlying Reliance Formation.
Journal Article

The Bulawayan Supergroup: a late Archaean passive margin-related large igneous province in the Zimbabwe craton Available to Purchase

M.D. Prendergast
Published: 01 May 2004
Journal of the Geological Society (2004) 161 (3): 431–445.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-092
...Fig. 5.  Stratigraphy of the Manjeri SE facies unit. Generalized section of the Manjeri Formation along the east side of the Belingwe belt (modified after Eriksson et al . 1997 , fig. 2.1.5c). ...
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Journal Article

The Nickeliferous Late Archean Reliance Komatiitic Event in the Zimbabwe Craton––Magmatic Architecture, Physical Volcanology, and Ore Genesis Available to Purchase

M. D. Prendergast
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 August 2003
Economic Geology (2003) 98 (5): 865–891.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.865
...). There, it is overlain by the Manjeri (northwest facies) unit, a generally several tens of meters thick, sulfidic, chert-banded, carbonaceous shale, or sulfide banded iron formation (bif), grading laterally into an up to 200-m-thick oxide bif with and without minor siliciclastic rocks closer to granitoid basement...
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View PDF for article title, The Nickeliferous Late Archean Reliance Komatiitic Event in the Zimbabwe Craton––Magmatic Architecture, Physical Volcanology, and Ore Genesis
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Journal Article

Zircon geochronology and partial structural re-interpretation of the late Archaean Mashaba Igneous Complex, south-central Zimbabwe Available to Purchase

M.D. Prendergast, M.T.D. Wingate
Published: 01 December 2007
South African Journal of Geology (2007) 110 (4): 585–596.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.4.585
... of the belt within the Tokwe Segment itself (Figure 2 ). The principal greenstone sequence of the Mashava-Masvingo belt comprises lithostratigraphic equivalents ( Orpen and Wilson, 1981 ; Prendergast, 1997 ) of the Upper Bulawayan sedimentary Manjeri, komatiitic Reliance, and basaltic Zeederbergs Formations...
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View PDF for article title, Zircon geochronology and partial structural re-interpretation of the late Archaean Mashaba Igneous Complex, south-central Zimbabwe
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